Aim The purpose of this study was to investigate the biofilm effect on the hybrid ceramic-resin cement bond strength (BS) by comparing two methods. Methods Teeth were distributed into groups (n=5), according to the resin cement (Maxcem Elite-(MC) or NX3 Nexus-(NX)) and degradation method (24h or 7 days in distilled water; 7 or 30 days incubated with biofilm and 30 days in sterile media). Treated surfaces of Vita Enamic blocks (5x6x7mm) were luted to treated or no treated dentin surfaces and light-cured. After 24h, beams were obtained (1x1x10mm) and stored accordingly. The flexural bond strength (FBS) was assessed by four-point bending test. Additional beams were obtained from new teeth (n=5), stored for 24h or 7 days in distilled water, and submitted to a microtensile bond strength (µTBS) assay. Failure modes were determined by scanning electron microscopy (100X). The flexure strength of the cements (n=10) was assessed by a four-point bending test. Data were analyzed by 1 and 2-ways ANOVA, and Tukey’s test (α=0.05). Results There was no significant difference between the degradation methods for the FBS groups. For the µTBS, the significant difference was as follows: NX 7days > NX 24h > MC 7days = MC 24h. Failure mode was mainly adhesive and mixed, but with an increase of cohesive within cement and pre-failures for the MC groups assessed by µTBS. NX had better performance than MC, regardless of the method. Conclusions The biofilm had no effect on the materials BS and FBS test was a useful method to evaluate BS of materials with poor performance.

Aim To evaluate the influence of cobalt-chromium (Co-Cr) coping fabrication methods and ceramic application on the marginal and internal fit of metal-ceramic crowns. Methods Co-Cr copings for metal-ceramic crowns were prepared by lost wax casting or CAD-CAM machining of sintered blocks. The fit was analyzed using the silicone replica technique at four assessment points: marginal gap (MG), axial wall (AW), axio-occlusal (AO) angle, and central occlusal (CO) wall. After the initial analysis, the copings were ceramic-veneered with the layering technique, and the fit was again determined. Data were statistically analyzed by paired and unpaired Student’s-t test (α=0.05). Results Marginal and internal fit before ceramic application according to the coping manufacturing method showed significant differences only at CO (p < 0.001), with milled copings (137.98±16.71 μm) showing higher gap values than cast copings (112.86±8.57 μm). For cast copings, there were significant differences at MG (before 109.13±8.79 μm; after 102.78±7.18 μm) and CO (before 112.86±8.57 μm; after 104.07±10.63 μm) when comparing the fit before and after ceramic firing. For milled copings, there was significant difference only at AO (before 116.39±9.64 μm; after 108.54±9.26 μm). Conclusion This study demonstrated that the coping fabrication method influenced the internal fit. Ceramic firing maintained or improved the fit of the metal-ceramic crowns. The marginal discrepancy of all restorations, before and after ceramic firing, can be considered clinically acceptable.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da biodegradação in vitro e in situ nas características superficiais de dois cimentos resinosos e de um sistema cerâmico híbrido. Cento e oitenta espécimes (4X1,5mm) de cada material (Maxcem Elite, NX3 Nexus e Vita Enamic) foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em doze grupos (n=15) de acordo com o material e o método de biodegradação. Os espécimes foram então submetidos aos seguintes desafios: armazenamento em água destilada 37ºC por 24 horas ou 7 dias, armazenamento por 7 dias, a 37ºC, em saliva estimulada ou in situ. O estágio in situ correspondeu à preparação de 15 dispositivos intra-orais palatinos, utilizados por 7 dias. Cada dispositivo apresentou 3 nichos, onde uma amostra de cada material foi acomodada. As amostras dos grupos saliva e in situ sofreram um desafio cariogênico, correspondendo à aplicação de uma solução de 20% de sacarose, 10 vezes ao longo de cada dia. Após cada método de biodegradação, foram realizadas as análises de rugosidade superficial (Ra), dureza Vickers (VHN) e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Os dados coletados foram analisados por meio do teste de Levene, ANOVA two-way e teste de Tukey (α=5%). O desafio in situ promoveu maior degradação, independentemente do material. Em relação aos materiais, a VHN do Vita Enamic foi afetada negativamente por todos os métodos de degradação e o Nexus NX3 apresentou melhor desempenho que o cimento autoadesivo testado. Portanto, dentro das condições deste trabalho, concluiu-se que a biodegradação in situ pode afetar negativamente as características superficiais de materiais restauradores indiretos.

