ABSTRACT This article analyzes the relationship between professional skepticism of internal auditors and perception of risks in internal controls. Internal auditors know the company's functioning and environment, so their premise lies on the prevention and identification of signs of errors, fraud, risks, and weaknesses in internal control systems. Even though the literature does not emphasize the theme in internal auditing, the internal auditor must exercise professional skepticism in audit work, especially in an environment that exhibits reduced independence. Given the relevance of professional skepticism in audit work, internal auditors must also take a skeptical attitude, helping to prevent and identify signs of fraud, risks, and weaknesses in internal control systems. Research relating the auditor's skeptical trait to the ability to perceive risks in internal controls makes a major contribution to organizations, as companies can suffer significant losses as a result of fraud or inefficiency of internal processes. This is a research with a deductive perspective, a positivist methodological approach and a survey data collection method. The professional skepticism of internal auditors was measured by using the Hurtt (2010) questionnaire. For the variable risk perception, 10 scenarios were created by having research by Deloitte (2015), Ge and McVay (2005), and KPMG (2000) as a basis. The professional skepticism level has a positive relationship with perception of risks in internal controls. These findings help organizations to strengthen these characteristics in internal auditors, since perception of risks in internal controls can prevent the risk from materializing and constituting a deficiency in internal controls or fraud. The theoretical contribution is highlighted with the presentation of scenarios as a measure of perception of risks in internal controls. companys company s errors systems auditing work independence attitude processes perspective method 2010 (2010 questionnaire 1 2015, 2015 , (2015) 2005, 2005 (2005) 2000 (2000 basis 201 (201 (2015 200 (2005 (200 20 (20 2 (2 (

RESUMO Este artigo analisa a relação entre o ceticismo profissional dos auditores internos e a percepção de riscos nos controles internos. Os auditores internos têm conhecimento do funcionamento e ambiente da empresa, de modo que têm como premissa a prevenção e identificação de sinais de erros, fraude, riscos e fraquezas no sistema de controle interno. Ainda que a literatura não enfatize o tema na auditoria interna, o auditor interno deve manter um ceticismo profissional nos trabalhos da auditoria, sobretudo em um ambiente que apresenta uma independência reduzida. Dada a relevância do ceticismo profissional nos trabalhos de auditoria, os auditores internos também devem adotar uma atitude cética, auxiliando na prevenção e identificação de sinais de fraude, riscos e fraquezas no sistema de controle interno. Pesquisas relacionando o traço cético do auditor com a capacidade de percepção de riscos nos controles internos trazem uma contribuição importante para as organizações, já que as empresas podem sofrer perdas significativas em decorrência de fraudes ou ineficiência dos processos internos. Esta é uma pesquisa de perspectiva dedutiva, abordagem metodológica positiva e com método de coleta de dados survey. O ceticismo profissional dos auditores internos foi mensurado por meio do questionário de Hurtt (2010). Para a variável de percepção de riscos foram elaborados 10 cenários com base em pesquisas de Deloitte (2015), Ge e McVay (2005) e KPMG (2000). O nível de ceticismo profissional tem uma relação positiva com a percepção de riscos nos controles internos. Esses achados contribuem para as organizações fortalecerem essas características nos auditores internos, visto que a percepção dos riscos nos controles internos pode evitar que o risco se materialize e caracterize uma deficiência de controle interno ou fraude. Ressalta-se a contribuição teórica com a apresentação dos cenários como medida de percepção de riscos em controles internos. empresa erros fraude interna reduzida cética dedutiva survey 2010. 2010 . (2010) 1 2015, 2015 , (2015) 2005 (2005 2000. 2000 (2000) Ressaltase Ressalta 201 (2010 (2015 200 (200 (2000 20 (201 (20 2 (2 (

