ABSTRACT Monstrilloid copepods are endoparasites of marine benthic invertebrates (i.e., polychaetes, molluscs) during their juvenile stages. A final copepodite stage V preadult leaves the host and moults into a non-feeding, reproductive planktonic adult. The taxonomy of Monstrilloid copepods has been historically complex. The current list of species of Brazilian Monstrilloida is available from the “Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil” website (CTFB), an on-line database with taxonomic information on the species known to occur in Brazil. Based on current taxonomical contributions, a total of 14 valid nominal species of Monstrilloida have been recorded from Brazil, including six endemic species (43%). Species of Cymbasoma (five species: 36%) and Monstrilla (six species: 43%) total up to 78% of the Brazilian monstrilloid species diversity. Monstrillopsis and Caromiobenella are both represented by three species. Records of Monstrilloida are concentrated in the East, Southeast, and Northeast regions of the country, with an absence of records for the Rio Grande region. The records of Monstrilloid copepods should be revised in the light of evidence suggesting that widespread nominal species like Cymbasoma longispinosum Bourne, 1890, Cymbasoma rigidum Thompson I.C., 1888, Monstrillopsis dubia (Scott T., 1904), and Monstrilla grandis Giesbrecht, 1891 probably represent species complexes. A better knowledge of the taxonomy, distribution, and biology of the Brazilian Monstrilloida taxa is important to support their conservation. The revision of previous records, the occurrence of species complexes among the Brazilian monstrilloid fauna, the discovery of hosts, and reliably matching males and females of monstrilloids are pending assignments to significantly improve our knowledge of the group. i.e., ie i e (i.e. polychaetes molluscs stages nonfeeding, nonfeeding non feeding, feeding non-feeding adult complex Catálogo Brasil CTFB, CTFB , (CTFB) online line Brazil contributions 1 43%. 43 43% . (43%) five 36% 36 78 diversity East Southeast country region Bourne 1890 IC I C I.C. 1888 Scott T T. 1904, 1904 1904) Giesbrecht 189 distribution conservation fauna hosts group i.e. (i.e (CTFB 4 (43% 3 7 I.C 188 190 18 i.e (43 19 (4 (

ABSTRACT Functional traits, short life cycles, and the pivotal role in the ocean make copepod diversity a solid foundation for assessing the effect of global changes in marine food webs and ecosystem functioning. Climate change and extreme events, particularly El Niño, can affect coastal ecosystems. The Arvoredo Marine Biological Reserve (MPA), located in highly productive coastal waters of the Southern Brazilian Bight, presents complex climate and oceanographic conditions. This study investigates the influence of oceanographic processes and El Niño 2015-2016 on the copepod functional diversity from 2014 to 2016 in the Arvoredo MPA. Horizontal tows were performed using a WP2 net with a mesh size of 200 µm. The 41 species accounted for 19 functional entities and four functional groups. Our findings reveal that the seasonal intrusion of water masses influenced copepod functional diversity. During summer, the upwelling of South Atlantic Central Water increased nutrient availability and favored large herbivore-omnivores and carnivores. The Plata Plume Water enrichment during winter coincided with a decline in functional richness and abundance, leading to the predominance of the Oithona nana, a small-sized omnivore. Compensatory mechanisms were observed as functional equivalence and species composition shifts. Acartia lilljeborgii and Temora turbinata exhibited functional equivalence and compensated for each other in response to salinity changes associated with upwelling and El Niño. The copepod assemblage demonstrated the ability to maintain functional diversity despite changes in copepod abundance. However, the decline in functional diversity and abundance during the intense winter indicated potential disruption in trophic dynamics and ecosystem functioning. Maintaining balance and compensating for disturbances such as El Niño is crucial for marine food web resilience. The functional trait approach provided a comprehensive understanding of the copepod assemblage in Arvoredo MPA, contributing to a broader knowledge of the impact of oceanographic processes intensification. Monitoring functional diversity and abundance is crucial for evaluating the effects of copepod assemblage changes in ecosystem functionings. traits cycles functioning events ecosystems MPA , (MPA) Bight conditions 20152016 2015 2015-201 201 WP 20 µm 4 1 groups summer herbivoreomnivores herbivore omnivores carnivores nana smallsized small sized omnivore shifts However resilience intensification functionings (MPA 2015201 2015-20 2 201520 2015-2 20152 2015-