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of in vitro and in situ biodegradation on the surface characteristics of two resin cements and a hybrid ceramic system. One hundred and eighty specimens (4X1.5mm) of each material (Maxcem Elite, NX3 Nexus and Vita Enamic) were made and randomly distributed in twelve groups (n=15) according to the material and biodegradation method. The specimens were then submitted to the following challenges: storage in distilled water 37 ºC for 24 h or 7 days, storage for 7 days, at 37 ºC, in stimulated saliva or in situ. The in situ stage corresponded to the preparation of 15 intraoral palatal devices, used for 7 days. Each device presented 3 niches, where a sample of each materials was accommodated. Specimens from both saliva and in situ groups suffered a cariogenic challenge, corresponding to the application of a solution of 20% of sucrose, 10 times throughout each day. After each biodegradation method, the surface roughness (Ra), Vickers hardness (VHN) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyzes were performed. The data collected were evaluated by Levene test, two-way ANOVA and Tukey`s test (α=5%). The in situ challenge promoted the greater biodegradation, regardless of the material. Regarding the materials, the Vita Enamic VHN was negatively affected by all biodegradation methods and the Nexus NX3 presented better performance than the self-adhesive cement tested. Therefore, within the conditions of this work, it was concluded that in situ biodegradation can affect negatively the surface characteristics of indirect restorative materials.

Resumo O objetivo foi avaliar a estabilidade de cor de laminados cerâmicos de fina espessura, após a cimentação com cimentos resinosos e resinas compostas em temperatura ambiente e aquecida (60oC), durante 12 meses; bem como determinar o grau de conversão dos diferentes materiais para cimentação. Foram utilizados dois cimentos resinosos [AllCem Veneer, cimento resinoso fotoativado (LRC) e AllCem, cimento resinoso dual (DRC)] e três resinas compostas [Z100 (MNCR - resina composta de partículas finas), Herculite Classic (MHCR - resina composta micro-híbrida) e Durafill (MCCR - resina composta microparticulada)] para cimentação de laminados cerâmicos a base de silicato de lítio (Suprinity, cor B2-HT, Vita Zahnfabrik) com 0,8 mm de espessura, sobre esmalte bovino. Oitenta espécimes foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em 8 grupos de acordo com o material para cimentante (n=10). Os espécimes foram armazenados a 37oC em água destilada. Os parâmetros do CIELab foram determinados 24h após a cimentação (baseline), 7, 30, 90, 180 dias e 12 meses. Outros três espécimes foram preparados para avaliação de grau de conversão, realizada por espectroscopia micro-Raman. Os dados foram analisados por ANOVA e teste de Tukey (a=5%). Para ΔEab e ΔE00, houve diferenças estatisticamente significantes para o material de cimentação (p<0,001), tempo (p<0,001) e interação dupla (p<0,001). Os grupos cimentados com o MHCR (1 ano), MCCR (90 dias e 1 ano) e MCCR-PH (1 ano) foram os únicos com valores de ΔE maiores que o limite de aceitabilidade. Todos os demais grupos mantiveram seu ΔE menor que o limite de aceitabilidade ao final de 1 ano de armazenamento em água destilada. Em relação ao grau de conversão, não foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre os materiais para cimentação avaliados (p=0,127). O grau de conversão variou entre 64,0% (MNCR-PH) e 85,1% (DRC). Correlações negativas moderadas a fortes não significativas foram observadas entre a média ΔEab e grau de conversão (R=-0,65) e ΔE00 e grau de conversão (R=-0,64). Observou-se uma correlação positiva forte significativa nos valores médios de ΔEab e ΔE00 (R=0,99). Pode-se concluir que os diferentes agentes cimentantes utilizados na cimentação de laminados cerâmicos de espessura fina influenciaram na cor final das restaurações. O aquecimento das resinas compostas não implicou em alteração do grau de conversão.

