With gadoxetic acid the dynamic enhancement of the lesions is equal to the other extracellular contrast agents. Its main utility is in obtaining a hepatobiliary phase that allows to characterize the lesions that contain functional hepatocytes as it would be the case of the regenerative nodules and focal nodular hyperplasia. Lesions without functional hepatocytes or that are devoid of bile ducts appear hypointense with respect to the hepatic parenchyma at this stage, which occurs in adenoma, high-grade dysplastic nodules, hepatocarcinoma, and metastases among others. Making this differentiation, the management of the focal lesion would change, allowing us, in most cases, characterizing lesions containing functional hepatocytes as benign and therefore that dont require biopsy, of those that may require histological confirmation. Other uses of these contrast media are the evaluation of the integrity of the bile duct especially in post-surgical stages and the differentiation of cysts that have communication with the bile duct of those who are simple hepatic cysts. The objective of this article is to perform a review of the current evidence about the emergent role of organ specific agents, not only for the evaluation of liver focal lesions, but also other utilities such as analysis of biliary pathology.

Con el ácido gadoxético, el realce dinámico de las lesiones focales es igual a los demás medios de contraste extracelulares, por lo que su utilidad principal está en la obtención de una fase hepatobiliar que permita diferenciar y caracterizar lesiones que contienen hepatocitos como en el caso de la hiperplasia nodular focal (HNF) y los nódulos regenerativos. Las lesiones que no tienen hepatocitos o que son carentes de conductos biliares, demuestran baja señal con respecto al parénquima hepático en esa fase, lo que ocurre con los adenomas hepatocelulares (AHC), nódulos displásicos de alto grado, carcinoma hepatocelular (CHC) y metástasis entre otras. Hacer esta diferenciación cambia el manejo de la lesión focal, permitiendo en la mayoría de los casos caracterizar las lesiones que contienen hepatocitos que no requieren biopsia, como las benignas, de aquellas que si pudieran requerir la confirmación histológica. Otros usos de estos medios de contraste órgano específicos es la evaluación de la integridad de la vía biliar especialmente en pacientes posquirúrgicos y la diferenciación de quistes que tienen comunicación con la vía biliar de aquellos que son quistes hepáticos simples. El objetivo de este artículo es realizar una revisión sobre la evidencia actual del papel emergente de los contrastes órgano específicos, incluyendo no solo la evaluación de las lesiones focales hepáticas, sino también otras utilidades como el análisis de la patología biliar.

Abstract: The man-maguey relationship in Mesoamerica, and the use of the plant for pulque production goes back 10 000 years ago and three thousand years respectively. This agro-industry that flourished in the last third of the nineteenth century is at risk even its traditional use and others more profitable uses such as the production of inulin and fructose syrup with high demand in the international market. The use of maguey was documented and compared in localities of four municipalities of Puebla and Tlaxcala, selected by means of stratified random sampling. Data of taxonomic, socio-economic, management and activities of producers, “tlachiqueros” and consumers, were collected through structured interviews and observational participation. The results showed seven types of maguey, on areas of three ha in average, imbricated with maize, barley and bean, of which cultural practices and activities proper of producers are described. The most important was the elaboration of pulque, using maguey plants from 10 to 14 years of age. The cultivation and use have been maintained over the years. The tools used for the recollection, transport and processing of aguamiel and production of pulque have been replaced by more resistant and durable materials, which have not necessarily improved the process and quality of pulque. The duration of the crop cycle, the low demand for pulque, low profitability and lack of standards for the protection of the plant have caused the decrease in the area of cropping of maguey and erosion of knowledge of cultivation and use which, if this trend is maintained the disappearance of maguey pulquero is inevitable. The permanence of maguey pulquero will depend on the actions carried out jointly by the appropriate authorities, members of the production chain and researchers by implementing programs that encourage interest and increasing the area of cultivation of this plant.

