Abstract The blend of butadiene and acrylonitrile copolymer (NBR) with natural poly-cis-isoprene (NR) shows increased resistance to swelling in solvents in comparison to the individual components. In aerospace, NBR rubber is used as thermal protection for rockets and shall not contain other polymers, even in low contents, otherwise, it can affect the protection performance and rocket safety by causing detachment of the elastomer/propellant interface; therefore, this investigation presents methodologies to determine the NR/NBR contents. This study explores different analytical techniques, such as Raman spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, in the mid-infrared (MIR) by reflection and in the near-infrared by reflectance (NIRA) modes, Furthermore, quantification strategies by univariate, bivariate and multivariate (chemometric) models are evaluated and compared. A proposed methodology, based on multivariate Raman microscopy with partial least squares regression (PLS), showed high linearity (R2 > 0.99) and low error (< 0.82 %). The validation of FT-MIR data for the CH3, which presented lower error (1.3%) than vinylidene band (6%), showed that both methodologies (reflection and NIRA reflectance) can be used for the quantification of NR in NR/NBR. These results constitute a contribution to the state of the art in researching industrial and aerospace elastomeric applications. (NBR polycisisoprene poly cis isoprene (NR components polymers contents otherwise elastomerpropellant elastomer propellant interface therefore NRNBR techniques FTIR (FTIR midinfrared mid MIR (MIR nearinfrared near (NIRA modes Furthermore univariate chemometric (chemometric compared methodology PLS, PLS , (PLS) R2 R (R 0.99 099 0 99 < ( 082 82 0.8 %. % . %) FTMIR FT CH3 CH 1.3% 13 1 3 (1.3% 6%, 6 6% (6%) applications (PLS 0.9 09 9 08 8 0. 1.3 (1.3 (6% 1. (1. (6 (1

Abstract Quantification of elastomer content for the ethylene-propylene diene monomer/polybutadiene blend are seldom subjects in the literature, mainly due to rubber compatibility problems. However, suitable blend contents can lead to desirable properties. Infrared spectroscopy can quantify this type of blend even if some bands overlap, which can be resolved with the proper choice of spectrum obtaining mode and non-overlapping analytical bands. This study evaluates the ethylene-propylene diene monomer/polybutadiene blend quantification by transmission, reflection and transflectance infrared. Even though all of the methodologies showed satisfactory results, transmission mode provided better accuracy. The methodology is simple and suited for the rubber industry. The sample with the higher BR content provided the best result. The band at 743 cm-1 is weak and results in even weaker absorptions when measuring samples with low BR content. On the other hand, the developed methodologies provided an accurate determination of low EPDM contents. For infrared spectroscopy researchers, these results not only encourage using different spectra obtaining modes application, including less conventional ones such as transflectance in the near infrared region for quantitative determination, it also contributes to a wide discussion of errors in the developed methodologies, which are also seldom discussed in publications. ethylenepropylene ethylene propylene monomerpolybutadiene monomer polybutadiene literature problems However properties overlap nonoverlapping non overlapping accuracy industry result 74 cm1 cm 1 cm- hand researchers application publications 7

Abstract Silica is a versatile material employed in different applications fields including aerospace, especially for rocket engines thermal protections. It is known that particles diameter causes variations in the material properties, and the best-known methods for diameter determination in general consist of several steps in sample preparation such as drying, sieving and the determination of the refractive index according different methods. On the other hand, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy techniques (FT-IR), in reflectance mode, related to the particle size, are less used for this type of determination. Moreover, methodologies in the near infrared region (NIR) are even less explored. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to present a FTIR methodology for diffuse reflectance (DRIFT) in the middle infrared region (MIR) and reflectance analysis in near infrared region (NIRA) for the determination of the particle diameter on silica samples. Both methodologies showed good results. As proven by a test sample analysis, NIRA methodology indicated better precision. Furthermore, considering small and intermediated particle sizes, a tendency towards smaller errors for the absorbance measurements of the samples was found, consistently with the available literature results.