Abstract The objective was to evaluate the color stability of ceramic veneers luted with resin cements and pre-heated composite resins (60oC) for 12 months, and determine the degree of conversion (DC) of the luting agents. Two resin cements (AllCem Veneer, light-cured (LRC) and AllCem, dual-cured (DRC)] and three composite resins [Z100 (MNCR-minifilled), Herculite Classic (MHCR-micro-hybrid) and Durafill (MCCR-microfilled)] were used for cementing 0.8-mm-thick lithium-silicate glass-ceramic laminates (Suprinity, shade B2-HT, Vita) on bovine enamel (n=10). The specimens were stored at 37oC in distilled water. CIELab parameters were determined at 24h after luting (baseline), 7, 30, 90, 180 days and 12 months. Three specimens were prepared for DC evaluation, performed by micro-Raman spectroscopy. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey’s test (a=5%). For ΔEab and ΔE00, there were significant differences for luting material (p<0.001), time (p<0.001), and double interaction (p<0.001). The groups cemented with MHCR (1 year), MCCR (90 days and 1 year) and MCCR-PH (1 year) were the ones with ΔE values greater than the acceptability threshold. All other groups maintained their ΔE lower than the acceptability threshold after 1 year in distilled water. Regarding DC, there were no significant differences (p=0.127) among the materials. Non-significant negative correlations were observed between the mean ΔEab and DC (R=-0.65) and ΔE00 and DC (R=-0.64). A significant positive correlation was observed mean ΔEab and ΔE00 (R=0.99). It was concluded that the different luting agents influenced the final color of the restorations. The heating of the composite resins did not affect their DC.

Abstract The aim of this research was to evaluate the influence of MDP (10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate) concentration and application mode of experimental adhesives on microshear bond strength (μSBS) to dentin after storage in distilled water at 37°C for 24h and 6 months. Five experimental adhesives were prepared with: CQ, DABE, BHT, ethanol, HEMA, TEGDMA, Bis-EMA, UDMA, and Bis-GMA. Concentrations of 0 wt%, 3 wt%, 9 wt%, 12 wt% or 15 wt% of MDP were added to their composition. The adhesives were applied to flat dentin surfaces in etch-and-rinse or self-etching modes. Cylindrical molds filled with light-cured composite resin were placed above the dentin. The specimens were stored in distilled water at 37oC for 24h or 6 months and submitted to μSBS testing. The adhesives were also submitted to pH analysis. The data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA, three-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test (α = 5%). All the adhesives used in the etch-and-rinse mode showed significantly higher bond strength than the adhesives applied in the self-etching approach. The 9 wt% adhesive showed the highest bond strength values, and 3 wt% was most stable after storage. A strong negative correlation between MDP concentration and pH was observed. It was concluded that the formulations with low concentrations of MDP (up to 9 wt%) showed better results for bond strength and bond strength degradation over time.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a estabilidade de cor de laminados cerâmicos de espessura fina em função do momento de ativação de diferentes sistemas adesivos na superfície interna das cerâmicas. Foram utilizados 5 sistemas adesivos (Scotchbond Multiuso, Single Bond Universal, Gluma 2 Bond, Ambar and Ambar APS) e o cimento resinoso fotoativado (Allcem Veneer) para cimentação de lâminas de cerâmica feldspática (Mark II) com 0,6 mm de espessura, sobre substratos de resina composta (Charisma Diamond). Os grupos, de acordo com o sistema adesivo utilizado, foram divididos em dois subgrupos (n=10): i) adesivo e cimento resinoso foram polimerizados separadamente (polimerização isolada do adesivo), ii) adesivo e cimento resinoso foram polimerizados ao mesmo tempo (polimerização simultânea). Os parâmetros de cor do sistema CIELab foram determinados com um espectrofotômetro nos tempos de 24 h (baseline), 7 dias, 30 dias e 12 meses. Os dados foram analisados por ANOVA a dois fatores e teste de Tukey (α=0,05). Os resultados indicaram diferenças estatísticas significantes para os sistemas adesivos e tempo. O momento da fotoativação do sistema adesivo não foi estatisticamente significante: polimerização prévia (2,6±1,3) e polimerização simultânea (2,8±1,4). Para o sistema adesivo, os valores médios de ΔE variaram na seguinte ordem: Ambar APS (1,6±0,5)<Scotchbond Multi-Purpose (2,6±1,2)=Gluma 2 Bond (2,7±1,2)=Ambar (2,9±1,2)<Single Bond Universal (3,5±1,5). Para o fator tempo o ΔE foi: 7 dias (1,7±0,7), 30 dias (3,5±1,2) e 12 meses (2,9±1,3). Pode-se concluir que os diferentes sistemas adesivos utilizados na cimentação de laminados cerâmicos de espessura fina influenciaram na cor final das restaurações. O momento da fotoativação, isolada ou simultânea ao cimento resinoso, não apresentou efeito significativo na estabilidade de cor dos laminados cerâmicos de espessura fina.