Resumen: La relación maguey-hombre mesoamericano data de hace 10 mil años y el aprovechamiento de la planta para elaborar pulque se remonta aproximadamente a tres mil años. Esta agroindustria que floreció entre 1870 a 1900 ha decaído, lo que pone en riesgo el aprovechamiento tradicional y otros más rentables como la producción de inulina y jarabe de fructosa. Se documentó el aprovechamiento del maguey pulquero en localidades de Puebla y Tlaxcala, seleccionadas por muestreo aleatorio estratificado. Los datos taxonómicos, socioeconómicos, de gestión y actividades de productores, tlachiqueros y consumidores, se recabaron mediante entrevistas estructuradas y observación participativa. Se identificaron siete tipos de magueyes, cultivados en superficies promedio de tres ha; se describieron las labores culturales y actividades propias de los productores. El aprovechamiento sustantivo fue la elaboración del pulque a partir de magueyes de 10 a 14 años de madurez, mediante prácticas culturales tradicionales. Las herramientas para la producción, transporte de aguamiel y elaboración de pulque han sido sustituidas por materiales más resistentes y duraderos, que no necesariamente han mejorado el proceso y calidad del pulque. La duración del ciclo del cultivo, poca demanda de pulque, baja rentabilidad económica y ausencia de normas de protección para la planta, han provocado la disminución de la superficie de cultivo del maguey y la erosión del conocimiento del cultivo y su aprovechamiento. La permanencia del maguey pulquero dependerá de las acciones efectuadas en conjunto por las autoridades, los miembros de la cadena productiva e investigadores, y programas que incentiven el interés e incremento del cultivo de esta planta.

Lumbar pain is a common and frequent chronic condition. It is estimated that facet joint pain represents 15-31% of all consultations for low back pain. In suspected facet joint pain, it is recommended to perform nerve blocks to establish the diagnosis. Percutaneous continuous radiofrequency is the most effective treatment to date. We describe the current evidence on the minimally invasive treatment of lumbar facet syndrome and our experience with image guidance with CT and fluoroscopy by means of rhizolysis of the medial branch of the dorsal primary ramus of the spinal nerve.

El dolor lumbar es una entidad común y frecuente crónica. Se estima que el dolor de causa articular facetaria representa el 15-31% de todas las consultas por dolor lumbar. En sospecha de dolor articular facetario se recomienda realización de bloqueos nerviosos para establecer el diagnóstico. La radiofrecuencia continua percutánea es el tratamiento más efectivo hasta la fecha. Se describe la evidencia actual en el tratamiento mínimamente invasivo del síndrome facetario lumbar y nuestra experiencia con las guías de imagen con TC y fluoroscopía mediante rizolisis de la rama medial del ramo primario dorsal del nervio espinal.

Abstract Concerning the genetic factors of obesity, no consistent association between populations has been reported, which may be due to the frequency of polymorphisms, the lifestyle of studied populations and its interaction with other factors. We studied a possible association of polymorphisms FTO rs9939609, PPARG rs1801282, and ADIPOQ rs4632532 and rs182052 with obesity phenotypes in 215 Mexican children. Glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, HDL and LDL were measured. In addition, weight, height, waist circumference and triceps skin thickness were recorded. High-energy diets and sedentary behavior were evaluated with a validated questionnaire. In contrast with other reports, only FTO rs9939609 was associated with obesity related-traits, including BMI (p = 0.03), waist circumference (p = 0.02), triceps skinfold (p = 0.03) and waist/height ratio (p = 0.01), and also with cholesterol levels (p = 0.02) and LDL (p = 0.009). Lower levels of triglycerides (p=0.04) were related with presence of PPARG rs1801282, while ADIPOQ rs4632532 showed an effect on HDL (p = 0.03) levels. On the other hand, diet, physical activity and screen time were not related with obesity. In summary, only FTO rs9939609 was associated with obesity related-traits, while PPARG2 rs1801282 and ADIPOQ rs4632532 were involved in lipid metabolism.

Abstract This project has focused on determining the existence of (gold and silver) mineral resources through geological-alterations, geochemical, structural models; in order to be able to define drilling targets, the source of information were gathering from the government, private companies and foreign missions. It could be identified through the Folios System, standardization compiling and analysis of information, this process has been justifying the exploration first stage study of the project, using tools lake geological structural mapping, alteration, geochemical sampling of rocks and clay generated, of a product of the different field work carried out. As a result, has been obtaining a geological model of low sulfidation epithermal deposits and it has been determining the existence of mineralization of Au, Ag, and other metal elements. The results have allowed to generate four prospected geology terrains (targets) targets, with the possibility of being able to trace the vectors that indicate zones for Au-Ag mineralization with high potential for exploration and development, generating new geologically favorable areas.