Abstract Epoxy systems are widely applied as adhesives in the aerospace industry. They have excellent adhesion properties, however, being thermosetting, epoxy systems show fracture brittleness characteristics. Polysulfide and polymercaptans are good options to increase the flexibility of the epoxy adhesive. Thermal analysis techniques are generally used to evaluate the curing degree of epoxy systems. In most cases, when infrared (IR) analysis is used, it is employed qualitatively. This paper presents the reaction study of a DGEBA epoxy prepolymer with diethylenetriamine (DETA) and linear and branched dodecyl mercaptans as flexibilizers. Conversion data and curing time were assessed qualitatively and quantitatively by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) in the medium infrared region (MIR) and in the near infrared region, using near infrared reflectance accessory (NIRA). NIRA methodology showed satisfactory results, with errors between 3 and 7%, especially in samples with lower amine contents. Mechanical tests confirmed the flexibilization of the cured epoxy system by the addition of mercaptans, indicating a lower crosslinking degree in the matrix. Young’s modulus (E) significantly decreased from 2017 MPa to 578 MPa with the addition of approximately 20 wt% of normal dodecyl mercaptan to the epoxy system.

Abstract Insulations for rocket motors such as Flexible Thermal Protections (FTPs) and Rigid Thermal Protection (RTPs) act as thermal barriers against the hyperthermal environment from the solid propellant combustion. FTPs present dual function: to extend RTPs performance, and to attenuate the propellant contraction. FTPs used in the Brazilian Space Program have asbestos in their composition since the 70´s; however, they are hazardous for human health. In this context, a mixture of Expanded Perlite (PExp) and Cork Powder (CP) was investigated as a replacement for asbestos. Results showed reduction about 21 % in density and an increase of 13 % in the ablative properties. The low mechanical properties not interfere in this type of FTP due to your function of attenuate the propellant contraction.

Este trabalho consiste na caracterização de um pré-impregnado ("prepreg") de resina epoxídica/fibra de carbono, usando-se espectroscopia no infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FT-IR), análise termogravimétrica (TG), calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC) e análise térmica dinâmico-mecânica (DMTA). A análise por FT-IR foi realizada nos modos de transmissão (pastilha de KBr, pirólise em bico de Bunsen e controlada) e detecção fotoacústica (PAS). Os espectros de FT-IR de transmissão revelaram a presença de resina epoxídica, grupos ciano, amínicos e bisfenol A, que possibilitaram identificar o provável agente de cura:a cianoguanidina (ou dicianodiamida) do sistema epoxídico. Os espectros de FT-IR/PAS permitiram acompanhar as alterações espectrométricas causadas pela cura. A análise térmica auxiliou na observação e compreensão dos eventos durante o processo de cura, etapas de gelificação e vitrificação, e da influência destas nas temperaturas de transição vítrea (Tg) do material curado e na escolha do intervalo de temperatura de cura, que é um dos parâmetros mais importantes do processo produtivo.

This work explores the characterization of pre-impregnated ("prepreg") materials made with an epoxy resin/carbon fiber, using FT-IR spectroscopy, thermogravimetry (TG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA). FT-IR spectroscopy was used in the transmission mode (KBr pellets, pyrolysis without control and controlled pyrolysis) and photoacoustic detection (FT-IR/PAS). The transmission FT-IR spectra revealed the presence of epoxy resin, cyano groups, amine and bisphenol A, which allowed us to identify the probable agent of cure: cyanoguanidine (or DCD). With FT-IR/PAS it was possible to monitor spectrometric changes caused by curing. The thermal analysis assisted in observing and understanding events during the curing process, including the gelation and vitrification steps. It was also useful to study the influence in the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the cured material and for choosing the curing temperature range, which is one of the main parameters in the manufacturing process.

A superfície de uma borracha de etileno-propileno-dieno (EPDM) vulcanizada foi modificada via plasma por microondas, com gases Ar, Ar/O2, N2/O2 e N2/H2, tendo como objetivo melhorar as propriedades adesivas da superfície. A técnica FT-IR/UATR foi escolhida para caracterizar as superfícies após tratamento, pois apresentou menor interferência dos ingredientes da formulação da EPDM, dentre as técnicas analisadas (ATR/KRS-5 e Ge). Grupos oxigenados foram inseridos na superfície da amostra tratada, mesmo quando não foi utilizado o oxigênio, pois estes grupos foram formados quando a superfície ativada foi exposta à atmosfera. Já em tratamentos contendo N2, grupos oxigenados e possíveis grupos nitrogenados foram identificados por FT-IR. Redução nos valores do ângulo de contato, aumento no trabalho de adesão e aumento no ensaio de resistência ao descascamento (EPDM × Poliuretano) foram observados após tratamento com Ar e N2/H2, resultando em melhora nas propriedades adesivas da superfície tratada.

