Abstract: This essay aims to analyse how the productions of social knowledge take place, differentiating the one generated as construction of social world from the one that, more specifically, pursues scientific validity. For this aim, we argue on the intuition, characterized as a form to access the knowledge that is ordinary, natural, without complex formulations, intuitive, in short. As observed in different manners, it seems to define nowadays stances and perceptions. This occurs, besides, in a form that can be named aesthetic following the very classical conceptualizations, and because aesthetics seems to be one of the signs of our times, as a mechanism that produces intuitive knowledge. From these bases, the essay puts forward some conceptualizations that define and delimitate the validity of the diverse forms of social knowledge.

Resumen: El propósito de este ensayo es analizar en qué manera se producen las elaboraciones de conocimiento social, diferenciando el que es propiamente generado como construcción del mundo social del que, de un modo más específico, tiene pretensión de validez científica. Nuestra intención ha sido hacerlo poniendo el fundamento en esa intuición que se caracteriza por ser una forma de acceso al conocimiento cotidiano habitual, natural, sin complejas elaboraciones, intuitivo, en definitiva, que parece regir los posicionamientos, puntos de vista y percepciones en nuestros días; y lo hace, además, de una forma que puede llamarse estética por las propias conceptualizaciones más clásicas, y también porque la estética parece ser uno de los signos de nuestros tiempos que ha quedado incorporado a los mecanismos por los que se produce el conocer intuitivo. Sobre estas bases, concluiremos proponiendo algunas conceptualizaciones que definan y delimiten la validez de las distintas formas de conocimiento social.

RESUMO Objetivo: Determinar a incidência da síndrome pós-cuidados intensivos em uma coorte de pacientes em estado crítico admitidos à unidade de terapia intensiva e identificar fatores de risco relacionados ao seu desenvolvimento nas áreas de saúde física, cognitiva e mental. Métodos: Este foi um estudo de coorte observacional prospectivo desenvolvido na unidade de terapia intensiva de um hospital universitário. Foram incluídos no estudo pacientes internados em unidade de terapia intensiva a partir de 1 semana e com necessidade de ventilação mecânica por mais de 3 dias, choque ou delirium. Foram registradas variáveis demográficas, motivo da admissão, diagnósticos, sedação, tipo de ventilação mecânica, complicações e tempo de internação. Realizou-se análise univariada para identificar os fatores de risco relacionados à síndrome pós-cuidados intensivos. As escalas utilizadas para a avaliação das diferentes esferas foram Barthel, Pfeiffer, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale e Impact of Event Scale-6. As principais variáveis de interesse foram incidência da síndrome pós-cuidados intensivos de modo geral e por domínios. Os fatores de risco foram examinados em cada um dos domínios da saúde (saúde física, cognitiva e mental). Resultados: Participaram 87 pacientes. A Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II média foi de 16,5. O número médio de dias na unidade de terapia intensiva foi 17. A incidência geral da síndrome pós-cuidados intensivos foi de 56,3% (n = 49; IC95% 45,8 - 66,2). A incidência da síndrome pós-cuidados intensivos em cada uma das esferas foi de 32,1% (física), 11,5% (cognitiva) e 36,6% (saúde mental). Conclusão: A incidência da síndrome pós-cuidados intensivos foi de 56,3%. A esfera da saúde mental foi a mais frequentemente envolvida. Os fatores de risco diferem, dependendo da área considerada.