ABSTRACT Football is a sport that involves a combination of continuous and intermittent effort. Therefore, players need to be able to recover quickly between moments of high intensity to continue to perform at a high level of output throughout the entire match. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of an intermittent exercise protocol on the rate of high-intensive force production through the countermovement test (CMJ) in elite Portuguese female soccer players. The sample consisted of 12 players from the first division of women's football in Portugal (Age= 18.1± 0.9 years; Weight= 60.10± 5.8 Kg; Height= 1.63± 4.8 cm; BMI= 22.48± 1.5 kg/m2). The players performed an intermittent exercise protocol on a cycle ergometer, lasting 8 minutes, in which each minute corresponded to 40 seconds of high-intensity (4 W/kg, based on the player's body weight) and 20 seconds of low-intensity (75W). Before and after the protocol, the players performed the CMJ. Through the results obtained, it was possible to observe that players presented a significant decrease in the height of the CMJ between the two moments (before- 29.92± 3.55 cm vs after- 26.92± 4.05 cm; p < .01). The present study allowed us to conclude that intermittent exercise protocol promoted a negative influence on CMJ performance.

RESUMO Este artigo analisa o efeito do estilo de gestão do líder na relação entre os fatores pessoais e o conflito de papéis na função da auditoria interna. Lança-se luz sobre os fatores per se da presença de conflito de papéis na auditoria interna, abordando os efeitos que diferentes estilos de gestão do líder da auditoria podem ocasionar na relação precedentemente já investigada na literatura entre características pessoais e o conflito de papéis. As evidências demonstram que as habilidades e expertise de executivos líderes da auditoria interna impacta o papel exercido pelos auditores internos, tornando-se insights importantes de serem analisados e compreendidos ao delimitar a função da auditoria interna. Este artigo contribui com a compreensão do impacto que aspectos a nível pessoal, profissional e de interação na hierarquia de gestão nas empresas podem ocasionar na função da auditoria interna. Foi usada pesquisa survey envolvendo 218 auditores internos certificados pelo Instituto dos Auditores Internos do Brasil (IIA Brasil), atuantes na área de auditoria interna e com perfis ativos na plataforma de contatos profissionais LinkedIn. Utilização de regressão linear múltipla para a análise dos dados. Os fatores pessoais englobam a independência e expertise dos auditores internos. O conflito de papéis contempla três dimensões: demanda da organização vs. profissão de auditor; auditoria vs. consultoria; e valores pessoais vs. expectativas profissionais. O estilo de gestão mensura o comportamento dos superiores imediatos nas dimensões de tarefa, relacionamento e contexto situacional. Como resultados e contribuições, evidenciou-se que o compromisso com a independência e a expertise dos auditores internos têm influência negativa no conflito de papéis. Um estilo de gestão com comportamentos direcionados ao relacionamento entre os indivíduos, à realização das tarefas ou adaptativo às situações, por parte dos superiores imediatos, contribui para reduzir o nível de conflito de papéis na função da auditoria interna. Lançase Lança tornandose tornando pessoal 21 IIA Brasil, , Brasil) LinkedIn dados vs auditor consultoria tarefa situacional contribuições evidenciouse evidenciou indivíduos situações 2

ABSTRACT This article analyzes the leader's management style effect on the relationship between personal factors and role conflict in the internal audit function. It sheds light on the factors per se regarding the presence of role conflict in internal audit, addressing the effects that various management styles of the audit leader can cause in the relationship previously addressed in the literature between personal characteristics and role conflict. Evidence shows that the skills and expertise of leading internal audit executives impact the role played by internal auditors, becoming major insights to be analyzed and understood when delimiting the internal audit function. This article contributes to grasping the impact that aspects at a personal, professional, and interaction level in the management hierarchy in companies can have on the internal audit function. A survey was used involving 218 internal auditors certified by the Institute of Internal Auditors of Brazil (Instituto dos Auditores Internos do Brasil [IIA Brasil]), working in the internal audit area and with active profiles on the professional networking platform LinkedIn. Use of multiple linear regression for data analysis. Personal factors encompass the independence and expertise of internal auditors. Role conflict comprises three dimensions: demand from the organization vs. the auditor profession; auditing vs. consulting; and personal values vs. professional expectations. Management style measures the behavior of immediate superiors in the dimensions of task, relationship, and situational context. As results and contributions, it was evidenced that internal auditor’s commitment to independence and expertise have a negative influence on role conflict. A management style with behaviors aimed at relationships between individuals, carrying out tasks, or adapting to situations, on the part of immediate superiors, contributes to reducing the level of role conflict in the internal audit function. leaders s function 21 Instituto IIA Brasil, , Brasil]) LinkedIn analysis vs profession consulting expectations task context contributions individuals tasks situations 2 Brasil]