Abstract The objective was to evaluate the color stability of thin ceramic veneers as a function of the curing mode (with and without pre-cure) of different adhesive systems applied to the internal surface of ceramics. Five adhesive systems (Scotchbond Multi-Purpose, Single Bond Universal, Gluma 2 Bond, Ambar, and Ambar APS) and photo-cured resin cement (Allcem Veneer) were used for cementing 0.6 mm-thick feldspathic veneers (Mark II) on composite resin substrates (Charisma Diamond). The groups, according to adhesive system, were divided into two subgroups (n=10): i) adhesive and resin cement were polymerized separately (pre-cure of the adhesive), ii) adhesive and resin cement were polymerized simultaneously. The CIELab color parameters were determined with a spectrophotometer at 24h (baseline), 7 days, 30 days and 12 months. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test (α=0.05). The results indicated statistically significant differences for adhesive systems and time. The mode of curing of the adhesive system was not statistically significant: pre-cured adhesives (2.6±1.3) and not pre-cured adhesives (2.8±1.4). For the adhesives, ΔE values varied in the following order: Ambar-APS (1.6±0.5) < Scotchbond Multi-Purpose (2.6±1.2) = Gluma 2 Bond (2.7±1.2) = Ambar (2.9±1.2) < Single Bond Universal (3.5±1.5). For time, ΔE values were: 7 days (1.7±0.7), 30 days (3.5±1.2) and 12 months (2.9±1.3). It can be concluded that the different adhesive systems used for cementing thin ceramic veneers influenced the final color of the indirect restorations. The adhesives curing mode did not present a significant effect in the color stability of thin ceramic veneers.

RESUMO Introdução: considerando-se o grande número de aparelhos propulsores mandibulares, não é uma tarefa fácil escolher o melhor deles para o seu paciente. Objetivo: descrever o desenvolvimento desses aparelhos e a experiência clínica de vinte anos dos autores na sua utilização. Métodos: os aparelhos funcionais fixos aqui apresentados foram classificados em flexíveis, rígidos e híbridos, e o modo de ação de cada um deles foi descrito e ilustrado por meio de quatro casos clínicos. Conclusões: os aparelhos propulsores rígidos fornecem mais resultados esqueléticos do que os flexíveis e os híbridos. Esses últimos têm efeito semelhante ao uso de elásticos com direção de Classe II e, basicamente, corrigem a má oclusão de Classe II com alterações dentoalveolares. Do ponto de vista biomecânico, os propulsores fixos estão mais indicados para tratar a Classe II em pacientes dolicofaciais do que os elásticos de Classe II.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Considering the large number of fixed functional appliances, choosing the best device for your patient is not an easy task. Objective: To describe the development of fixed functional appliances as well as our 20-year experience working with them. Methods: Fixed functional appliances are grouped into flexible, rigid and hybrid. They are different appliances, whose action is described here. Four clinical cases will be reported with a view to illustrating the different appliances. Conclusions: Rigid fixed functional appliances provide better skeletal results than flexible and hybrid ones. Flexible and hybrid appliances have similar effects to those produced by Class II elastics. They ultimately correct Class II with dentoalveolar changes. From a biomechanical standpoint, fixed functional appliances are more recommended to treat Class II in dolichofacial patients, in comparison to Class II elastics.