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the incidence of postintensive care syndrome in a cohort of critically ill patients admitted to the intensive care unit and to identify risk factors related to its development in the physical, cognitive and mental health areas. Methods: This was a prospective observational cohort study developed in the intensive care unit of a university hospital. Patients with intensive care unit stays equal to or longer than one week and the need for mechanical ventilation for more than 3 days, shock or delirium were included in the study. Demographic variables, reasons for admission, diagnoses, sedation, type of mechanical ventilation used, complications and length of stay were recorded. A univariate analysis was performed to identify risk factors related to postintensive care syndrome. The scales used for the assessment of the different spheres were Barthel, Pfeiffer, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and Impact of Event Scale-6. The main variables of interest were postintensive care syndrome incidence overall and by domains. Risk factors were examined in each of the health domains (physical, cognitive and mental health). Results: Eighty-seven patients were included. The mean Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score was 16.5. The mean number of intensive care unit days was 17. The incidence of global postintensive care syndrome was 56.3% (n = 49, 95%CI 45.8 - 66.2%). The incidence of postintensive care syndrome in each of the spheres was 32.1% (physical), 11.5% (cognitive), and 36.6% (mental health). Conclusions: The incidence of postintensive care syndrome is 56.3%. The mental health sphere is the most frequently involved. The risk factors are different depending on the area considered.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a eficácia e a segurança da oxigenoterapia com uso de cânula nasal de alto fluxo no tratamento da insuficiência respiratória hipercápnica moderada em pacientes que não conseguem tolerar ou têm contraindicações para ventilação mecânica não invasiva. Métodos: Estudo prospectivo observacional de 13 meses envolvendo participantes admitidos a uma unidade de terapia intensiva com insuficiência respiratória hipercápnica ou durante o processo de seu desenvolvimento. Os parâmetros clínicos e de troca gasosa foram registrados em intervalos regulares durante as primeiras 24 horas. Os parâmetros finais foram saturação de oxigênio entre 88 e 92%, juntamente da redução do esforço respiratório (frequência respiratória) e da normalização do pH (≥ 7,35). Os participantes foram considerados não responsivos em caso de necessidade de utilização de suporte ventilatório. Resultados: Trinta participantes foram tratados utilizando oxigenoterapia com cânula nasal de alto fluxo. Esta foi uma população mista com exacerbação de doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica, edema pulmonar cardiogênico agudo, e insuficiência respiratória aguda pós-operatória e pós-extubação. Observou-se melhora não significante na frequência respiratória (28,0 ± 0,9 versus 24,3 ± 1,5; p = 0,22), que foi aparente nas primeiras 4 horas do tratamento. Ocorreu melhora do pH, embora só se tenham obtido níveis normais após 24 horas de tratamento com cânula nasal de alto fluxo (7,28 ± 0,02 versus 7,37 ± 0,01; p = 0,02). A proporção de não responsivos foi de 13,3% (quatro participantes), dos quais um necessitou e aceitou ventilação mecânica não invasiva, e três necessitaram de intubação. A mortalidade na unidade de terapia intensiva foi de 3,3% (um participante), e um paciente morreu após a alta para a enfermaria (mortalidade hospitalar de 6,6%). Conclusão: O oxigenoterapia com cânula nasal de alto fluxo é eficaz para a insuficiência respiratória hipercápnica moderada e ajuda a normalizar os parâmetros clínicos e de troca gasosa, com taxa aceitável de não responsivos que necessitaram de suporte ventilatório.

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess the efficacy and safety of high-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy in treating moderate hypercapnic respiratory failure in patients who cannot tolerate or have contraindications to noninvasive mechanical ventilation. Methods: A prospective observational 13-month study involving subjects admitted to an intensive care unit with or developing moderate hypercapnic respiratory failure. Clinical and gas exchange parameters were recorded at regular intervals during the first 24 hours. The endpoints were a oxygen saturation between 88 and 92% along with a reduction in breathing effort (respiratory rate) and pH normalization (≥ 7.35). Subjects were considered nonresponders if they required ventilatory support. Results: Thirty subjects were treated with high-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy. They consisted of a mixed population with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation, acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema, and postoperative and postextubation respiratory failure. A nonsignificant improvement was observed in respiratory rate (28.0 ± 0.9 versus 24.3 ± 1.5, p = 0.22), which was apparent in the first four hours of treatment. The pH improved, although normal levels were only reached after 24 hours on high-flow nasal cannula therapy (7.28 ± 0.02 versus 7.37 ± 0.01, p = 0.02). The rate of nonresponders was 13.3% (4 subjects), of whom one needed and accepted noninvasive mechanical ventilation and three required intubation. Intensive care unit mortality was 3.3% (1 subject), and a patient died after discharge to the ward (hospital mortality of 6.6%). Conclusion: High-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy is effective for moderate hypercapnic respiratory failure as it helps normalize clinical and gas exchange levels with an acceptable rate of nonresponders who require ventilatory support.

