ABSTRACT Hardening is the process of exposing seedlings gradually to field conditions. It improves seedling quality through several strategies, including stem bending and the use of plant regulators. Thus, the objective of the experiment was to quantify the physiological changes resulting from mechanical and chemical hardening in Hymenaea courbaril L. seedlings as a function of seedling growth stages. The experiment was conducted at Marechal Cândido Rondon, PR, in a shade house. The design used was a completely randomized, consisting of three treatments (control, methyl jasmonate and stem bending), with seven replications of 16 seedlings. At the end of the hardening treatments we quantified stem bending stiffness, lignin, phenolic compounds, loss of electrolytes and chlorophyll. The phenolic compounds quantified in the leaves increased with the application of both treatments in seedlings of stages I and II. Furthermore, mechanical hardening favored an increase in chlorophyll at all stages. H. courbaril seedlings from stages II and III would be the most recommended for hardening treatments. Mechanical hardening was the most suitable for Hymenaea courbaril L. seedlings. conditions strategies regulators Thus L Rondon PR house randomized control, control (control bending, , bending) 1 stiffness lignin Furthermore H

Resumo A aplicação de metil jasmonato e estímulos mecânicos parecem modular aspectos morfológicos que asseguram a sobrevivência de mudas de espécies lenhosas sob condições ambientais adversas. O estudo objetivou avaliar características morfofisiológicas de espécies lenhosas rustificadas com metil jasmonato e flexões caulinares sob restrição hídrica. Mudas de Nectandra grandiflora e Inga sessilis foram submetidas à rustificação com 50 μmol.L-1 de metil jasmonato, 20 flexões diárias e o tratamento controle, durante oito semanas. Em seguida, foram transplantadas em vasos contendo areia e submetidas à restrição hídrica durante um mês, sendo avaliadas quinzenalmente atributos, como incremento em altura de planta (IH) e diâmetro do coleto (IDC), área foliar (AF), massa seca do caule (MSC), raiz (MSR) e folhas (MSF), potencial de regeneração de raízes (PRR) e perda de eletrólitos de raíz (PER). O delineamento utilizado foi inteiramente ao acaso, com três tratamentos e sete repetições de três mudas cada. Em N. grandiflora, as flexões caulinares externaram menor emissão de raízes, e quando submetidas à restrição hídrica, reduziram-se AF, MSF e IH, até o final do período avaliado. Para I. sessilis, no tempo 0 e ao 15º dia, as flexões caulinares externaram menor MSF em relação ao metil jasmonato, no entanto, ambos não diferiram do controle. Ao 15º dia, a menor AF foi observada nas mudas tratadas com flexões caulinares, bem como a menor PER. Ao 30º dia, ambos tratamentos rustificativos demonstram menor AF e MSF, e o metil jasmonato externou menor MSC e MSR em relação ao tratamento controle. Assim, o método mecânico não é recomendado para rustificação de mudas de Nectandra grandiflora, e ambos os métodos, químico - com metil jasmonato - e o mecânico - mediante flexões caulinares - não apresentaram resultados satisfatórios que justifiquem a sua utilização para rustificação de mudas de Inga sessilis. adversas 5 μmol.L1 μmolL1 μmolL μmol.L 1 μmol L μmol.L- 2 controle semanas seguida mês atributos IH (IH IDC, IDC , (IDC) (AF) MSC, (MSC) (MSR (MSF) PRR (PRR PER . (PER) acaso cada N reduziramse reduziram se avaliado I º dia entanto Assim métodos L1 (IDC (AF (MSC (MSF (PER