Resumo Nas democracias, a financeirização da acumulação capitalista tem implicado em baixo crescimento econômico e no aumento das desigualdades políticas, de renda e riqueza. No plano do Estado, tem implicado na redução das políticas de bem-estar social. Esses processos alimentam a crise de legitimidade da democracia. Considerando o capitalismo neoliberal, os atores e os interesses, o objetivo do artigo é descrever e interpretar as tensões entre três variáveis: democracia, desigualdade e padrão de capitalismo. A hipótese é que o compromisso democrático depende de certa igualdade política e socioeconômica. Argumenta-se que o expressivo aumento da desigualdade, no capitalismo neoliberal, enfraquece a legitimidade da democracia e, em alguns países, tem estimulado a emergência de lideranças autoritárias. A principal base empírica são os EUA e o Brasil. A metodologia é qualitativa, o processs tracing: descrevemos o comportamento temporal das variáveis qualitativas para explorar inferências causais. Os dados quantitativos apresentados subordinam-se à análise qualitativa.

Abstract In democracies, the financialization of capital accumulation has implied low economic growth and increased political, income, and wealth inequalities. At the State level, it has led to the reduction of social welfare policies. These processes feed the crisis of democratic legitimacy. Considering neoliberal capitalism’s actors and interests, the paper aims to describe and interpret the tensions among three variables: democracy, inequality, and the pattern of capitalism. The hypothesis is that democratic commitment depends, to some extent, on political and socioeconomic equality. It is stated that the significant increase in inequality in neoliberal capitalism weakens the legitimacy of democracy and, in some countries, has stimulated the emergence of authoritarian leaderships. The main empirical basis are the United States and Brazil. A qualitative methodology with process tracing was used to describe the temporal behavior of qualitative variables aiming to explore causal inferences. The quantitative data are subordinated to the qualitative analysis.

Resumen En las democracias, la acumulación capitalista financiarizada ha implicado un bajo crecimiento económico y mayores desigualdades políticas, de ingresos y de riqueza. A nivel estatal, ha implicado la reducción de las políticas de bienestar social. Estos procesos alimentan la crisis de la legitimidad democrática. Considerando el capitalismo neoliberal, sus actores e intereses, el artículo pretende describir e interpretar las tensiones entre tres variables: la democracia, la desigualdad y el patrón del capitalismo. La hipótesis es que la democracia depende de una cierta igualdad política y socioeconómica. Se argumenta que el aumento significativo de la desigualdad, en el capitalismo neoliberal, debilita la legitimidad democrática y, en algunos países, ha estimulado el surgimiento de liderazgos autoritarios. La principal base empírica es Estados Unidos y Brasil. La metodología es cualitativa, de seguimiento de procesos: describimos el comportamiento temporal de variables cualitativas para explorar inferencias causales. Los datos cuantitativos están subordinados al análisis cualitativo.

Abstract Background Goosegrass is one of the most troublesome weed species in Brazil due to its wide dispersion and the ability to evolve herbicide resistance. Objective Investigate the response of goosegrass accessions from Mato Grosso, Brazil to glyphosate, clethodim, and haloxyfop. Methods Goosegrass seed samples were collected from seventeen production fields (accessions) in Mato Grosso and screened with the recommended label rates of clethodim, haloxyfop-methyl, and glyphosate. Six accessions withstood the label rate of the evaluated herbicides and were subjected to a dose-response study. Out of the six accessions, two were selected for further F1 dose-response investigations due to their ability to survive the label rate of the three herbicides individually. All studies were conducted under greenhouse conditions in a completely randomized design with four replications, and the F1 dose-response study was replicated in time. Results All six accessions investigated in the dose-response study presented ED50 values higher than susceptible plants for control and biomass reduction. Haloxyfop-methyl had the highest resistance ratios, followed by clethodim and glyphosate. The two accessions investigated in the F1 dose-response study were confirmed to be cross-resistant to clethodim and haloxyfop-methyl and showed low-level resistance to glyphosate. Conclusions The continuous reliance of POST herbicides for weed management in Mato Grosso cropping systems has selected goosegrass accessions that can withstand high rates of ACCase-inhibiting herbicides, particularly haloxyfop-methyl. Moreover, two accessions with resistance to ACCase-inhibiting herbicides, clethodim and haloxyfop-methyl, and low-level resistance to glyphosate were identified, suggesting the presence of multiple resistance in goosegrass accessions from Mato Grosso, Brazil.