The surface of a vulcanized ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) rubber was modified by microwave plasma in Ar, Ar/O2, N2/O2 and N2/H2 in order to improve the adhesion properties. Surface modification was characterized by FT-IR/UATR, because this technique showed smaller interference of ingredients of EPDM formulation in comparison with other techniques used (ATR KRS-5 and Ge). Oxygenated groups were introduced in the EPDM surface after treatment, even in treatments without oxygen. Theses groups were formed when the activated surface was exposed to the atmosphere. In treatments with nitrogen, oxygenated and possible nitrogenated groups were identified by FT-IR. Reduction in the contact angle, increase in the work of adhesion and increase in the peel strength (EPDM × Polyurethane) were observed after treatment with Ar and N2/H2, resulting in improved adhesion properties of the modified surface.

Resumo: Um novo método de análise por via úmida e instrumental foi desenvolvido para avaliação da abertura do anel aziridínico do óxido de tris(l-(2-metil)aziridinil) fosfina (MAPO), agente de ligação usado em propelente compósito. Foi observada redução de intensidade das bandas de absorção em 1400 e 1040 cm-1, que são características do anel aziridínico. Em alguns casos, observou-se que, quando o número de anéis abertos aumenta, a banda de absorção do grupo NH, na região 3400 e 3300 cm-1, que aparece com a abertura do anel, está localizada na região de menor número de onda. O estudo de síntese do derivado do MAPO evidenciou reações secundárias com a hidroxila do ácido 12-hidroxiesteárico, homopolimerização e reação com a umidade existente na amostra.

Abstract: A new method using wet chemistry and instrumental analysis has been developed for evaluating the ring-opening of aziridine tris [l-(2 methyl) aziridinyl] phosphide oxide (MAPO) of the bonding agent used in composite propellant. A reduction was observed in the intensity absorption bands in 1400 and 1040 cm-1, characteristic of aziridinic ring. It was also observed, in some cases, that when the number of open aziridinyl ring increases, the NH band in the range 3400-3300 cm-1, that appears with ring-opening, is located in the region of lower wave numbers. The study of the synthesis of MAPO derivative indicated side reactions such as homopolymerization of rings and also, with secondary hydroxyl of the 12-hydroxy stearic acid and probable humidity existent in the original sample.

Resumo: Este trabalho descreve as ações e os resultados alcançados na otimização do processo de obtenção do pré-polímero MetilAzoteto de Glicidila (GAP). Foram obtidas amostras de poliepicloridrina (PECH) utilizando três diferentes catalisadores, BF3, SnCl4.5H20 e SnCl4 anidro, sob diferentes condições e cada amostrafoi convertida, posteriormente, no pré-polímero GAP. Cada uma das amostras foi submetida às análises por FT-IR, determinação do índice de hidroxila e determinação da massa molar. Ao final, os resultados obtidos foram comparados com os valores previamente estabelecidos e determinado o melhor método de obtenção do GAP.

Abstract: This paper describes the action and results achieved during the optimization of Glycidyl Azide Polymer (GAP) characterization and process. Under different conditions, three different kinds of catalysts, BF3, SnCl4.5H20 and SnCl4 were used to obtain polyepichlorohydrin and each sample was converted into GAP. Ali the samples were submittedfor characterization analysis by FT-IR and determination of molecular mass and hydroxyl value. Finally, results were compared and the best method to obtain GAP was determined.

Na área aeroespacial é constante a pesquisa em busca de novos materiais que permitam um melhor desempenho de foguetes, mísseis e explosivos. Entre outros, compostos mais energéticos, de maior estabilidade térmica e/ou química, menos agressivos ao meio ambiente, de menor custo e de mais fácil manuseio. Um destes materiais é o metil azoteto de glicidila (GAP), que pode ser utilizado para produzir propelentes mais energéticos e/ou sem fumaça, bem como composições explosivas de baixa sensibilidade. O GAP foi sintetizado e caracterizado por análises FT-IR, elementar, cromatográfica de permeação de gel e térmica.

