Abstract Candida albicans is the main fungus responsible for acute and recurrent vaginal infections. Low adherence to treatment is due to dosing frequency and available topical medications. Thus, we developed mucoadhesive tablets based on Schinopsis brasiliensis Engler extract composed of Carboxymethylcellulose (F1), Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (F2), or Pluronic (F3), against C. albicans . The extract metabolites determination showed presence of polyphenols (15 μg.mg-1), flavonoids (5.51 μg.mg-1), and tannins (4.80 μg.mg-1). The in vitro antifungal activity was performed by broth microdilution method. Quality control tests were performed according international pharmacopeias. Regarding the mucoadhesion test, in terms of the force expressed between the tablet:mucin disc, the average values were approximately 0.1267 N (F1), 0.0411 N (F2) and 0.814 N (F3), while in the tablet:vaginal mucosa, the average values were approximately 0.0294 N (F1), 0.0166 N (F2) and 0.0365 N (F3). The dry extract showed a minimum inhibitory concentration of 62.5 μg.mL-1. In evaluating the in vitro release of tablets, polymers derived from cellulose released 100% in less than 4 hours, while Pluronic released around 56.3% in 72 hours. It is concluded that F1 has greater mucoadhesion while F3 has a modified release rate, providing promising results for future application of the formulation in the clinical assay. infections medications Thus F1, F , (F1) F2, F2 F3, (F3) C 15 (1 μg.mg1, μgmg1 μgmg μg.mg 1 μg mg μg.mg-1) 5.51 551 5 51 (5.5 4.80 480 80 (4.8 μg.mg1. method pharmacopeias test tabletmucin tablet mucin disc 01267 0 1267 0.126 00411 0411 0.041 (F2 0814 814 0.81 tabletvaginal mucosa 00294 0294 0.029 00166 0166 0.016 00365 0365 0.036 F3. 625 62 62. μg.mL1. μgmL1 μgmL μg.mL 1. mL μg.mL-1 100 hours 563 56 3 56.3 7 rate assay (F1 (F3 ( mg1 μg.mg1 μg.mg-1 5.5 55 (5. 4.8 48 8 (4. 0126 126 0.12 0041 041 0.04 (F 081 81 0.8 0029 029 0.02 0016 016 0.01 0036 036 0.03 6 mL1 μg.mL1 μg.mL- 10 56. μg.mg- 5. (5 4. (4 012 12 0.1 004 04 0.0 08 0. 002 02 001 01 003 03 00

RESUMEN En este trabajo se presentan los resultados obtenidos a partir del estudio e identificación de los microrrestos vegetales (fitolitosy granos de almidón) retenidos en el cálculo dental recuperado de dieciocho piezas dentales correspondientes a un mínimo de cuatro individuos, recuperados tanto de recolecciones superficiales como de excavaciones estratigráficas, de los sitios arqueológicos El Polear 1 (EP1) y Uturunco 1 (U1), ubicados en la porción norte del fondo del valle de Ambato (provincia de Catamarca, Argentina). La información alcanzada sugiere el consumo y/o manipulación de plantas silvestres afines a la familia de las Poáceas y en particular, al género Neltuma sp. (algarrobo) y, posiblemente, Cannaceae. Con respecto a las plantas cultivadas, se observaron elementos panicoides vinculados a Zea mays (maíz), como así también morfotipos afines a Solanum tuberosum (papa). Finalmente, se identificaron granos de polen que fueron asociados a la familia Amaranthaceae-Chenopodiaceae.

ABSTRACT This paper presents the results obtained from the study and identification of plant microremains (phytoliths and starch grains) retained in dental calculus recovered from eighteen teeth corresponding to a minimum of four individuals, product of both surface collections and stratigraphic excavations of the archaeological sites El Polear 1 (EP1) and Uturunco 1 (U1), located in the northern portion of the bottom of the Ambato Valley (prov. Catamarca, Argentina). The information obtained suggests the consumption and/or handling of wildplants related to the Poaceae family and, in particular, to the genus Neltuma sp. (carob) and possibly Cannaceae. Regarding cultivatedplants, panicoid elements linked to Zea mays (maize) were observed, as well as morphotypes related to Solanum tuberosum (potato). Finally, pollen grains associated with the Amaranthaceae-Chenopodiacea e family were identified.