Resumo A adaptação marginal e interna é fundamental para o sucesso das restaurações indiretas e novos sistemas de imagem permitem avaliar esses parâmetros de maneira não-destrutiva e com precisão. Este estudo avaliou a adaptação marginal e interna de copings de zircônia fabricados com dois sistemas diferentes, utilizando as técnicas da réplica em silicone e micro-CT. Um modelo-mestre de metal, representando um preparo para uma coroa totalmente cerâmica foi digitalizado e copings de zirconia policristalina (Ceramill Zi, Amann Girrbach e inCoris Zi, Dentslpy Sirona, n=10) foram fabricados. Para cada coping, a adaptação marginal e interna foi avaliada pelas técnicas da réplica em silicone e micro-CT. Foram avaliados quatro pontos de cada seção transversal e imagem de micro-CT: adaptação marginal (MG), parede axial (AW), ângulo axial-oclusal (AO) e parede centro-oclusal (MO) utilizando um software de imagem. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente por ANOVA e teste de Tukey (a=0,05). Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre as duas técnicas para MG e AW. Para AO, houve diferenças significativas entre as técnicas para copings da Amann, enquanto que para copings da Dentsply Sirona foram observados valores semelhantes. Para o MO, ambas as técnicas apresentaram diferenças estatisticamente significativas. Observou-se uma correlação positiva entre os valores de adaptação determinados pelas duas técnicas. O método de avaliação influenciou a avaliação da adaptação marginal e interna de copings de zircônia. Pode-se concluir que a micro-CT mostrou menores valores de adaptação marginal e interna quando comparado com a técnica de réplica em silicone. Os pontos de avaliação da margem e da parede axial mostraram os menores valores de adaptação, independente do sistema cerâmico e da técnica de avaliação utilizados.

Abstract Marginal and internal adaptation is critical for the success of indirect restorations. New imaging systems make it possible to evaluate these parameters with precision and non-destructively. This study evaluated the marginal and internal adaptation of zirconia copings fabricated with two different systems using both silicone replica and microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) assessment methods. A metal master model, representing a preparation for an all-ceramic full crown, was digitally scanned and polycrystalline zirconia copings were fabricated with either Ceramill Zi (Amann-Girrbach) or inCoris Zi (Dentslpy-Sirona), n=10. For each coping, marginal and internal gaps were evaluated by silicone replica and micro-CT assessment methods. Four assessment points of each replica cross-section and micro-CT image were evaluated using imaging software: marginal gap (MG), axial wall (AW), axio-occlusal angle (AO) and mid-occlusal wall (MO). Data were statistically analyzed by factorial ANOVA and Tukey test (a=0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between the methods for MG and AW. For AO, there were significant differences between methods for Amann copings, while for Dentsply-Sirona copings similar values were observed. For MO, both methods presented statistically significant differences. A positive correlation was observed determined by the two assessment methods for MG values. In conclusion, the assessment method influenced the evaluation of marginal and internal adaptation of zirconia copings. Micro-CT showed lower marginal and internal gap values when compared to the silicone replica technique, although the difference was not always statistically significant. Marginal gap and axial wall assessment points showed the lower gap values, regardless of ceramic system and assessment method used.

Resumo O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito de tratamentos de superfície em esmalte e dentina na resistência de união (RU) de um cimento auto-adesivo. As coroas de setenta e dois terceiros-molares foram incluídas em resina acrílica e desgastadas para obtenção de áreas planas em esmalte e dentina. Os espécimes de esmalte e dentina foram aleatoriamente distribuídos em 8 grupos (n=12) de acordo com: tratamento de superfície (sem tratamento ou aplicação de solução de ácido poliacrílico a 11,5%), condição do substrato (seco ou úmido) e período de armazenamento (1 dia ou 90 dias). Após, cilindros (1 x 1 mm) foram confeccionados na superfície dos espécimes utilizando cimento resinoso auto-adesivo (Rely X U200) segundo as instruções do fabricante. Os espécimes foram armazenados em água destilada a 37 oC por 1 dia ou 90 dias e submetidos ao ensaio mecânico de microcisalhamento (EMIC DL 2000 a 0,5 mm/min). O tipo de falha de cada espécime foi determinado após ensaio. Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística (a=0,05). De acordo com os resultados, a aplicação de ácido poliacrílico a 11,5% diminuiu a RU em ambos substratos, esmalte e dentina. Os grupos mantidos úmidos mostraram maiores valores de RU do que os secos, independentemente do substrato ou tratamento de superfície. O período de armazenamento não influenciou nos valores de RU. Concluiu-se que o tratamento de superfície com ácido poliacrílico a 11,5% e a ausência de umidade no substrato diminuíram os valores de RU para o cimento resinoso auto-adesivo, independentemente do período de armazenamento.