Resumen El presente proyecto se enfocó en determinar la existencia de recursos minerales metálicos (oro y plata) a través de modelos geológicos-alteraciones, geoquímicos y estructurales, con la finalidad de definir recursos y reservas; las fuentes de compilación de información fueron del gobierno, empresas privadas y misiones extranjeras, las cuales permitieron identificar a través del Sistema de Folios la compilación, estandarización y análisis de la información, justificando la primera fase de la exploración inicial del proyecto. Se utilizó las herramientas de mapeo geológico-estructural, alteraciones, muestreo geoquímico de rocas y arcillas, obteniendo un modelo geológico de yacimientos epitermales de baja sulfuración y determinando la existencia de mineralización para Au, Ag, y otros elementos metálicos. Los resultados obtenidos permitieron proponer cuatro targets o blancos de perforación, con la posibilidad de ser capaces de identificar los vectores que indiquen distritos mineralizados con alto potencial de prospección y explotación, generando nuevas zonas geológicamente favorables y potencialmente prospectivas.

RESUMO:Casearia sylvestris Sw (Flacourtiaceae) é uma planta comumente encontrada em florestas do sul do Brasil; suas folhas são amplamente utilizadas na medicina popular como depurativa, analgésica, anti-inflamatória e anti ulcerogênica. O objetivo deste estudo foi apresentar uma descrição fitoquímica e da atividade farmacológica (antimicrobiana, antifúngica, antioxidante e toxicidade) do extrato etanólico (EE) da C. Sylvestris Sw.Adicionalmente, procurou-se avaliar o efeito do EE da C. Sylvestris Sw sobre os níveis séricos de glicose e perfil lipídico de ratos submetidos a um modelo de diabetes induzida por estreptozotocina. A detecção de grupos químicos foi realizada por reações químicas de coloração ou precipitação, e também por cromatografia; a atividade antioxidante foi mensurada pelo método de redução do DPPH (2,2-difenil-1-picril-hidrazil); a concentração mínima inibitória foi realizada pela técnica de micro-diluição, e concentração mínima bactericida e concentração mínima fungicida foram realizadas em placa de Petri; enquanto a atividade citotóxica foi conduzida pelo teste da Artemia salina. Nos ensaios in vivo, ratos diabéticos e não-diabéticos foram tratado com EE da C. Sylvestris Sw(300mg/kg) por 45 dias, e os níveis glicêmico e perfil lipídico foram medidos. A dose Letal50 do EE foi de 724.76 μg.mL-1; mostrando importante atividades antioxidante, fungicida e fungistática e melhor atividade antimicrobiana contra Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli eSalmonella setubal. O EE da C. Sylvestris Sw promoveu diminuição significativa nos níveis de triglicerídeos, colesterol total e VLDL; porém sem efeito significativo nos níveis glicêmicos. O EE da C. Sylvestris Sw, além de apresentar atividade antioxidante e antimicrobiana; possui também potente efeito hipolipidêmico.

ABSTRACT:The Casearia sylvestris Sw (Flacourtiaceae) is a shrub that occurs in forests of Southern Brazil; its leaves are widely used in folk medicine as a depurative, analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antiulcerogenic agent. The objective of this study was to perform the phytochemical description and to evaluate the pharmacological activities (antimicrobial, antifungal, antioxidant and toxicity) of the ethanolic extract (EE) of C. sylvestris Sw. In addition, we also evaluated the effect of the EE ofC. sylvestris Sw on the glucose levels and lipid profile in blood serum of rats submitted to a model of streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Material and Methods: In vitro assay: the detection of chemical groups was done through chemical reactions with the development of color or precipitate and by chromatographic profile; the antioxidant activity was measured by the method of reduction of DPPH free radical (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl); the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration was evaluated by the broth microdilution method, and the Minimum Bactericide Concentration and the Minimum Fungicide Concentration were performed in Petri dishes; the cytotoxic activity was measured by the Artemia salina test. In vivo assay: diabetic and non-diabetic rats were treated with EE of C. sylvestris Sw (300 mg/kg) for 45 days, and the glycaemia and lipid profile were analyzed. Results: The EE showed a Lethal Dose50 of 724.76 μg.mL-1 and important antioxidant, fungicide and fungistatic activities. The EE showed better antimicrobial activity regarding the microorganismsStaphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli andSalmonella setubal. Conclusion: The EE of C. sylvestris Sw produces a significant decrease in triglycerides, total cholesterol and VLDL levels without any significant alteration in the glycaemia. The EE of C. sylvestris Sw presents antioxidant and antimicrobial activities and it exhibits a potent hypolipidemic effect.