RESUMO O objetivo do artigo é analisar a atuação política dos indígenas do aldeamento de Cimbres, província de Pernambuco, nos conflitos ocorridos na década de 1820 em torno do processo de Independência do Brasil, procurando compreender as suas motivações. A contextualização múltipla foi instrumentalizada como método para analisar as redes de interdependência entre indígenas e não indígenas, bem como o impacto da atuação política dos primeiros no processo de formação do Estado nacional.

ABSTRACT The aim of this article is to analyze the political action of the indigenous people from aldeamento de Cimbres, province of Pernambuco, in the conflicts related to the process of the independence of Brazil in the decade of 1820. The article looks for understanding the indigenous people’s motivations for their stances regarding conflicts initiated by the elites. The multiple contextualization was used as a method to analyze the networks of interdependence created by indigenous people and non-indigenous, as well as the impact of the political action of the former in the nation-state formation process.

Abstract Hypertriglyceridemia is associated with several metabolic diseases. The triglycerides (TG) disrupt the cholesterol reverse transport and contribute to increased levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL). High-density lipoprotein (HDL) acts in cholesterol reverse transport as an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant. This study aims to investigate the role of hypertriglyceridemia in the functionality of HDL. Individuals were divided into 4 groups based on high or low HDL-c and triglycerides levels. Biochemical and anthropometric analysis were performed. This study demonstrated that triglycerides promote dysfunctions on HDL, increasing the cardiovascular risk. Blood pressure was higher in subjects with low HDL. Women presented higher levels of HDL-c and low percentage of fat mass. The highest levels of triglycerides were observed in older age. In addition, high levels of triglycerides were associated with higher total cholesterol and LDL-c levels, non-HDL-c, non-esterified fatty acids, and blood glucose, increasing in the ratio of non-HDL-c/HDL-c and ApoB/ApoA-I. The increase of triglycerides levels progressively impairs the antioxidant capacity of HDL, probably due to a higher occurrence of fatty acid peroxidation in individuals with hypertriglyceridemia. Patients with high HDL and low TG levels increased the Lag Time. Furthermore, a positive correlation was found between TG versus HDL particle size, variables that depend on age and anthropometric parameters. diseases (TG lowdensity density LDL. LDL . (LDL) Highdensity High (HDL antiinflammatory anti inflammatory HDLc c performed risk mass addition LDLc nonHDLc, nonHDLc non c, non-HDL-c nonesterified esterified acids glucose nonHDLc/HDLc nonHDLcHDLc c/HDL ApoB/ApoAI. ApoBApoAI ApoB/ApoA I. ApoB ApoA I ApoB/ApoA-I Time Furthermore size parameters (LDL cHDL ApoAI ApoB/ApoAI ApoBApoA

Abstract Obesity and dyslipidemia are conditions often associated with cardiovascular risk, inflammation, oxidative stress, and death. Thus, a new approach has been highlighted to promote research and development of pharmacological tools derived from natural sources. Among the most widely studied groups of substances, polyphenols such as tyramine stand out. This study investigated hypolipidemic and anti-obesity properties of tyramine. Oral toxicity evaluation, models of dyslipidemia and obesity were used. To induce dyslipidemia, Poloxamer-407 (P-407) was administered intraperitoneally. In the hypercholesterolemic and obesity model, specific diet and oral tyramine were provided. After 24h of P-407 administration, tyramine 2 mg/kg (T2) decreased triglycerides (TG) (2057.0 ± 158.5 mg/dL vs. 2838 ± 168.3 mg/dL). After 48h, TG were decreased by T2 (453.0 ± 35.47 vs. 760.2 ± 41.86 mg/dL) and 4 mg/kg (T4) (605.8 ± 26.61 760.2 ± 41.86 mg/dL). T2 reduced total cholesterol (TC) after 24h (309.0 ± 11.17 mg/dL vs. 399.7 ± 15.7 mg/dL); After 48h, 1 mg/kg (T1) (220.5 ± 12.78 mg/dL), T2 (205.8 ± 7.1 mg/dL) and T4 (216.8 ± 12.79 mg/dL), compared to P-407 (275.5 ± 12.1 mg/dL). The treatment decreased thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and nitrite in liver, increased superoxide dismutase, reduced the diet-induced dyslipidemia, decreasing TC around 15%. Tyramine reduced body mass, glucose, and TC after hypercaloric feed. Treatment with 5 mg/L (0.46 ± 0.04 ng/dL) and 10 mg/L (0.44 ± 0.02 ng/dL) reduced plasma insulin (1.18 ± 0.23 ng/dL). Tyramine increased adiponectin at 5 mg/L (1.02 ± 0.02 vs. 0.83 ± 0.02 ng/mL) and 10mg/L (0.96 ± 0.04 ng/mL). In conclusion, tyramine has low toxicity in rodents, has antioxidant effect, reduces plasma triglycerides and cholesterol levels. However, further studies should be conducted in rodents and non-rodents to better understand the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties of tyramine.