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of enamel and dentin surface treatment on the micro-shear bond strength of self-adhesive cement. Seventy-two extracted third molars had their crowns embedded in acrylic resin and worn to obtain a flat enamel or dentin surface. The enamel and dentin specimens were randomly assigned to 8 groups (n=12) that were based on surface treatment (11.5% polyacrylic acid solution or no treatment), substrate condition (wet or dry) and storage period (1 day or 90 days), and treated accordingly. Cylinders (1 × 1 mm) were fabricated using self-adhesive resin cement (RelyX U200) following the manufacturer's instructions. The specimens were stored in distilled water at 37 °C for either 1 day or 90 days and subjected to micro-shear bond strength test (EMIC DL 2000 at 0.5 mm/min). After this, the failure type of the specimens was determined. Data were subjected to statistical analysis (a=0.05). According to the results, the 11.5% polyacrylic acid application decreased the bond strength in both enamel and dentin samples. The moist groups showed higher bond strength than the dry ones, regardless of the substrate and surface treatment. Storage period did not influence bond strength. In conclusion, surface treatment with 11.5% polyacrylic acid and absence of moisture decreased the bond strength of the resin-cement (RelyU200), regardless of the storage period.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência da espessura da linha de cimento na resistência de união de pinos de fibra de vidro após armazenamento em água destilada. Trinta dentes humanos hígidos unirradiculares tiveram os canais tratados endodonticamente. As raízes foram distribuídas em três grupos: THIN (linha de cimento fina): conduto preparado com broca 0,5 e cimentação de pino 0,5; THICK (linha de cimento espessa): conduto preparado com broca 1 e cimentação de pino 0,5; e CUSTOM (linha de cimento personalizada): conduto preparado com broca 1 e cimentação de pino personalizada (pino 0,5 personalizado com resina composta). Os pinos foram cimentados com cimento auto-adesivo. Após armazenamento das raízes em água destilada a 37 °C por 24 h e 90 dias, o teste de cisalhamento por extrusão push-out foi realizado. Os resultados foram analisados estatisticamente por ANOVA a três fatores e teste de Tukey (a=0,05). A resistência de união foi significativamente maior para CUSTOM (9,37 MPa), do que para THIN (7,85 MPa) e THICK (7,07 MPa), que foram semelhantes entre si. Considerando-se os terços radiculares, a resistência de união variou na sequência: apical (7,13 MPa) < médio (8,22 MPa) = coronal (8,94 MPa). A resistência de união após 24 h de armazenamento em água foi significativamente maior (8,80 MPa) do que para 90 dias (7,40 MPa). Pode-se concluir que houve influência da espessura da linha de cimento na resistência de união de pinos de fibra de vidro, sendo que o uso de pinos personalizados apresentou maiores valores de resistência de união. O armazenamento em água por 90 dias afetou negativamente os valores de resistência de união, especialmente no terço apical, no grupo com linha de cimento mais espessa.

Abstract The objective of the present study was to evaluate the influence of resin cement thickness on the bond strength of prefabricated and customized glass fiber posts after storage in distilled water. Thirty human uniradicular roots were treated endodontically. The roots were divided into 3 groups: THIN (thin cement layer) - post space preparation with #0.5 drill and cementation of #0.5 post; THICK (thick cement layer) - post space preparation with #1 drill and cementation of #0.5 post; and CUSTOM (customized cement layer) - post space preparation with #1 drill and cementation of a customized post (#0.5 glass fiber posts customized with resin composite). All posts were luted with self-adhesive resin cement. The push-out test was carried out after storage for 24 h and 90 days in distilled water at 37 °C. The data were analyzed with three-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (a=0.05). Bond strengths were significantly higher for CUSTOM (9.37 MPa), than for THIN (7.85 MPa) and THICK (7.07 MPa), which were statistically similar. Considering the thirds, the bond strength varied in the sequence: apical (7.13 MPa) < middle (8.22 MPa) = coronal (8.94 MPa). Bond strength for 24 h storage was significantly higher (8.80 MPa) than for 90-day storage (7.40 MPa). It may be concluded that the thickness of resin cement influenced the bond strength of glass fiber posts. The customized posts presented higher bond strength. Storage in water for 90 days affected negatively the values of bond strength, especially for thick cement layers in the apical third.