Abstract The application of methyl jasmonate and mechanical stimuli seem to modulate morphological characteristics that are to ensure survival under adverse environmental conditions. The study aimed to evaluate morphological characteristics of woody species rustified with methyl jasmonate and stem bending under water restriction. Seedlings of Inga sessilis and Nectandra grandiflora were hardened with pulverization of 50 μmol L-1 of methyl jasmonato, 20 stem bending daily and the control treatment for eight weeks. Afterwards, they were transplanted in vessels containing sand and submitted to water restriction for a month, being evaluated biweekly parameters such as increments of height (IH), diameter (IDC), leaf area (AF), leaf dry mass (MSF), stem dry mass (MSC) and root dry mass (MSR), root regeneration potential (PRR), electrolytes at the root (PER). The design was completely randomized with seven replicates of three seedlings each. In N. grandiflora, stem bending showed lower root emission, and when submitted to water restriction reduced AF, MSF and IH, until the end of the evaluated period. For I. sessilis, at time 0 and at day 15, the stem bending expressed lower MSF in relation to jasmonate, however, both did not differ from the control. At 15th the smaller AF was observed in the seedlings treated with stem bending, as well as the lower PER tissue. At the 30th day, both hardening treatments showed lower AF and MSF, and the jasmonato showed lower MSC and MSR in relation to the control treatment. Thus, the mechanical method is not recommended for hardening of Nectandra grandiflora, and both methods, chemical - with methyl jasmonato - and the mechanic - through stem bending - did not present satisfactory results that justify its use to hardening of seedlings of Inga sessilis. conditions 5 L1 L 1 L- 2 weeks Afterwards month IH , (IH) IDC, IDC (IDC) (AF) (MSF) (MSC MSR, (MSR) PRR, PRR (PRR) PER. . (PER) each N emission period I 15 however th tissue Thus methods (IH (IDC (AF (MSF (MSR (PRR (PER

ABSTRACT Growth analysis (GA) is used to quantify plant development based on morphophysiological changes. GA is a practical tool to evaluate nursery techniques to make them more efficient. The objective of this essay was to quantity measure morphophysiological growth variables of Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla and Hymenaea courbaril (jatoba) container seedlings to characterize growth stages. The essay was conducted in a shade house located in the western state of Paraná. GA analyses were performed at 10-day intervals on seedlings of both species. When evaluating Hymenaea courbaril seedlings results indicated increased values of height, diameter, root and shoot dry biomass up to 130 days after emergence (DAE). Seedling growth stage-based GA were 70, 100 and 130 DAE for the Eucalyptus hybrid and 50, 80, and 110 DAE for jatoba which presented accelerated, intermediate and reduced seedling growth.

ABSTRACT The forestry production sector uses several strategies to minimize post-planting seedling losses. Some practices can modulate characteristics of interest for plant growth and defense, including changes in the light exposure, reduced watering, fertilization, and chemical or mechanical stimulus. This work quantified morphophysiological changes on Schinus terebinthifolius and Cedrela fissilis seedlings resulting from the application of salicylic acid for eight weeks. The experimental design was completely randomized, composed of four treatments (0, 100, 200, and 300 mg L-1 of salicylic acid). The quantified variables included height, diameter, and dry matter mass of the root and aerial parts. Additionally, leaf area, root-cell electrolyte loss, lignin content in roots, and stem plus phenolic compounds were quantified. On aroeira seedlings, the height, aerial, and radicular dry matter masses and leaf area were reduced while the diameter and the lignin content increased directly as a function of salicylic acid doses. In cedro seedlings the dose of 100 mg L-1, however, resulted in a better balance of plant biomass and would, therefore, be the most indicated dose for the species. The application of salicylic acid for 8 weeks on seedlings of both species resulted in the most relevant morphophysiological modifications correlated with quality characteristics of seedlings of woody species.

RESUMO Esta pesquisa objetivou determinar o melhor momento da colheita de sementes de Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell.) Brenan baseado na cor do fruto. Os frutos foram classificados em quatro estádios de maturação: fruto com cor verde-amarelo moderado; fruto com cor castanho-escuro; fruto com cor castanho-escuro avermelhado; e fruto com cor castanho-claro. As sementes foram avaliadas quanto às características biométricas e testadas quanto à germinação e vigor. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. As médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey (p ≤ 0,05). Realizou-se uma análise de correlação não paramétrica de Spearman entre os estádios de maturação e as características físicas e fisiológicas das sementes. As maiores médias de tamanho foram observadas nas sementes dos frutos com cor verde e castanho-escuro. As sementes dos frutos com cores castanho-escuro avermelhado e castanho-claro apresentaram redução drástica no teor de água, e evidenciaram alto potencial germinativo e de vigor. Observaram-se correlações fortes e negativas entre o estádio de maturação e as características físicas das sementes. Por outro lado, o acúmulo de massa seca, potencial de germinação e de emergência e os índices de vigor apresentaram correlações fortes e diretamente proporcionais ao estádio de maturação. A cor do fruto, aliada às características físicas das sementes, demonstraram-se como um bom indicador da maturidade fisiológica das sementes de Anadenanthera colubrina. Frutos com cores castanho-escuro avermelhado e castanho-claro apresentam qualidade fisiológica superior. Desse modo, o indicativo de tais colorações sugere o momento da colheita das sementes.