Resumo A administração colonial e a gestão dos povos do Brasil foram temas recorrentes de várias análises historiográficas. Nota-se, contudo, a ausência de atores importantes no processo de construção da sociedade colonial: os povos indígenas. O objetivo desse artigo é debater, a partir de historiografia recente, aspectos centrais para o entendimento da governança dos povos indígenas do Brasil: a administração religiosa, a gestão de suas terras e o controle da mão de obra. Serão levados em consideração o papel dos indígenas enquanto sujeitos históricos, bem como suas relações com os agentes da Coroa, balizadas por resistências, adaptações e negociações.

Abstract The colonial administration and management of the indigenous peoples of Brazil has been a recurrent theme in historiography. However, the Amerindians themselves, important actors in the process of constructing colonial society, are largely absent from the historical literature. This article’s objective is to critically debate, using modern historiographic methods and theory, three important aspects for understanding the governance of the Amerindians of Brazil: the religious administration, the control of native lands, and the management of their labor. This requires consideration of the indigenous people as actors in their own history and of their actions of resistance, adaptation, and negotiation when engaging with the colonial powers.

Resumo O presente dossiê parte do princípio de que o urbano e o global, enquanto fenômenos históricos, interagiram de forma dialógica na era moderna: dinâmicas urbanas sustentaram a criação de um mundo moderno globalmente conectado enquanto a movimentação global de pessoas, bens, ideias e práticas ajudou a definir realidades e imaginários urbanos. A perspectiva que salienta a interconexão entre a cidade e globalização—a cidade global—é corrente em estudos urbanos do fim do século XX e início de XXI. A adoção dessa mesma perspectiva analítica para o princípio do período moderno, a partir de uma comparação implícita entre diferentes centros e comunidades urbanas, ilumina o papel que cidades como o Rio de Janeiro tiveram naquela era de globalização, assim como a maneira pela qual aquele momento histórico definiu a cidade.

Abstract: This dossier argues that the historical phenomena of the urban and the global have interacted in a dialogical fashion: urban dynamics sustained the creation of a modern and globally connected world while the global movement of people, goods, ideas, and practices helped to define urban realities and ideals. The perspective that emphasizes the interconnection between the city and globalization-the global city-is prevalent in urban studies that focus on the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. Applying the same analytical perspective to the early modern period using an implicit comparison between different urban centers and communities elucidates the role cities like Rio de Janeiro played in that era of globalization, as well as the impact that historical moment had on the city.

The results of the analyses carried out on archaeological and bioanthropological material recovered at La Quinta 1915-12 site are. Taphonomic variables were recorded on the osseous material (weathering, root marks, chemical precipitation, fauniturbation, fragmentation, anthropic modifications, percentage of preserved surface and degree of integrity). Bioanthropological analyses (MNI, MNE, MAU, MAU%), and techno-typological analyses on lithic material were also applied. Human skeletal remains of at least 7 individuals (6 adults and 1 infant) were recovered, as well as 308 identified faunal specimens which were identified as Chinchillidae, Equidae and Bovidae and undetermined mammals, 185 quartz and siliceous lithic artifacts and 4 ecofacts (whose characteristics suggest activities of carving and processing of raw materials). Similarities and differences regarding to other sites in the region are discussed. It is interesting to contribute to the discussion about the human settlements that were established in this region during the late Holocene, especifically related to the diet and health of people who were buried in the site, congenital anomalies, as well as issues related to their use of space and available resources.