Abstract Bioseston is a heterogeneous assemblage of bacterioplankton, phytoplankton, zooplankton, and planktonic debris. A detailed knowledge of biosestons is essential for understanding the dynamics of trophic flows in marine ecosystems. The distributional features of seston biomass in plankton (micro- and mesoplankton) in the Southwest Atlantic Ocean (Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil) were analyzed using stratified samples gathered to a depth of 2,400 m during night time. The horizontal pattern of biomass distribution was analyzed vis-a-vis station depth during both wet and dry periods, with higher values recorded in the continental shelf than in the slope, confirming the terrestrial contribution of nutrient sources to the marine environment. This horizontal variation reinforces the occurrence of seasonal vortices in Cabo Frio and Cabo de São Tomé on the central coast of Brazil. Environmental variables reflect the hydrological signatures of the water masses along the Brazilian coast. The largest seston biomass was related to high temperatures, salinities, and low inorganic nutrient concentrations in tropical and South Atlantic central waters. The observed distribution patterns suggest that seston biomass in plankton in the region may be structured based on partitioned horizontal and vertical habitats and food resources. bacterioplankton phytoplankton zooplankton debris ecosystems micro (micro mesoplankton Rio State Brazil 2400 2 400 2,40 time visavis vis periods slope environment temperatures salinities waters resources 240 40 2,4 24 4 2,

ABSTRACT The vertical distribution of copepod assemblages, ascertained from the surface down to 1,200 m, was investigated during two sampling periods (rainy and dry seasons), at four depths, in the oligotrophic waters of the southwestern Atlantic Ocean. Total density, diversity, and richness differed among sampling depths. Copepod density decreased with depth in the two sampling periods, with a maximum at 1 m and a slight decrease at 800 m. Higher diversities were observed at 250 m and 1,200 m during the rainy season and at 1 m and 1,200 m during the dry season. The maximum number of species was found at 1,200 m during the rainy season and at 1 m during the dry season. Various copepod assemblages were delimited in the water column in the two sampling periods. The deeper copepod assemblages occupied a wider range of depths. Salinity and temperature influenced the structure of copepod assemblages and reflected the hydrographic characteristics of the water masses in the region. Candacia pachydactyla (Dana, 1849), Scolecithrix danae (Lubbock, 1856), and Agetus limbatus (Brady, 1883) were the indicator species found at 1 m. The effects of different environmental factors on the copepod assemblages suggest that these consortia occupy distinct niches in the ocean.

The Caravelas River estuary and adjacent coastal region were studied during the rainy and dry seasons of 2003-2004 to assess the copepod community structure. Abiotic and biotic parameters were measured, and the total density, frequency and percentage of copepod taxa were determined for each sampling period. Copepod densities showed significant differences between sampling periods, with higher densities in the rainy seasons (Mean: 90,941.80 ind.m-3; S.D.: 26,364.79). The sampling stations located to the north and south, in the coastal region adjacent to the Caravelas River estuary presented the lowest copepod density values. The copepod assemblage was composed mainly of estuarine and estuarine/coastal copepods. The seasonal variations in temperature and salinity influenced the abundance of species during the rainy and dry seasons, with the following dominant species alternating: Paracalanus quasimodo Bowman, 1971 in the rainy season of 2003, Parvocalanus crassirostris Dahl, 1894 in the dry season of 2003 and Acartia lilljeborgii Giesbrecht, 1892 in the rainy and dry seasons of 2004. Non-parametric multidimensional scaling indicated differences in copepod assemblages between sampling periods, but not between sampling stations.