RESUMO: Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo das infecções por poxvírus diagnosticadas em bovinos do estado de Goiás (GO), entre 2010 e 2018. Todos os casos foram investigados pela Agência Goiana de Defesa Agropecuária (Agrodefesa). Foram revisados formulários técnicos e protocolos de laboratórios de diagnóstico veterinário. Na maioria dos casos, amostras de tecidos orais ou cutâneos e/ou swabs foram encaminhadas para diagnóstico virológico. Foram notificados 37 surtos/casos de doença vesicular em bovinos em 25 municípios; em 33 casos os animais apresentavam lesões clinicamente compatíveis com poxvírus. A etiologia de 25 de 33 surtos/casos foi confirmada como poxvírus por PCR e/ou isolamento viral: 13 como vírus vaccínia (VACV), seis como vírus pseudocowpox (PCPV), cinco como vírus da estomatite papular bovina (BPSV) e um caso de coinfecção (VACV e um parapoxvírus semelhante ao Orf vírus). Os casos confirmados laboratorialmente ocorreram principalmente em bovinos leiteiros (19/25) e durante a estação seca (22/25). Em bovinos adultos, alterações macroscópicas foram observadas principalmente nas tetas e úbere e incluíram vesículas, úlceras, crostas, pápulas e cicatrizes e variaram quanto ao tipo, gravidade e região afetada, dependendo da espécie do poxvírus. Em bezerros, as principais lesões foram úlceras na boca e focinho. Lesões zoonóticas compatíveis com infecção por poxvírus foram observadas em todas as poxviroses diagnosticadas, afetando principalmente as mãos dos ordenhadores e outros trabalhadores rurais. Nossos dados demonstram a relevância sanitária e econômica dessas doenças e a ampla circulação de diferentes poxvírus em bovinos de GO.

ABSTRACT: A retrospective study of poxvirus infections diagnosed in cattle from Goiás state (GO), Brazil, from 2010 to 2018, was performed. All cases have been investigated by the GO Official Veterinary Service (Agrodefesa), from which technical forms and protocols of veterinary diagnosis laboratories were reviewed. In most cases, samples of oral or cutaneous tissues and/or swabs were submitted for virological diagnosis by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and/or virus isolation. Thirty seven outbreaks/cases of vesicular disease were notified in cattle of 25 counties; in 33 cases the animals presented lesions clinically compatible with poxviruses. The etiology of 25 out of 33 outbreaks/cases was confirmed as poxviruses by PCR and/or viral isolation: 13 as bovine vaccinia virus (VACV), six as pseudocowpox virus (PCPV), five as bovine papular stomatitis virus (BPSV) and one coinfection (VACV and an Orf virus-like parapoxvirus). The laboratory confirmed that cases occurred mainly in dairy cattle (19/25) and during the dry season (22/25). In adult cattle, gross changes were observed mainly in the teats and udder and included vesicles, ulcers, crusts, papules and scars and varied of type, severity and affected region, depending on the poxvirus species. In calves, the main lesions were ulcers in the mouth and muzzle. Zoonotic lesions compatible with poxvirus infections were observed for all diagnosed poxviruses, affecting especially the hands of milkers and other farm workers. Our data demonstrate the sanitary and economic relevance of these diseases and the wide circulation of different poxviruses in cattle from GO.