Se presentan los resultados de los análisis realizados al material arqueológico y bioantropológico recuperado en el sitio La Quinta 1915-12. Se efectuaron análisis tafonómicos sobre el material óseo (relevamiento de meteorización, marcas de raíces, precipitaciones químicas, fauniturbación, fragmentación, modificaciones antrópicas, porcentaje de superficie preservada y grado de integridad), bioantropológicos (MNI, MNE, MAU, MAU%), así como análisis tecnotipológicos sobre el material lítico. Se recuperaron restos óseos humanos de al menos 7 individuos (6 adultos y 1 infante), 308 especímenes faunísticos, identificados como Chinchillidae, Equidae, Bovidae y mamíferos grandes indeterminados y 184 artefactos líticos de cuarzo y rocas silíceas y 4ecofactos, que por sus características sugieren actividades de talla y procesamiento de materias primas. Se discuten similitudes y diferencias con respecto a otros sitios de la región. Interesa aportar a la discusión acerca de las ocupaciones humanas que habitaron esta región en el Holoceno tardío, particularmente aspectos vinculados a la dieta y salud de las personas que fueron inhumadas en el sitio, la presencia de anomalías congénitas, así como cuestiones relacionadas al uso que hicieron del espacio y los recursos disponibles.

Abstract This study aims to evaluate the physicochemical properties and tocopherol content in faveleira seed oil extracted using three methods (Bligh-Dyer, Soxhlet extractor, and cold-pressing). Each of the methods generated different yield percentages, with cold-pressing producing the least amount of oil. However, the cold-pressing method produced better quality oil with more desirable properties, including low acidity (1.56 ± 0.01% oleic acid) and low peroxide value (0.45 ± 0.09 mEq/1000 g). Cold-pressing resulted in higher quantities of tocopherols: 0.59 ± 0.12 mg/100 g of alpha-tocopherol and 20.97 ± 1.15 mg/100 g of beta + gamma-tocopherol. Faveleira seed oil, when extracted by cold-pressing, maintains better physicochemical quality, with the highest beta + gamma-tocopherol content.

RESUMO O objetivo do presente artigo é analisar o processo de formação do aldeamento do Riacho do Mato, na década de 1860, a partir das reivindicações de populações indígenas que habitavam a região e que tiveram intensa participação nas revoltas ocorridas no início do século XIX em Pernambuco. A constituição desse aldeamento é compreendida como um importante ganho dos indígenas envolvidos nos conflitos armados iniciados pelas elites. Mesmo com a extinção da aldeia do Riacho do Mato e a criação da Colônia Socorro em seu lugar, os indígenas continuaram lutando pelo acesso às terras. Manejando as legislações e disposições dos governos central e provincial visando às suas próprias necessidades, os indígenas construíram o seu protagonismo na vida política regional e imperial.

ABSTRACT In this study we intend to analyze the process of formation of the indigenous aldeamento of Riacho do Mato (1860s) based on the claims of indigenous groups in the region, active in the revolts that occurred in the early nineteenth century in Pernambuco (Northeastern Brazil). The constitution of this indigenous settlement constitutes an important gain for the natives involved in armed conflicts initiated by the elites of Pernambuco in the nineteenth century. Even with the replacement of the village of Riacho do Mato by Colônia Socorro, the Indians continued to struggle for access to the lands, using the legislations and provisions of the central and provincial governments aiming at their interests and their needs. In this sense, we see the natives constituting their historical protagonism in regional and imperial political life.

In the valley of Ambato, Catamarca, between the sixth to the eleventh centuries AD a process of social differentiation and complexity led to the emergence of an unequal society characterized by the maintenance of economic and political inequalities, craft specialization and intensification in the exploitation of resources. In this context, camelids played an important role, not only from an economic standpoint, but also from different social and ideological aspects. However, there are a number of questions concerning the origin of the different species of camelids and areas of movement thereof. In this paper, we examine the modalities for obtaining and managing these resources through the analysis of radiogenic isotopes of strontium in samples from Aguada-affiliated archaeological sites. These data show that most of the analyzed specimens have values that are within the corresponding values of biologically available strontium isotopes in the valley of Ambato, allowing us to propose, first, that the most of the domestic camelids recovered in archaeological sites were bred locally and second, that wild camelids also come from neighboring or nearby valley sectors.