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the marginal and internal fit of zirconia copings obtained with different digital scanning methods. A human mandibular first molar was set in a typodont with its adjacent and antagonist teeth and prepared for an all-ceramic crown. Digital impressions were made using an intraoral scanner (3Shape). Polyvinyl siloxane impressions and Type IV gypsum models were also obtained and scanned with a benchtop laboratory scanner (3Shape D700). Ten zirconia copings were fabricated for each group using CAD-CAM technology. The marginal and internal fit of the zirconia copings was assessed by the silicone replica technique. Four sections of each replica were obtained, and each section was evaluated at four points: marginal gap (MG), axial wall (AW), axio-occlusal edge (AO) and centro-occlusal wall (CO), using an image analyzing software. The data were submitted to one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test (α = 0.05). They showed statistically significant differences for MG, AO and CO. Regarding MG, intraoral scanning showed lower gap values, whereas gypsum model scanning showed higher gap values. Regarding AO and CO, intraoral digital scanning showed lower gap values. Polyvinyl siloxane impression scanning and gypsum model scanning showed higher gap values and were statistically similar. It can be concluded that intraoral digital scanning provided a lower mean gap value, in comparison with conventional impressions and gypsum casts scanned with a standard benchtop laboratory scanner.

Abstract The color stability of resin cements is essential for aesthetic restorations. Aim: To evaluate the influence of shade and aging time on the color stability of two light-cured and two dual-cured resin cements. Methods: The CIE-Lab color parameters (n=6) were measured immediately after sample preparation and at 7, 30 and 90 days of aging in distilled water. The color difference (ΔE) was calculated and then analyzed by three-way ANOVA for repeated measures and Tukey's HSD test (α=0.05). Results: ΔE was higher for transparent resin colors, followed by dark and light colors. The mean values of ΔE were lower for both light-cured resin cements compared to the dual-cured cements. As the aging time increased, ΔE values increased. Conclusions: The light-cured resin cements showed greater color stability. The lighter shades of luting were more likely to display a greater color change.

Resumo: O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito da técnica de silanização na resistência de união de cimentos resinosos a uma vitrocerâmica. Trinta e dois discos de vitrocerâmica foram distribuídos em 2 grupos (n=16) (G1: cimento dual e G2: cimento fotoativado) e subdivididos em 4 grupos de acordo com a técnica de silanização. A vitrocerâmica foi condicionada com ácido fluorídrico a 10% por 20 s e o silano aplicado por 1 min de acordo com os subgrupos: CTL: de acordo com as instruções do fabricante, HA: secagem do silano com ar quente, NWA: lavagem e secagem com água e ar a temperatura ambiente, HWA: lavagem e secagem com água e ar quente. Após, o sistema adesivo foi aplicado e polimerizado por 20 s, e cilindros (1 x 1 mm) foram confeccionados com os cimentos sobre a superfície da cerâmica. Os espécimes foram armazenados em água destilada por 48 h e submetidos ao ensaio de microcisalhamento. Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística (?#61537;=0,05). O grupo G1 apresentou maiores valores de resistência do que G2, exceto no subgrupo CTL e NWA. Houve diferença na técnica de silanização apenas para G1: HWA (25,13±6,83)≥ HA (22,95±7,78)≥ CTL (17,44±7,24)≥ NWA (14,63±8,76). Para G2 não houve diferença entre os subgrupos. Conclui-se que a técnica de silanização interferiu na resistência de união cimento/cerâmica dependendo do material utilizado. A lavagem e secagem com água e ar aquecidos promoveu maior valor de resistência apenas para o cimento dual.

Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of silanization protocols on the bond strength of two resin cements to a lithium disilicate glass-ceramic. Thirty-two ceramic discs were assigned to 2 groups (n=16): G1 - dual-cured resin cement and G2 - light-cured resin cement. Four subgroups were evaluated according to the used silanization protocol. The glass-ceramic was etched with 10% hydrofluoric acid for 20 s and silane was applied for 1 min, as follows: CTL - according to the manufacturer's instructions; HA - dried with hot air; NWA - washed and dried with water and air at room temperature; HWA - washed and dried with hot water and hot air. Thereafter, adhesive was applied and light-cured for 20 s. Silicon molds were used to prepare resin cement cylinders (1x1 mm) on the ceramic surface. The specimens were stored in deionized water at 37 °C for 48 h and subjected to a micro-shear test. The data were submitted to statistical analysis (?#61537;=0.05). Group G1 showed higher bond strengths than G2, except for the CTL and NWA subgroups. Differences as function of the silanization protocol were only observed in G1: HWA (25.13±6.83)≥HA (22.95±7.78)≥CTL(17.44±7.24) ≥NWA(14.63±8.76). For G2 there was no difference among the subgroups. In conclusion, the silanization protocol affected the resin cement/ceramic bond strengths, depending on the material. Washing/drying with hot water and/or hot air increased only the bond strength of the dual-cured resin cement.

