ABSTRACT In the Prata watershed there are units corresponding to the Pleistocene Terraces and the Fluvium-Lagoon Sediments. This watershed is inserted almost entirely in the area of plateaus (Tabuleiros) with altitudes of 10 to 100 meters, and in areas with altitudes of 2 to 10 meters in the area of floodplains and fluvio-lagoon terraces. The present work aimed to characterize and classify soils in the Brazilian Soil Classification System - SiBCS and correlate them with the IUSS Working Group WRB-FAO (in parentheses), besides evidence some soil-landscape relations, that occur in Pleistocene terraces and fluvium-lagoon sediments in the Prata watershed, located in the ecological reserve of Dois Irmãos State Park in Recife – PE, Brazil. Soil samples were used to perform physical, chemical and mineralogical analysis in laboratory. Watershed delimitation, Digital Elevation Model (DEM), slope map, soil map and slope x soil map were obtained and studied. The soils are quite acidic and have a very low natural fertility, with the Latossolos (Ferralsols) predominating in the landscape. The silt and clay fractions of the studied Argissolos (Acrisols) and Latossolos (Ferralsols) presented quartz and kaolinite as the main component. In the profile of Neossolo Quartzarênico (Arenosols) only quartz was identified as a component of the silt and clay fractions. The kaolinitic mineralogy of the clay fraction is consistent with the environment of its formation, that is, hot and humid. There is no relationship between the colors of soils and their exposure to the sun on the slopes where they occur. The occurrence of a sandy and whitish horizon between the litter and the A horizon, is not foreseen in the norms and criteria adopted in the Brazilian Soil Classification System - SiBCS.

ABSTRACT Vinasse is a byproduct of the process of distillation of sugarcane juice for the manufacture of sugar and alcohol. Because it is rich in nutrients, mainly potassium (K), is used as fertilizer and applied via fertigation, without concerning for the fate of this compound in the soil. Thus, the objective of the study was to evaluate the interactions of the potassium ion (K+), applied via vinasse in a soil representative of the sugarcane zone of the State of Pernambuco using adsorption isotherms. The methodology was based on physical, chemical and soil mineralogical characterization, as well as equilibrium batch tests, where the experimental curves were fitted by Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The results allowed to infer that the Freundlich model showed better fit of the curve in both forms: linear and non-linear (direct fit); the non-linear model was selected due to the values of coefficient of determination (R²). The interaction between potassium and soil occurred mainly with organic matter and the presence of soil kaolinite, because they showed negative ions on the external surface, thereby promoting potassium adsorption. Soil potassium adsorption capacity was higher for the first layer (0-20 cm) and decreased along the depth profile.

Os resíduos gerados em suinoculturas possuem alto potencial poluidor, porém, devido à grande carga orgânica, apresenta-se como boa opção na fertilização de solos agrícolas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar os efeitos ambientais decorrentes do uso de águas residuais de suinocultura em diferentes solos usando como bioindicador minhocas da espécie Eisenia andrei, por meio dos parâmetros de letalidade, fuga e reprodução. Estudou-se a aplicação de água residual de esterqueira e biodigestor em quatro doses (0, 100, 200 e 300 m³ ha-1) em três solos: Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico típico, Nitossolo Vermelho eutroférrico e Solo Artificial Tropical. Os resíduos estudados não provocaram qualquer letalidade nem fuga. Nos testes de reprodução, na maioria dos experimentos as parcelas com tratamentos obtiveram valores médios de juvenis eclodidos acima das parcelas controlo. A aplicação de água residual de esterqueira e biodigestor até a dose de 300 m³ ha-1 não afeta negativamente as populações de minhocas nos três solos analisados.