The case is presented the case of a 72-year-old ex-smoker for years, diagnosed with silicosis and squamous cell carcinoma of the right lung, being requested by the judicial autopsy family suspected of suffering from asbestosis and after confirmation complaint as an occupational disease. The exposure of this event allows us to conduct a review of an occupational disease usually happens as unknown in autopsy rooms despite its legal repercussions. Asbestosis is a type of pneumoconiosis recognized as an occupational disease caused by inhaling asbestos fibers. Inhalation causes pulmonary fibrosis in the lung presenting a time inversely proportional to the exposure level clinical latency. Besides pulmonary fibrosis may occur pleural effusions, pleural fibrous plaques, mesothelioma, pleural carcinomas and laryngeal carcinoma. Silicosis is produced by inhalation pneumoconiosis silica particles, meaning the disease caused by pneumoconiosis dust deposit in the lungs with a pathological reaction to the same, especially fibrous. Silicosis is a fibrotic lung disease-and considered irreversible disabling occupational disease in many countries one of which is the more rare variants silico asbestosis, which requires exposure to silica and asbestos.

Se presenta el caso de un varón de 72 años de edad, ex fumador desde hace años, diagnosticado de silicosis y carcinoma epidermoide de pulmón derecho, solicitándose por parte de la familia autopsia judicial por la sospecha de padecimiento de asbestosis y tras su confirmación reclamación como enfermedad profesional. La exposición de este suceso nos permite realizar una revisión de una enfermedad profesional que suele pasar como desconocida en las salas de autopsia, a pesar de su repercusión judicial. La asbestosis es un tipo de neumoconiosis reconocida como enfermedad profesional producida por la inhalación de fibras de asbesto. Su inhalación provoca fibrosis pulmonar. Presenta un tiempo de latencia clínica inversamente proporcional al nivel de exposición. Además de fibrosis pulmonar pueden producirse derrames pleurales, placas fibrosas pleurales, mesoteliomas, carcinomas pleurales y carcinoma de laringe. La silicosis es la neumoconiosis producida por inhalación de partículas de sílice, entendiendo por neumoconiosis la enfermedad ocasionada por el depósito de polvo en los pulmones con una reacción patológica frente a este, en especial de tipo fibroso. La silicosis es una enfermedad fibrótica-pulmonar de carácter irreversible y considerada enfermedad profesional incapacitante en muchos países, una de cuyas variantes más raras es la silico-asbestosis, la cual requiere exposición al sílice y al amianto.

We report a case of sudden and unexpected death in a young woman with a history of multiple sclerosis and ankylosing spondylitis who was found dead after constipation, abdominal pain and bloating. At the autopsy the opening of the abdomen showed a largely distended stomach full of secretions. This condition is a rare disorder of unknown cause and pathogenesis, it is related to many clinical situations. The disorder has considerable mortality and the finding in the autopsy table is pathognomonic.

Se presenta un caso de muerte súbita e inesperada en una mujer joven con antecedentes de esclerosis múltiple y espondilitis anquilosante que es encontrada muerta tras un breve cuadro de estreñimiento, dolor y distensión abdominal. En la autopsia, la apertura del abdomen mostró una extraordinaria dilatación del estómago repleto de secreciones. Este cuadro es un trastorno poco frecuente, de causa y patogenia desconocidas, que se relaciona con numerosas situaciones clínicas. El trastorno tiene una considerable mortalidad y un cuadro morfológico patognomónico en la autopsia.