Resumo As Brachiaria sp contêm esporidesminas que podem ser oxidadas por lipoperoxidação e ocasionar estresse oxidativo. No presente estudo foram avaliados os efeitos de diferentes antioxidantes na lipoperoxidação dos eritrócitos de bovinos da raça Nelore, alimentados com feno de Brachiaria sp. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, em que 40 bovinos machos, inteiros, foram divididos, em cinco tratamentos (G1: controle - sem suplementação; G2: suplementação de selênio e vitamina E; G3: suplementação de zinco; G4: suplementação de selênio e G5: suplementação de vitamina E) e alocados em baias de confinamento, por 105 dias. As amostras de plasma heparinizado ou com ácido etilenodiamino tetra-acético (EDTA) foram obtidas a cada 28 dias para avaliação hematológica e de estresse oxidativo (0, 28 56, 84 e 105 dias). No eritrograma foi mensurado a contagem total de eritrócitos, a hemoglobina e o volume globular (VG). Para a avaliação do estresse oxidativo, com o objetivo de analisar as características da membrana do eritrócito foram determinadas as substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS), glutationa total (GSH-T), glutationa peroxidase (GSH-Px), catalase (CAT) e superóxido dismutase (SOD). Os resultados demonstraram que independente do tratamento não houve estresse oxidativo durante o período do confinamento experimental e que a associação conjunta de selênio e vitamina E na dieta dos bovinos proporcionaram menor incidência de alterações deletérias sobre os eritrócitos.

Abstract Brachiaria sp contains sporidesmin that can be oxidized by lipoperoxidation and cause oxidative stress. In the present study we evaluated the effects of different antioxidants on lipoperoxidation of erythrocytes from Nelore cattle fed with Brachiaria sp hay. The experimental design was entirely randomized, in which 40 whole male cattle were divided into five treatments (G1: control - no supplementation; G2: selenium and vitamin E supplementation; G3: zinc supplementation; G4: selenium supplementation and G5: vitamin E supplementation) and allocated in feedlot pens for 105 days. The samples heparinized and withethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) were obtained every 28 days for hematological and oxidative stress evaluation (0, 28 56, 84 and 105 days). In the erythrogram total erythrocyte count, hemoglobin, and hematocrit (Ht) were measured. For the evaluation of oxidative stress, in order to analyze the characteristics of the erythrocyte membrane, the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), total glutathione (GSH-T), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were determined. The results showed that regardless of the treatment there was no oxidative stress during the experimental confinement period and that the joint association of selenium and vitamin E in the bovine diet provided a lower incidence of deleterious alterations on erythrocytes.

RESUMO O estudo objetiva avaliar a inter-relação da influência dos fatores confiança (pessoal), pressão de tempo (ambiental) e complexidade (de tarefa) no julgamento e tomada de decisão (JTD) em auditoria. Como método de pesquisa, foi utilizado o experimento, com composição fatorial 2x2x2. A amostra final foi composta por 126 auditores independentes, distribuídos em 8 grupos aleatórios. Os resultados indicam que um maior nível de confiança aumenta a propensão de o auditor realizar o ajuste contábil e que a pressão de tempo e a complexidade diminuem a propensão de ele realizar o ajuste proposto. Esses achados permitem inferir que os fatores confiança, pressão de tempo e complexidade, individual e conjuntamente, influenciam no JTD. O estudo contribui para a Teoria da Decisão Comportamental, na concepção de que as discussões sejam direcionadas para auxiliar as firmas de auditoria no entendimento do efeito conjunto e interativo dos fatores pessoal, ambiental e de tarefa nas atividades profissionais e, assim, melhor planejar e estabelecer critérios sobre as condições de trabalho de auditoria.

ABSTRACT This study aims to evaluate the interrelation of the influence of the factors trust (personal), time pressure (environmental) and complexity (task) in judgment and decision-making in theauditing field. As a research method, we undertook an experiment, with a 2x2x2 factorial composition. The final sample was composed of 126 independent auditors, distributed in eight random groups. The results indicated that a higher level of confidence increases the auditor’s propensity to perform the accounting adjustment and that time pressure and complexity decrease the auditor’s propensity to perform the proposed adjustment. These findings allow us to infer that the factors of trust, time pressure, and complexity, both individually and jointly influence judgment and decision-making. This study contributes to Behavioral Decision Theory, as in that the discussions are directed to assist auditing firms in their understanding of the joint and interactive effect of personal, environmental, and task factors in professional activities, and enable better planning and establishing criteria for audit working conditions.