ABSTRACT This research aimed to determine the best time to harvest Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell.) Brenan seeds based on fruit color. The fruits were classified in four maturation stages: fruit with a moderate yellow green color; fruit with dark brown color; fruit with dark reddish-brown color; fruit with a light brown color. The seeds were evaluated for biometric characteristics and tested for germination and vigor. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design. The averages were compared by the Tukey test (p ≤ 0.05). A non-parametric Spearman correlation analysis was performed between maturation stages and physical and physiological characteristics of the seeds. The largest size averages were observed in seeds from fruits with green and dark brown color. Seeds from fruits with dark brown and reddish-brown color showed drastic reduction in the water content, and high germinative potential and vigor. Strong and negative correlations were observed between maturation stage and seed physical characteristics. On the other hand, the accumulation of dry mass, germination potential, emergence and vigor indexes showed strong correlations and were directly proportional to maturation stage. The color of the fruit was shown to be a good indicator of the physiological maturity of the seeds of Anadenanthera colubrina. Fruits with a reddish-brown and light brown color have superior physiological quality, and thus, indicative of time for seed harvest

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar a cor do fruto de Albizia hasslerii que corresponde a sementes com maior potencial fisiológico. Os frutos foram colhidos em diferentes estádios de maturação para a realização das análises, sendo classificados visualmente em quatro cores: 100% verde (estádio 1), ≤ 50% marrom (estádio 2), entre 50% e 99,9% marrom (estádio 3) e 100% marrom (estádio 4). Posteriormente, procedeu-se a mensuração dos atributos biométricos das sementes, e simultaneamente, Risssos testes de germinação e vigor foram instalados. Para verificar a relação da maturação de frutos com a biometria e o potencial fisiológico de sementes, determinou-se o coeficiente de correlação de Spearman (ρ). O delineamento utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, sendo os resultados submetidos à análise de variância, e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey, a 5% de probabilidade. As sementes provenientes dos frutos que se encontravam nos estádios 3 e 4, manifestaram maior germinação e emergência, menores médias de teor de água e maior matéria seca, sendo esses indicadores do melhor momento de colheita de frutos. Já as sementes obtidas de frutos verdes apresentaram baixa germinação e vigor, alto teor de água e menor matéria seca. Conclui-se que as sementes com alto potencial fisiológico estão em frutos com cor 100% marrom, porém a partir de 50% de cor marrom já podem ser colhidos. Portanto, a cor dos frutos é considerada um indicador de maturidade fisiológica para a espécie Albizia hasslerii.

Abstract The objective of this study was to identify the color of Albizia hasslerii fruit that corresponds to seeds with high physiological potential. Fruits were harvested at different ripening stages for the analysis and were visually classified into four stages according to epicarp color: 100% green (stage 1), ≤ 50% brown (stage 2), between 50% and 99.9% brown (stage 3) and 100% brown (stage 4). Subsequently, we quantified seed biometric attributes and proceeded to install the germination and vigor tests. To verify the relationship between fruit maturation with seed biometrics and the physiological potential, we calculated the Spearman correlation coefficient (ρ). The design was a completely randomized, and the results were submitted to analysis of variance with means compared by Tukey test at 5% probability. The seeds from the fruits classified as stages 3 and 4 showed greater germination and emergence, lower averages of water content and higher dry biomass, being those indicators of the best time for the fruit harvest. The seeds from green fruits presented low germination and vigor, high water content and lower dry biomass. It was concluded that seeds with high physiological potential are from fruits with 100% brown color. However, fruits showing 50% brown color can already be harvested. Therefore, fruit color is considered an indicator of physiological maturity for Albizia hassleri.