The waste generated by pig farmings has high toxic potential, however, its high organic load, makes them a good product for fertilization of agricultural soils. The aim of this work was to study the environmental effects arising from the use of swine wastewater using as bioindicators earthworms of the species Eisenia andrei through the parameters of lethality, avoidance and reproduction. We studied the application of biodigester wastewater and manure storage tanks wastewater in four doses (0, 100, 200 and 300 m³ ha-1) in three different soils (Oxisol, Kandiudox and Artificial Tropical Soil). The studied wastes did not cause any lethality or escape. The reproduction test showed, in most of the experiments that the plots with treated soil had an average number of hatched juveniles above those of control plots. The application of biodigester wastewater and manure storage tanks wastewater up to the dose of 300 m³ ha-1 does not negatively affect earthworm populations in the three soils analyzed.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar padrões de cultivo em uma propriedade rural, visando à otimização do uso de recursos hídricos e a maximização do retorno financeiro, para um estudo de caso no Agreste Meridional Pernambucano. O modelo de programação linear com horizonte de planejamento de três anos utilizado, foi implementado na planilha Microsoft® Excel. Este modelo visou à maximização do valor presente líquido total do empreendimento. Para a análise de risco foram utilizadas duas técnicas complementares: a simulação de risco, procedida com o programa @Risk, e a análise de sensibilidade. No primeiro padrão de cultivo, PC1, com restrição hídrica mensal para irrigação de 8.500 m³, o máximo valor presente líquido total, VPLt , foi de R$ 8.771,10 (ha ano)-1; no segundo padrão de cultivo, PC2, com restrição hídrica mensal de 4.000 m³, o VPLt foi de R$ 8.228,77 (ha ano)-1. Na análise de risco, observou-se que os valores encontrados do VPLt foram positivos e próximos para os dois padrões de cultivo evidenciando a não expectativa de fracasso financeiro, mas com considerável redução da demanda de água para irrigação para o PC2, indicando o potencial da metodologia aplicada à gestão de recursos hídricos na região.

This study aimed to analyze cropping patterns on a farm, aiming to optimize the use of water resources and maximization of financial return, for a case study in Southern Agreste Pernambucano. A linear programming model was used with a planning horizon of 3 years, implemented in spreadsheet Microsoft® Excel. The model aimed to maximize the total net present value of the enterprise. For risk analysis, it was two complementary techniques were used: the risk simulation, proceeded with the software @Risk, and sensitivity analysis. In the first cropping pattern (PC1), with monthly water restriction for irrigation of 8,500 m³, the maximum total net present value (VPLt), was R$ 8,771.10 (ha year)-1; in the second cropping pattern (PC2), with monthly water restriction of 4,000 m³, the VPLt was R $ 8,228.77 (ha year)-1. It was observed in the risk analysis that the found values of VPLt were positive and closed for the two cropping patterns, making evident the absence of expectation of financial failure, but with considerable reduction of irrigation water demand for the PC2, pointing out the potential of the methodology applied to the water resources management in the region.

A caracterização hidrodispersiva de um Latossolo e de um Neossolo Quartzarênico, ambos da região do Vale do São Francisco, foi realizada em laboratório por meio de ensaios de deslocamento de líquidos miscíveis em colunas de solo deformado. Os ensaios compreenderam o deslocamento de um pulso de 1,0 volume de poros da solução de KBr nas vazões de 2,4.10-5; 4,8.10-5; 7,2.10-5; 9,6.10-5 e 1,2-10-4 m³ h-1 e nas concentrações de 11,89; 59,49 e 118,99 g L-1, e três repetições para cada ensaio, sob condições de saturação e fluxo em regime estacionário. Por meio do programa CXTFIT 2.0, que ajusta a solução analítica da equação do modelo convectivo-dispersivo (CDE) aos pontos da curva experimental de eluição, foi possível obter os parâmetros hidrodispersivos do fator de retardamento (R) e o coeficiente de dispersão hidrodinâmica (D). O modelo CDE realizou um bom ajuste aos pontos das curvas de eluição, com valores dos coeficientes de determinação variando de 98 a 99% para ambos os solos; os valores de R ficaram próximos a 1,0 nos dois solos, indicando que o KBr não interage com os mesmos e a dispersividade do Neossolo é maior que a do Latossolo devido a distribuição do tamanho dos poros ser maior no Neossolo.