To obtain more energetic, safe propellants, with improved performance, better mechanical properties and low cost, new materials have been researched and tested. One of these materials is Methyl Glycidyl Azide Polymer (GAP). It can be used to make energetic and/or smokeless propellants as well as composite explosives with low sensitivity. GAP was synthesized and characterized by FT-IR, elemental analysis, gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and thermal analysis.

Amostras vulcanizadas de copolímero de butadieno e acrilonitrila (NBR), contendo teor conhecido de acrilonitrila (AN), foram preparadas nos laboratórios do IAE como amostras de referência para a elaboração de curvas analíticas (ou de calibração), visando à determinação do teor de AN em NBR, por meio de técnicas FT-IR de reflexão (UATR) de última geração e as conhecidas de transmissão. A preparação das amostras foi feita por pirólise, sem e com controle de temperatura, introduzindo uma nova forma de recolhimento do pirolisado. A banda FT-IR analítica, característica de AN, usada no estudo foi a encontrada em 2237 cm-1, sendo 1455 cm-1 a banda de referência, atribuída aos grupos CH2 e CH3. Os valores da absorvância relativa A2237/A1455 vs. teores conhecidos (nominais) de AN em NBR foram usados para elaborar curvas analíticas com boas correlações lineares (R = 0,995 para técnica de transmissão/pirólise controlada e R = 0,989 para técnica de transmissão/pirólise em bico de Bunsen). Na técnica UATR, valores de A2237 vs. os teores nominais de AN em NBR foram usados para elaborar uma curva analítica, que também apresentou boa correlação linear (R = 0,996). Ambas as curvas analíticas possibilitam a determinação dos teores de AN em NBR, em amostras em que os componentes têm a mesma composição química. Embora as técnicas apresentem precisão similar, o tempo para obtenção dos resultados (experimental e cálculo) é bem menor utilizando-se a técnica UATR para esse tipo determinação, especialmente quando o tempo de extração, etapa usada na técnica de transmissão/pirólise, é considerado.

NBR samples with known contents of acrilonitrile (AN) were prepared at IAE laboratories as reference samples for producing an analytical curve to determine the content of AN and NBR, using new methods of transmission (pyrolysis) and UATR/FT-IR techniques. The chosen FT-IR analytical band for AN was 2237 cm-1 for transmission (pyrolysis) and UATR technique. The reference band chosen in transmission pyrolysis technique was 1455 cm-1. Values of A2237/A1455 relative absorbance (transmission pyrolysis technique) and of A2237 (UATR technique) vs. the AN contents data were used to elaborate analytical curves with good linear correlations (R = 0.995 e R = 0.989) - transmission pyrolysis technique) and R = 0.996 (UATR technique), which allows one to determine contents of AN in NBR samples of similar composition. Even though the techniques showed similar accuracy, the time required for the analysis is smaller with the UATR technique, especially if the time for extraction for applying the transmission pyrolysis technique is also considered.

Adesivos poliuretânicos (AD-PU), contendo teor conhecido de isocianato (NCO), foram preparados, nos laboratórios da Rohm and Haas Química Ltda, e amostras foram usadas para a elaboração de uma curva analítica, visando à determinação do teor de NCO por espectroscopia no infravermelho médio (MIR) e próximo (NIR). Os valores de % NCO, obtidos pelo método analítico por via úmida para amostras retiradas durante o processo de fabricação, foram usados como referência. A banda FT-IR escolhida na região MIR foi: 2270 cm-1 (banda analítica). Na região NIR, foi usada uma banda relativa, A4063/A4348. Em ambos os métodos, MIR e NIR, a intensidade das bandas escolhidas e o teor de NCO, obtidos a partir da análise via úmida, foram utilizados para construção de curvas que apresentaram boas correlações lineares (MIR - R = 0,995 e NIR - R = 0,961), que possibilitarão a determinação dos teores de NCO em misturas de composição semelhante.