The copepod assemblage on the inner continental shelf adjacent to the coastal system of Camamu Bay (state of Bahia, Brazil) is described in relation to hydrographic conditions, during the wet and dry seasons of 2004. The zooplankton samples were obtained in vertical tows using a net with 200 µm mesh size. Temperature and salinity were measured, and the total density, frequency and percentage occurrence of the copepod taxa were determined for each sampling period. The highest densities were observed at the entrance of Camamu Bay (up to 7.473 ind.m-3), and the lowest on the adjacent inner continental shelf south of Camamu Bay (less than 500 ind.m-3). A total of 57 copepod taxa were identified. Paracalanus quasimodo Bowman, 1971, Subeucalanus pileatus (Giesbrecht, 1888), Clausocalanus furcatus (Brady, 1883), Corycaeus giesbrechti F. Dahl, 1894, Temora turbinata (Dana, 1849), Oithona similis Claus, 1866, Temora stylifera (Dana, 1849) and Nannocalanus minor (Claus, 1863) dominated numerically. The densities measured in both sampling seasons were significantly different: the means were 1.849 ± 1.922 ind.m-3 and 3.657 ± 3.170 ind.m-3 for the wet season and dry season, respectively. Depth and temporal variation in temperature and salinity influenced species abundance during the wet and dry seasons, with the dominant species alternating. Species richness and diversity increased on the inner shelf adjacent to the coastal system of Camamu Bay at the 30- and 50-m isobaths, suggesting that most species were oceanic in origin. The diversity was similar to other coastal systems of northeast Brazil.

Este trabalho descreve a estrutura da comunidade de copépodes em relação às condições hidrográficas da baía do Espírito Santo, no período de 1993 a 1997. As amostras do zooplâncton foram obtidas através de arrastos horizontais, quatro vezes ao ano, com uma rede de 200µm. A temperatura, a salinidade e o oxigênio dissolvido foram determinados nas amostras de água. A densidade média dos copépodes foi de 9.085 ind.m-3, com picos superiores a 15.000 ind.m-3, durante o verão e o outono de 1993 a 1995. Utilizou-se a PCA para relacionar as variáveis ambientais à distribuição dos copépodes. A comunidade dos copépodes, principalmente as altas densidades das espécies Acartia lilljeborgi, Oithona hebes, Oithona oculata, Paracalanus quasimodo, Parvocalanus crassirostris e Euterpina acutifrons foram relacionados à diminuição da diversidade. As variações espaço-temporais da temperatura e da salinidade influenciaram a abundância das espécies durante os cinco anos de coleta, com a alternância das espécies dominantes.

The aim of this work was to study the structure of the copepod community in relation to hydrographic conditions in Espírito Santo Bay, from 1993 to 1997. Zooplankton samples were obtained in the horizontal tows four times a year, using a 200 µm net. Temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen were determined in the water samples. The overall mean density of the copepods was 9,085 ind.m-3 with the peaks exceeding 15,000 ind.m-3 in the summer and autumn during the first three years (1993 - 1995). The PCA analysis was used to relate the environmental conditions with the distribution of the copepods. The increases in the abundant species, namely Acartia lilljeborgi, Oithona hebes, Oithona oculata, Paracalanus quasimodo, Parvocalanus crassirostris and Euterpina acutifrons, were related to the decreases in the diversity. The spatial and temporal variations of the temperature and salinity influenced the abundance of the species during the five years of the sampling and the dominant species alternated in abundance.

Durante uma série de amostragens de zooplâncton, realizadas durante o ano de 1984, na costa sul do estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil, um total de 50 exemplares de copépodes Monstrilloida foram coletados. Os exemplares pertencem a quatro espécies (Monstrilla brasiliensis Suárez-Morales & Dias, Cymbasoma cf. longispinosum, Cymbasoma cf. rigidum and Cymbasoma gracilis Gurney). Os complexos taxonômicos formados pelas espécies C. cf. longispinosum e C. cf. rigidum em águas brasileiras são discutidos. Os comprimentos totais dos exemplares são fornecidos com a finalidade de contribuir com futuros estudos e revisões dos espécimes pertencentes a estes complexos de espécies. A espécie Monstrilla brasiliensis foi coletada pela primeira vez na região costeira do estado do Rio Grande do Norte, expandindo a sua distribuição geográfica na costa nordeste brasileira. Os resultados apresentados aumentam a quatro o número de espécies de Monstrilloida conhecidas para a costa do estado do Rio Grande do Norte.