The hydrodispersive characterization of a Latosol and a Quartzarenic Neosol, both in the irrigated region of São Francisco Valley, was carried out in laboratory by means of assays of displacement of miscible liquids in columns of deformed soil. The assays consisted of the displacement of a pulse of 1.0 volume of pores of the solution of KBr in the outflows of 2.4.10-5, 4.8.10-5, 7.2.10-5, 9.6.10-5 and 1.2.10-4 m³ h-1 and in concentrations of 11.89, 59.49 and 118.99 g L-1, and three repetitions for each assay, under conditions of saturation and flow in stationary condition. By means of program CXTFIT 2.0 that adjusts the analytical solution of the equation of the convection-dispersion (CDE) to the points of the experimental breakthrough curve, it was possible to obtain the hydrodispersive parameters of the retardation factor (R) and coefficient of hydrodynamic dispersion (D). The model CDE carried out a good adjustment to the points of the experimental breakthrough curve, with the values of determination coefficients varying from 98 to 99% for both soils. The values of R are near 1.0 for both the soils, indicating that the KBr does not interact with the soil and the dispersivity of the Neosol is greater than that of the Latosol due to distribution of the size of the pores being greater in the Neosol.

A disponibilidade de recursos hídricos para usos múltiplos, com ênfase no abastecimento público, é questão da mais alta relevância e depende de aspectos edáficos, hidrológicos, ambientais e de gestão. Avaliou-se o potencial hídrico de bacias hidrográficas da Ilha de Fernando de Noronha, com vistas a dar suporte à gestão da água no arquipélago; para isto se delimitaram e caracterizaram cinco bacias representativas e se estimou a precipitação efetiva através do método da Curva Número. Adicionalmente, foram investigadas as características de infiltração dos principais solos do arquipélago. Verifica-se que, em geral, as bacias hidrográficas têm limitada infiltrabilidade e elevado potencial de escoamento, constatando-se o potencial de incremento de oferta de água superficial superior a 90%, desde que se contemple a utilização racional das principais bacias existentes. Dentre os solos analisados, os Cambissolos Háplicos Vertissólicos e os Vertissolos são os solos de menor infiltrabilidade e, portanto, de maior contribuição à macrodrenagem do arquipélago. Sugere-se a utilização das bacias estudadas no abastecimento doméstico da Ilha, de modo a incrementar a disponibilidade de água no local.

The availability of water resources for multiple uses, with emphasis an the public supply, is a very relevant task, which depends on soil, hydrological, environmental and management aspects. The water potential of the main basins of the Fernando de Noronha Island was evaluated, to support local water management. In this sense, five representative small basins of the area were delimited and characterized, and effective precipitation was estimated by the Curve Number Method. Additionally, the infiltration characteristics of the main soil types were investigated. It was verified that, in general, the local basins have high potential runoff and limited infiltrability, highlighting the local increase potencial of surface water higher than 90%, if rational use of the main existing basins is implemented. Among the soils analysed the Vertic Haplic Cambisols and Vertisols are those with smaller infiltrability and, therefore, with larger contribution to the macrodrainage. The use of the studied basins is suggested in order to increase the water availability of island.