En el valle de Ambato, Catamarca, entre los siglos VI y XI DC se sucedió un proceso de complejización y diferenciación social que llevó al surgimiento de una sociedad no igualitaria, caracterizada por el mantenimiento de desigualdades en lo económico y político, especialización artesanal e intensificación en la explotación de los recursos. En este contexto, los camélidos tuvieron un rol relevante desde distintos aspectos económicos, sociales e ideológicos, lo cual llevó al surgimiento de una serie de interrogantes relativos a su procedencia y esferas de circulación. Precisamente, en este trabajo nos proponemos profundizar el estudio sobre las modalidades de obtención y manejo de estos recursos, a través de una nueva vía de análisis como es la utilización de isótopos radiogénicos de estroncio. Los resultados obtenidos nos permitieron observar que la mayor parte de los especímenes analizados presentan valores que se encuentran dentro de los correspondientes a los valores de isótopos de estroncio disponibles biológicamente en el valle de Ambato, lo que nos permite plantear, en primer lugar, que la mayor parte de los camélidos domésticos recuperados en los sitios arqueológicos fueron criados localmente; y segundo, que los camélidos silvestres también procederían de sectores aledaños o próximos al valle.

Resumo: Esse artigo examina a mobilidade social de pessoas de ascendência africana na vila e termo de Sabará, Minas Gerais, no século XVIII, a partir do questionamento da possibilidade de ascenção social disponíveis a mulheres negras e seus descendentes. Através da análise de documentos cartoriais (inventários, testamentos, escrituras de venda, etc.) e documentos da Câmara Municipal de Sabará, esse estudo investiga as oportunidades de sucesso econômico disponíveis às mulheres de cor e os limites da mobilidade social; os efeitos do processo sucessório na transferência de vantagens sócio-econômicas de uma geração para outra; e as estratégias usadas por mulheres negras para garantir que a sucessão de bens pudesse se traduzir em vantagens (e ascensão) sociais para seus filhos.

Abstract: Through a critical examination of the possibilities of social improvement available to black women and their descendants, this article discusses social mobility among Afro-descending people in the town and precincts of Sabará, Minas Gerais, in the eighteenth century. Using various notarial documents (inventories, wills, deeds of sale, etc.) and papers from the municipal council of Sabará, this study investigates the types of economic success enjoyed by women of Afro-descent and the limits to their social mobility; the impact of inheritance procedures on the transfer of socio-economic resources from one generation to the next; and the strategies black women employed to ensure that transmission of their property to their children would translate into social advantages.

Objetivo: O objetivo foi investigar os significados que homens trabalhadores da saúde atribuem ao HIV/Aids. Métodos: Estudo exploratório, com abordagem qualitativa fundamentada na Teoria das Representações Sociais. Realizado com 14 trabalhadores do grupo masculino em unidades ambulatoriais em Recife, Brasil, entre 2012 e 2013. Utilizados questionário e roteiro de entrevista, cuja análise baseou-se na técnica de análise de conteúdo temática-categorial de Bardin. Resultados: As representações do HIV/Aids relacionam-se à diversidade social das pessoas vivendo com HIV/Aids e à abordagem multidisciplinar premente como apoio à adesão ao tratamento. O preconceito social está implícito no conteúdo imagético dos participantes que também enfatizaram a multidisciplinaridade como um suporte indispensável para o convívio com o vírus. Conclusão: A investigação suscita reflexões acerca das representações sociais do HIV/Aids, cujos significados emergem da realidade vivenciada pelos sujeitos envolvidos.