During a series of zooplankton surveys carried out during 1984, off the south coast of the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, several species of monstrilloids were present in the samples. A total of 50 individuals of monstrilloid copepods were collected. These belong to four species (Monstrilla brasiliensis Suárez-Morales & Dias, Cymbasoma cf. longispinosum, Cymbasoma cf. rigidum, and Cymbasoma gracilis Gurney). The taxonomic complexes formed by the species C. cf. longispinosum and C. cf. rigidum in Brazilian waters are discussed. The lengths of the specimens are provided in order to contribute to studies and revisions of the specimens belonging to these species-complexes. The species Monstrilla brasiliensis is recorded for the first time in the Rio Grande do Norte coastal region, thus expanding its geographical range in the Brazilian northeastern coast. The results presented herein increase to four the number of species of Monstrilloida known from off Rio Grande do Norte state.

Durante uma série de amostragens de zooplâncton, realizadas de 2001 a 2005, na costa do estado de Bahia, Brasil, 98 exemplares de copépodes Monstrilloida foram coletados. Os exemplares pertencem a cinco espécies (Monstrilla grandis, Cymbasoma cf. longispinosum, Cymbasoma cf. rigidum, Cymbasoma gracilis and Cymbasoma quadridens). As primeiras três espécies foram coletadas pela primeira vez na região costeira do estado da Bahia. A distribuição geográfica de C. quadridens foi expandida para a costa nordeste brasileira. Os resultados apresentados aumentam a nove o número de espécies Monstrilloida conhecidas para a costa da Bahia. A diversidade ambiental do Canal de Caravelas, com áreas altamente produtivas e a proximidade de uma região de recifes de coral, abriga uma abundante e diversa fauna de Monstrilloida, que deve ser examinada mais detalhadamente.

During a series of zooplankton surveys carried out from 2001 through 2005 off the coast of the state of Bahia, Brazil, 98 individuals of monstrilloid copepods were collected. These belong to five species (Monstrilla grandis, Cymbasoma cf. longispinosum, Cymbasoma cf. rigidum, Cymbasoma gracilis, and Cymbasoma quadridens). The first three are recorded for the first time in the Bahia coastal region. The geographical range of C. quadridens is expanded to the Brazilian northeastern coast. The results presented herein increase to nine the number of nominal species of Monstrilloida known from off Bahia; the environmental diversity of Caravelas Channel with highly productive areas and coral reef zones harbor an abundant and diverse monstrilloid fauna that should be surveyed in more detail.

Uma nova ocorrência para o copépode Calanoida Euchaeta paraconcinna Fleminger, 1957 foi registrada na região costeira da baía de Camamu, estado da Bahia, Nordeste do Brasil (14º02'49"S; 38º52'58"W). Três fêmeas foram coletadas em arrastos verticais, com rede de plâncton, de 200 µm de malha. Este registro revela uma nova ocorrência desta espécie no Nordeste do Brasil.

The calanoid copepod Euchaeta paraconcinna Fleminger, 1957 is reported from Camamu Bay, state of Bahia, northeastern Brazil (14º02'49"S; 38º52'58"W). Three females were collected by vertical hauls with a plankton net of 200 µm mesh size. This is a new record for this species in northeastern Brazil.

During the years of 1980/80 was performed a ecological study in Ribeira Bay (Angra dos Reis-R.J.-Brazil) in order to provide informations about of the planktonic community in pre-operational conditions, in the region of the Admiral Álvaro Aberto Nuclear Power Plant (C.N.A.A.A.). After 10 years of activities of the Nuclear Power Plant the zooplankton material was obtained in vertical hauls with a net of 150 μm at two fixed points (Piraquara de Fora Cove and Itaorna Beach) in order to study the zooplankton associations related to environmental variables and comparing with the anterior study. The zooplankton evolution showed a sazonal variation with the dominance of the holoplanktonic organisms. The Copepoda showed its the greatest growth during the autumn and the winter. During the summer and the spring its relative abundance suffered a progressive diminution when the Cladocera passed to be the more representative organisms without a competition between its. The sazonal variation presented by the organisms was related with the raining period that fall in the region.