As equações diferenciais do movimento de água e do transporte de soluto em solo não saturado, considerando-se a existência de extração pela planta, foram resolvidas utilizando a técnica diferenças finitas. Para a implementação do modelo desenvolveu-se um programa em linguagem Delphi, denominado SIMASS-C - SImulação do Movimento de Água e Soluto no Solo, considerando-se a presença de Cultura. O modelo fornece, em diferentes tempos, os valores de umidade, do potencial matricial, do fluxo da água e da concentração de soluto ao longo do perfil do solo. Obtém-se, ainda, como resultados de saída, o crescimento e a densidade das raízes, o índice de área foliar e a evapotranspiração da cultura. Para testar o modelo desenvolvido conduziu-se um experimento em casa de vegetação, onde 42 colunas de solo foram montadas em tubo de PVC rígido. Em cada coluna, a cultura do milho foi semeada e durante 30 dias após a germinação, a umidade do solo e o desenvolvimento da cultura foram monitorados. Os resultados experimentais mostraram, ao nível de probabilidade de 90%, que o modelo SIMASS-C foi preciso em simular o transporte de água no solo.

The differential equations that govern the water flow and the solute transport in an unsaturated soil, considering the water extraction by plants were solved using the finite difference method. A computer model named SIMASS-C (Simulation of the water and solute transport in the soil considering water extraction) was developed using Delphi language. The model allows to calculate the water content, matric potential, water flux and solute concentration through the soil profile. Besides that, the model output gives the growth and the density of the roots, the leaf area index and the crop evapotranspiration. To test the model, an experiment was conducted in a green house using 42 soil columns made of PVC tubes. In each column, corn was seeded and during 30 days after the emergence the soil water content was determined. The SIMASS-C was used to simulate the soil water content during the experiment. By comparing the simulated and the experimental data, it was possible to conclude that the SIMASS-C did quite well in predicting the soil water movement in the soil.

O presente trabalho foi realizado visando à avaliação do movimento do nitrato (N-NO-3) proveniente de águas residuárias de frigorífico, em colunas de solo. No experimento, foram utilizados dois tipos de solo, um de textura argilosa e outro de textura arenosa, ambos corrigidos com calcário, quatro colunas de PVC, de 500 mm de comprimento e 75 mm de diâmetro. Após saturação com CaCl2 0,01 M, foi mantida na parte superior de cada coluna, por meio de frasco de Mariotte, uma lâmina de 100 mm da água residuária, que permitiu uma lâmina total de infiltração correspondente a 2,5 vezes o volume total de poros de cada coluna avaliada. Foi coletado, para cada coluna, um total de 100 amostras do efluente percolado, sendo analisadas 20 amostras com intervalo de cinco amostras. As análises realizadas foram: pH, condutividade elétrica (CE) e concentrações de nitrato. Os resultados mostraram uma elevação na taxa de nitrato acima da concentração inicial C0, para todos os efluentes percolados nos solos, sendo esses valores mais acentuados para a coluna de solo arenoso com calcário. A adição de calcário induziu uma predisposição para a lixiviação do nitrato e apresentou menor diminuição no pH do lixiviado. O solo arenoso, independentemente do calcário, apresentou maior lixiviação de sais totais e de nitrato.

The present work was accomplished seeking the evaluation of the movement of the nitrate (N-NO-3) originated from freezer residual waters in soil columns. For the experiment two soil types were used, one of loamy texture and another of sandy texture, respectively areas from Medianeira and Umuarama, Paraná - Brazil. Four columns of PVC, of 500 mm of length and 75 mm of diameter, were mounted and filled out with the soils, with and without limestone (80% CaCO2). In the columns, after saturation with CaCl2 0,01 M, was maintained in the superior part, through flask of Mariotte, a sheet of 100 mm of residual water which allowed a displaced fluid in a total of 2.5 times the total volume of pores (Vp). It was collected for each column a total of 100 samples of the percolated effluent and it was analyzed 20 samples in an interval of each 5 samples. It was analyzed pH values, electric conductivity (CE) and concentrations of nitrate. The results of this study showed an elevation in the rate of nitrate over the initial concentration C O, for all the percolated effluent in the soils, being these values more accentuated for the column of sandy soil with limestone. The limestone addition induced a predisposition lixiviation of the nitrate and also a smaller decrease in the pH of the leached. The sandy soil, independently of the limestone, presented a larger lixiviation of total salts and of nitrate.