Resumen La construcción del hábitat social se basa en una visión amplia que incluye no solo la vivienda, sino todo lo que contribuye al vivir del ciudadano. Este artículo destaca el conflicto que se revela cuando el déficit de vivienda empuja a porciones de la población a ocupar áreas bajo protección restrictiva, ya sea ambiental o sociocultural. Este es el caso del Parque Armando de Holanda Cavalcanti, en Pernambuco, en el cual el conflicto entre residentes y gestores públicos resulta de la ocupación del área y de la necesidad de conservación ambiental y cultural del lugar. Las acciones de conservación resultan de las formas como residentes y técnicos juzgan los bienes patrimoniales en conformidad con sus necesidades e intereses. Basado en el análisis del proceso de reconocimiento del Parque, se busca a identificar los valores patrimoniales y, confrontándolos con las narrativas de los residentes, comprender los conflictos. Los resultados parciales demuestran que, mientras técnicos y gestores enfatizan valores relacionados con la esencia de los bienes, los residentes desean explorarlos con vistas al desarrollo local. Luego, la conservación tiene el desafío de conciliar intereses y encontrar el equilibrio entre la protección y la instrumentalización de los bienes culturales.

Résumé La construction de l'habitat social inclut non seulement le lieu de résidence, mais aussi tout ce qui contribue à la vie du citoyen. Cet article met en évidence le conflit qui se révèle lorsque le déficit de logements pousse des franges de la population à occuper des zones sous protection restrictive, qu'elle soit environnementale ou socioculturelle. C'est le cas du parc Armando de Holanda Cavalcanti, dans lequel le conflit entre habitants et gestionnaires publics découle du fait de l'occupation de la zone et de la nécessité de la préserver. Les actions de conservation résultent de la manière dont les résidents et les techniciens jugent les biens culturels en fonction de leurs besoins et intérêts. Appuyé sur l'analyse du processus d'inscription du Parc, cet article cherche à identifier ses valeurs patrimoniales et, en les confrontant aux récits des habitants, à comprendre les conflits. Les résultats partiels démontrent que les techniciens et les managers mettent l'accent sur des valeurs liées à l'essence des biens, tandis que les habitants souhaitent les exploiter dans une perspective de développement local. Par conséquent, la conservation est confrontée au défi de concilier les intérêts et de trouver un équilibre entre la protection et l'instrumentalisation des biens culturels.

Abstract The construction of the social habitat is based on a broader vision that includes not only the place of residence, but everything that will contribute to the citizen's life. This article highlights the conflict that occurs when the housing deficit pushes portions of the population to occupy areas under restrictive protection, whether environmental or socio-cultural. This is the case of the Armando de Holanda Cavalcanti Park, in Pernambuco, where the conflict between residents and public managers is due to the occupation of the area and the need for conservation of the environmental aspects and historical-cultural testimonies. The conservation actions result from the way that residents and specialists consider the cultural heritage according to their needs and interests. Based on the analysis of the Park's listing process, this paper seeks to identify the cultural heritage values for the Park and, confronting them with residents' narratives, to understand the conflicts. Partial results demonstrate that, while technicians and managers emphasize values related to the essence of the heritage, residents want to explore it with a view to local development. Therefore, conservation is faced with the challenge of reconciling interests and finding a balance between protection and instrumentalization of cultural assets.

Resumo A construção do habitat social apoia-se numa visão ampla que compreende não somente o lugar de moradia, como tudo o que contribui para o habitar do cidadão. Este artigo coloca em evidência o conflito que se revela quando o déficit habitacional empurra parcelas da população a ocupar áreas sob proteção restritiva, seja ela ambiental ou sociocultural. É o caso do Parque Armando de Holanda Cavalcanti, em Pernambuco, no qual o conflito entre residentes e gestores públicos decorre da ocupação da área e da necessidade de sua conservação ambiental e cultural do lugar. As ações de conservação resultam das formas como residentes e técnicos julgam os bens patrimoniais conforme suas necessidades e interesses. Com base na análise do processo de tombamento do Parque, busca-se identificar seus valores patrimoniais e, confrontando-os com narrativas de residentes, compreender os conflitos. Os resultados parciais demonstram que, enquanto técnicos e gestores enfatizam valores relacionados à essência dos bens, os residentes desejam explorá-los com vistas ao desenvolvimento local. Portanto, a conservação depara-se com o desafio de conciliar interesses e encontrar equilíbrio entre proteção e instrumentalização dos bens culturais.