Abstract Aim: To evaluate the experience, knowledge and attitudes of dentists and oral health technicians (OHTs) who work in Basic Health Units in the city of Curitiba, PR, Brazil, regarding cases of abuse against children and adolescents. Methods: In this observational study, three hundred eighty-three questionnaires (validated for Brazilian Portuguese) were sent to dentists and OHTs who work in public health units. The response rate was 38.12% (n = 146) for dentists and 40% (n = 77) for OHTs. Results: The mean age of the dentists was 40±8.29 years, and 53.43% treated more than 10 children per week. The OHTs' mean age was 45.39±9.71 years, and 62.35% attended to more than 10 children per week. Although the dentists perceived 185 suspected cases of maltreatment, only 35.67% were reported to authorities. In the OHT group, 22.08% were reported to authorities. Sixty-eight dentists (47%) and 11 OHTs (14.28%) reported having treated at least one case of orofacial trauma in the previous 6 months, totalizing 166 orofacial traumas. About the mechanism for reporting suspected cases, 83% of the respondents knew how to report. Over 50% of the responses concerning why the professionals did not report cases of physical violence against children included fear of retaliation and difficulties in diagnosis. Conclusions: Suspected cases of maltreatment against children and adolescents are underreported. More information is required to recognize suspected maltreatment cases and notify authorities.

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito de tratamentos da base de bráquetes cerâmicos monocristalinos na resistência de união ao esmalte após recolagem. Setenta e cinco pré-molares foram selecionados e aleatoriamente distribuídos em 5 grupos (n=15) de acordo com o tratamento da base do bráquete: I - sem tratamento, primeira colagem (controle), II - jateamento com óxido de alumínio, III - jateamento seguido da aplicação de silano, IV - jateamento com partículas de dióxido de sílica (silicatização) seguido de silano, V - silicatização realizada em laboratório (Sistema Rocatec). Os bráquetes foram colados no esmalte com Transbond XT sem condicionamento ácido. Em seguida, os bráquetes foram removidos e suas bases foram submetidas aos diferentes tratamentos. Os bráquetes foram recolados, armazenados por 24 h e submetidos ao ensaio mecânico de cisalhamento com velocidade de 0,5 mm/min. Após, o índice de remanescente adesivo (IRA) foi avaliado em cada espécime. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e teste de Tukey (α=0,05). Pode-se observar que houve diferença significativa apenas entre o sistema Rocatec e os demais grupos, o qual apresentou os menores valores de resistência. Os maiores valores de resistência foram observados para o grupo I (controle), sem diferença significativa dos grupos II, III e IV. A maioria dos grupos apresentou maior porcentagem de falhas na interface esmalte/resina (escore 1). Pode-se concluir que os tratamentos da base do bráquete cerâmico foram efetivos, apresentando valores similares ao grupo controle, exceto para o grupo em que foi usado Rocatec.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the shear bond strength of rebonded ceramic brackets after subjecting the bracket base to different treatments. Seventy-five premolars were selected and randomly distributed into five groups (n=15), according to the type of the bracket surface treatment: I, no treatment, first bonding (control); II, sandblasting with aluminum oxide; III, sandblasting + silane; IV, silica coating + silane; and V, silicatization performed in a laboratory (Rocatec system). The brackets were fixed on an enamel surface with Transbond XT resin without acid etching. The brackets were then removed and their bases were subjected to different treatments. Thereafter, the brackets were fixed again to the enamel surface and the specimens were subjected to shear bond strength (SBS) test. The adhesive remnant index (ARI) was then evaluated for each specimen. Data were subjected to ANOVA and Tukey's tests (α=0.05). A statistically significant difference was observed only between Rocatec and the other groups; the Rocatec group showed the lowest SBS values. The highest SBS values were observed for group 1, without any significant difference from the values for groups II, III and IV. Most groups had a higher percentage of failures at the enamel-resin interface (score 1). It was concluded that the surface treatments of rebonded ceramic brackets were effective, with SBS values similar to that of the control group, except Rocatec group.