We present the In xGa1-xN layers growth in a metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) system. First, we growth a GaN epitaxial layer on sapphire substrate, trimethylgallium (TMGa) and ammonia (NH3) are precursors of gallium and nitrogen, respectively, and hydrogen (H2) is used as the carrier gas. Later, on the GaN epilayer, the growth of the In xGa1-xN layer is carried out using trimethylindium (TMIn) as the indium precursor. The In xGa1-xN layers were studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). XRD pattern shows the diffraction lines which could be ascribed to the formation of hexagonal In0115Ga0.885N for sample A, and In0.26Ga0.74N for sample B, both with the wurtzite type structure. SEM images illustrate the effect of the growth pressure on the films surface morphology. At low pressure the sample A has smaller grain size and higher nuclei density; at high pressure the island size increases and has lower density (sample B). The alloy formation is favored at 550 Torr.

This work presents a methodology for control structure design based on the Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) of the Hankel matrix, constructed from the observability and controllability matrices. A weight index is proposed as a measure of the impact of each input and output variable and, based on it, an input-output pairing selection is performed. The methodology is validated using the Tennessee Eastman process and the result is compared to the relative gain method in frequency.

Introduction: The aim was to study whether nocturnal penile rigidity (NPTR) correlates with metabolic syndrome (MetS) and testosterone in men consulting for erectile dysfunction (ED). Material and methods: 234 men were included in a prospective, cross-sectional pilot study. Serum total and bioavailable testosterone and other biochemical constituents were measured and compared with NPTR. Patients were classified by normal or low/abnormal penile rigidity (abnormal meaning predominant organic component of ED) and presence or absence of MetS to test the hypothesized correlations. Results: Application of the logistic regression model to rigidity as the dependent variable showed the risk of low penile rigidity to be significantly lower for patients with higher total (OR = 0.96, 95% CI = 0.92-0.99) or bioavailable testosterone (OR = 0.91, 95% CI = 0.84-0.99). Patients with testosterone levels between 8 and 12 mmol/L had a quadrupled risk of low penile rigidity compared with patients with higher levels (>12 mmol/L) (OR = 3.96, 95% CI = 1.89-8.31). Considering men without MetS, age and body mass index were associated as significant factors for low penile rigidity: age increased risk by 8% (OR = 1.08, 95% CI = 1.03-1.13) and BMI increased it by 18% (OR = 1.18, 95% CI = 1.01-1.38). Conclusion: Testosterone levels are weakly associated with penile rigidity and disappear when associated with MetS.

Introducción: El objetivo fue estudiar la relación entre la rigidez peneana nocturna (RPN) con el síndrome metabólico (SM) y la testosterona en varones que consultan por trastornos de erección (DE). Material y método: Se incluyeron 234 varones en un estudio piloto prospectivo y transversal. Se midieron los niveles séricos de testosterona total y biodisponible y otros parámetros bioquímicos relacionados con el SM y con las RPN. Los pacientes se agruparon según la rigidez de las erecciones: normales (alta rigidez, componente predominante psicológico de la disfunción) o anormales (baja rigidez, posible componente orgánico o físico de la DE) y por la presencia o ausencia de SM. Resultados: El modelo de regresión logística para la rigidez del pene como variable dependiente demostró que el riesgo de rigidez anormal es menor en individuos con mayor testosterona total (OR = 0,96; 95% CI = 0,92-0,99) o biodisponible (OR = 0,91; 95% CI = 0,84-0,99). Pacientes con niveles de testosterona entre 8 y 12 mmol/L presentaron un riesgo cuatro veces mayor de tener rigidez anormal comparados con aquellos con niveles superiores a 12 mmol/L (OR = 3,96; 95% CI = 1,89, 8,31). Si se consideraban únicamente aquellos varones sin SM, solo la edad y el índice de masa corporal (IMC) aparecían como factores de riesgo asociados a la rigidez anormal. La edad aumentó el riesgo de rigidez anormal en un 8% (OR=1,08; 95% CI = 1,03-1,13) y el IMC lo aumentó en un 18% (OR = 1,18; 95% CI = 1,01-1,38). Conclusión: La asociación de niveles de testosterona con la rigidez del pene fue baja y desaparece si se asocia con SM.