Polyurethane adhesives reference samples (AD-PU) with known contents of isocyanate (NCO) have been prepared in Rohm and Haas to elaborate analytical curves for determination of NCO content, using MIR and NIR analysis. Wet chemical values were used to determine the content of NCO in the AD-PU samples obtained during the process. The MIR analytical band used was 2270 cm-1 and the NIR relative band was A4063/A4348. Data of absorbance intensity and NCO contents obtained from wet chemical analysis were used to elaborate the analytical curves (MIR - R = 0.995 and NIR - R = 0.961) which should allow for the determination of NCO content in adhesive samples of similar composition.

No presente trabalho, a flexibilidade de um adesivo epoxídico contendo diglicidiléter de bisfenol A (DGEBA) e dietilenotriamina (DETA) como agente de cura foi modificada pela adição de um segundo componente contendo grupos mercaptana (CAPCURE). A adição de amianto ao adesivo contendo CAPCURE também foi avaliada. As reações entre os grupos epoxídicos e os grupos amina, assim como entre os grupos epoxídicos e os grupos mercaptana, foram estudadas nas regiões espectrais do infravermelho médio (MIR) e próximo (NIR). Observou-se que o amianto não interfere nas reações de cura e que a espectroscopia FT-NIR evidencia melhor as alterações espectrométricas ocorridas durante as reações em relação à análise FT-MIR. O tempo das reações de cura foi monitorado por calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC), observando-se que a introdução do CAPCURE acelerou a cura da resina. A energia de ativação (Ea) das reações de cura foi obtida pelos métodos de Barrett e Borchardt-Daniels. Os adesivos contendo CAPCURE mostraram Ea em torno de 30 kJ.mol-1, enquanto o adesivo DGEBA/DETA apresentou Ea de 46 kJ.mol-1, ambas calculadas pelo método de Barrett.

In the present work, the flexibility of an epoxy adhesive containing diglycidylether of bisphenol-A (DGEBA) and diethylenetriamine (DETA) as curing agent was changed by the addition of a second component containing mercaptan groups (CAPCURE). The addition of asbestos as a filler in the adhesive containing CAPCURE was also evaluated. Epoxy-amine and epoxy-mercaptan reactions were studied in NIR and MIR spectral regions. The filler addition did not cause influence on the cure reactions and spectrometric changes of cure reactions could be better observed by FT-NIR than FT-MIR analysis. The cure reaction time was monitored by DSC experiments and it was observed that the introduction of CAPCURE accelerated the cure reaction. The activation energies (Ea) of curing reactions were obtained using Barrett and Borchardt-Daniels methods. The adhesives containing CAPCURE showed Ea around 30 kJ.mol-1, while DGEBA/DETA adhesive presented Ea of 46 kJ.mol-1 calculated by Barrett method.

Técnicas FT-IR de transmissão, reflexão atenuada (ATR), reflexão difusa (DRIFT), microscopia acoplada ao FT-IR (MIC/FT-IR) e detecção fotoacústica (PAS) foram utilizadas para a caracterização de filmes multicamadas. As técnicas ATR, MIC/FT-IR e PAS apresentaram os melhores resultados, provavelmente em função da possibilidade de análise somente da superfície das amostras com cristal (ATR), análise de cada camada da amostra separadamente (MIC/FT-IR) e possibilidade de variação da velocidade de obtenção do espectro (PAS). Dados de análises de microscopia ótica (MO) e calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC) foram usados, associados aos dados FT-IR, para a caracterização completa dos materiais.

The transmission, reflection, photoacoustic (PAS) and microscopy FT-IR techniques have been used for characterizing multilayer films. The ATR, microscopy FT-IR and PAS techniques showed better results, probably because it was possible to analyze only the sample surface by ATR, while with MIC/FT-IR each layer of the sample could be studied separately and in PAS the spectra could be obtained at different rates. A complete characterization for the films was achieved by combining with optical microscopy, DSC and FT-IR data.

Azide polymers samples were analyzed by FT-MIR in order to develop a quantitative methodology to determine the C, H and N content in energetic polymers used in propellants. The elemental analysis data were used as reference. The FT-MIR results show a good agreement with CHN analysis. A good linear relationship was obtained suggesting that the methodology developed in the CTA laboratory can be used for quality control of these energetic polymers.