Objective: The objective was to investigate the meanings that male health professionals attribute to HIV/AIDS. Methods: It was an exploratory study with a qualitative approach based on the Theory of Social Representations. It was conducted with 14 male health professionals in outpatient units in Recife, Brazil, 2012-2013. A questionnaire and a guided interview were used, which underwent Bardin's thematic-categorical content analysis. Results: Representations of HIV/AIDS are related to the social diversity of people living with HIV/AIDS and to the urgent multidisciplinary approach to support treatment adherence. Social prejudice is implicit in the image content of participants, who also emphasized multidisciplinarity as a needful support for living with the virus. Conclusion: The present research raises reflections about social representations of HIV/AIDS, whose meanings emerge from the reality experienced by the subjects involved.

Objetivo: Investigar los significados que los hombres profesionales de salud atribuyen al VIH/SIDA. Métodos: Estudio exploratorio con abordaje cualitativo, basado en la Teoría de las Representaciones Sociales. Se realizó con 14 trabajadores del género masculino en clínicas ambulatoriales de Recife, Brasil, entre 2012 y 2013. Se utilizó cuestionario y entrevista guiada, que fueron sometidos a análisis de contenido temática-categorial de Bardin. Resultados: Las representaciones de VIH/SIDA se relacionan con la diversidad social de los que viven con la enfermedad y con el abordaje multidisciplinar como apoyo a la adhesión al tratamiento. El prejuicio social está implícito en el contenido de las imágenes de los participantes que también enfatizaron la multidisciplinariedad como soporte necesario para vivir con el virus. Conclusión: La investigación plantea reflexiones sobre las representaciones sociales del VIH/SIDA, cuyos significados surgen de la realidad vivida por los sujetos involucrados.

Objective: The objective was to investigate the meanings that male health professionals attribute to HIV/AIDS. Methods: It was an exploratory study with a qualitative approach based on the Theory of Social Representations. It was conducted with 14 male health professionals in outpatient units in Recife, Brazil, 2012-2013. A questionnaire and a guided interview were used, which underwent Bardin's thematic-categorical content analysis. Results: Representations of HIV/AIDS are related to the social diversity of people living with HIV/AIDS and to the urgent multidisciplinary approach to support treatment adherence. Social prejudice is implicit in the image content of participants, who also emphasized multidisciplinarity as a needful support for living with the virus. Conclusion: The present research raises reflections about social representations of HIV/AIDS, whose meanings emerge from the reality experienced by the subjects involved.

Objetivo: Investigar los significados que los hombres profesionales de salud atribuyen al VIH/SIDA. Métodos: Estudio exploratorio con abordaje cualitativo, basado en la Teoría de las Representaciones Sociales. Se realizó con 14 trabajadores del género masculino en clínicas ambulatoriales de Recife, Brasil, entre 2012 y 2013. Se utilizó cuestionario y entrevista guiada, que fueron sometidos a análisis de contenido temática-categorial de Bardin. Resultados: Las representaciones de VIH/SIDA se relacionan con la diversidad social de los que viven con la enfermedad y con el abordaje multidisciplinar como apoyo a la adhesión al tratamiento. El prejuicio social está implícito en el contenido de las imágenes de los participantes que también enfatizaron la multidisciplinariedad como soporte necesario para vivir con el virus. Conclusión: La investigación plantea reflexiones sobre las representaciones sociales del VIH/SIDA, cuyos significados surgen de la realidad vivida por los sujetos involucrados.

Objetivo: O objetivo foi investigar os significados que homens trabalhadores da saúde atribuem ao HIV/Aids. Métodos: Estudo exploratório, com abordagem qualitativa fundamentada na Teoria das Representações Sociais. Realizado com 14 trabalhadores do grupo masculino em unidades ambulatoriais em Recife, Brasil, entre 2012 e 2013. Utilizados questionário e roteiro de entrevista, cuja análise baseou-se na técnica de análise de conteúdo temática-categorial de Bardin. Resultados: As representações do HIV/Aids relacionam-se à diversidade social das pessoas vivendo com HIV/Aids e à abordagem multidisciplinar premente como apoio à adesão ao tratamento. O preconceito social está implícito no conteúdo imagético dos participantes que também enfatizaram a multidisciplinaridade como um suporte indispensável para o convívio com o vírus. Conclusão: A investigação suscita reflexões acerca das representações sociais do HIV/Aids, cujos significados emergem da realidade vivenciada pelos sujeitos envolvidos.