Abstract Background Anesthetic and/or opioid abuse is more prevalent among anesthesiologists than in other medical specialties and it has been associated with high mortality. The aim of this study was to evaluate factors associated with lethal anesthetic and/or opioid abuse among anesthesiologists. Methods We evaluated psychological factors, and occupational history and circumstances of death of anesthesiologists who died from anesthetic abuse. Data were obtained post-mortem from colleagues, and relatives. After finding eligible cases, we identified the key informants, who were interviewed personally or via email, through the qualitative method known as “Psychological Autopsy”. Results Eighteen cases of death were identified, but we were able to interview 44% of them (n = 8), most of whom were young males. They died at home or at the hospital and were found “at the scene”. Being an introspective person who did not share personal issues at workplace was the most prevalent personal characteristic. At work, they seemed to perform very well their functions, but some presented subtle changes such as to staying more than usual at the workplace and/or neglecting some of their responsibilities. The main reported factors to explain their substance abuse were emotional problems including psychiatric, excessive hours of work, and other health factors. Conclusion This study identified that emotional disturbances, compulsive work, and general health problems were the more prominent factors involved with those deaths. Further, larger studies are needed to better understand how these factors could be early identified in order to timely prevent anesthetic and/or opioid abuse and several deaths among anesthesiologists.

ABSTRACT Recent studies suggested that cannabis use influences on the emergence of psychosis by disrupting neurodevelopmental processes that occur during adolescence and early adulthood and which are reflected on brain anatomical changes detectable with MRI. However, no MRI studies have investigated whether intrauterine neurodevelopmental abnormalities also interact with later cannabis use to influence on psychosis risk. We investigated differences between first-episode psychosis (FEP) patients with history of cannabis use (FEPC+, n=28), FEP subjects without cannabis use (FEPC-, n=78) and healthy controls (n=80) in regard to the frequency of absent or short Adhesio Interthalamica (AI), a well-established marker of intrauterine neurodevelopment. The FEPC+ subgroup had a significantly lower prevalence of absent AI than FEPC- subjects, as well as a lack of a significantly shorter AI length compared to controls (as found in FEPC- subjects). These preliminary results show that psychosis subjects with cannabis use present a low rather than high frequency of absent AI, suggesting that fixed intrauterine neurodevelopmental abnormalities may not be associated with cannabis use later in life to influence on the emergence of psychosis. This is consistent with a view that multiple different etiological processes may lead to similar clinical presentations in patients with FEP.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of exercise training (ET) on muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) and executive performance during Stroop Color Word Test (SCWT) also referred to as mental stress test. METHODS: Forty-four individuals with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and no significant co-morbidities were randomized into 2 groups; 15 individuals completed the control period, and 18 individuals completed the ET. Mini-mental state of examination and intelligence quotient were also assessed. MSNA assessed by microneurography, heart rate by electrocardiography, blood pressure (automated oscillometric device) were measured at baseline and during 3 min of the SCWT. Peak oxygen uptake (VO2 peak) was evaluated using cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Executive performance was assessed by the total correct responses during 3 min of the SCWT. ET consisted of 3 weekly sessions of aerobic exercise, resistance exercises, and flexibility (72 sessions, achieved in 40±3.9 weeks). RESULTS: Baseline parameters were similar between groups. Heart rate, blood pressure, and MSNA responses during SCWT were similar between groups (p>0.05). The comparisons between groups showed that the changes in VO2 (4.7±0.8 vs -1.2±0.4) and apnea-hypopnea index (-7.4±3.1 vs 5.5±3.3) in the exercise-trained group were significantly greater than those observed in the control group respectively (p<0.05) after intervention. ET reduced MSNA responses (p<0.05) and significantly increased the number of correct answers (12.4%) during SCWT. The number of correct answers was unchanged in the control group (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: ET improves sympathetic response and executive performance during SCWT, suggesting a prominent positive impact of ET on prefrontal functioning in individuals with OSA. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT002289625.