Background: Active commuting (walking or cycling) to school contributes to increase physical activity levels in young people. Meteorological conditions might have a remarkable influence on this behaviour. Objective: The aim is to study the impact of the rainfall and seasonality on the mode of commuting to primary school or secondary school in children and adolescents from Granada. Methods: A total of 384 students (166 children and 218 adolescents) between 8-18 years from 2 different schools (primary and secondary schools) of Granada took part in the research. Participants filled a questionnaire about their weekly pattern on the mode of commuting to school in the three seasons of the academic year. Data about the rainfall in those three weeks was obtained from the National Agency of Meteorology. The association between rainfall and seasonality with mode of commuting to school was studied by McNemar test. Results: No significant associations were spotted between the rainfall and the seasonality with mode of commuting in children and adolescents (p>0.05) except for: a) a positive effect of rainfall in the percentage of children who usually walked to school between a rainy day and a non-rainy day in spring (p=0.031) and b) a weak effect of the seasonality on the percentage of children and adolescents who usually walk between autumn and winter (45.8% and 37.5% walk to school) and between autumn and spring (59.7% and 56%) respectively (p=0.07). Conclusions: The meteorological conditions do not seem to influence the mode of commuting to school in children and adolescents from Granada, which might indicate that this behavior keeps a constant pattern throughout the whole academic year.

Introducción: El desplazamiento activo (ir andando o en bicicleta) al centro educativo contribuye a aumentar los niveles de actividad física en jóvenes. Las condiciones climatológicas podrían influenciar dicho comportamiento. Objetivo: El objetivo es estudiar la influencia de la precipitación en forma de lluvia y del periodo estacional, en el modo de desplazamiento al colegio e instituto en niños y adolescentes de la ciudad de Granada. Método: Participaron un total de 384 estudiantes (166 niños y 218 adolescentes) entre 8 y 18 años de 2 centros (colegio e instituto) de la capital Granadina. Los participantes completaron un cuestionario sobre el modo de desplazamiento semanal en las tres estaciones del año académico. Los datos de precipitación en estas tres semanas fueron obtenidos desde la Agencia Estatal de Meteorología. Las asociaciones entre la precipitación en forma de lluvia y la estación con el modo de desplazamiento activo al colegio se estudió mediante el test McNemar. Resultados: A nivel general, no se encontraron asociaciones significativas entre la precipitación y el periodo estacional con el modo de desplazamiento de los niños y adolescentes (p>0,05) a excepción de dos asociaciones: a) el efecto positivo de la lluvia en el porcentaje de niños que andan al colegio entre un día lluvioso y un día no lluvioso en primavera (p=0,031) y b) el ligero efecto de la estación en el porcentaje de niños y adolescentes que andan entre otoño e invierno (45,8% y 37,5% andan) y entre otoño y primavera (59,7% y 56%) respectivamente (p=0,07). Conclusión: Las condiciones climatológicas parecen tener poca influencia en el modo de desplazamiento en niños y adolescentes de Granada, pareciendo existir un hábito constante en dicho comportamiento a lo largo del curso académico.

Cardiorespiratory fitness is a strong indicator of present and future health in children and adolescents, however it is unknown whether it is for pre-schoolers, from 3 to 5 years. In the present study, we described the adaptation of the original 20m shuttle run test, it feasibility and acceptance in children from 3 to 5 years and its maximality and reliability. A total of 130 students (4.91 ± 0.89 years; 77 boys) performed the test twice, two weeks apart. The test adaptation consisted mainly in reducing the initial speed of 8.5 km/h to 6.5 km/h. The test was feasible and was well accepted in both boys and girls and the three age groups, 3, 4 and 5 years. The maximum heart rate (MHR) achieved for the entire sample was 199.4 ± 12.5 beats/min, equivalent to 97% of the estimated theoretical MHR, and no significant differences by gender or age. Mean test-retest difference (systematic error) in the number of laps achieved was 2 laps, with no significant differences between sex or age. There was no evidence of heteroscedasticity. Our results suggest the test is maximum and reliable in this age group. Future longitudinal or intervention studies using this test should take into account that changes in the test performance of 2 laps may be due to the variability of the measure, while wider changes would be attributable to the intervention or changes associated with age.

La capacidad cardiorrespiratoria es un potente indicador de salud presente y futura en niños y adolescentes, sin embargo se desconoce si también lo es para niños de edad preescolar, de 3 a 5 años. En el presente estudio, describimos la adaptación a preescolares del test original de 20m de ida y vuelta, su viabilidad y asimilación en niños de 3 a 5 años, así como su maximalidad y fiabilidad. Un total de 130 alumnos (4,91 ± 0,89 años; 77 niños), realizaron el test dos veces, con dos semanas de separación. La adaptación del test consistió principalmente en reducir la velocidad inicial de 8,5 km/h a 6,5 km/h. El test fue viable y tuvo una buena asimilación tanto en niños como en niñas y en los tres grupos de edad, 3, 4 y 5 años. La frecuencia cardíaca máxima (FCmáx) alcanzada para la muestra completa fue de 199,4 ± 12,5 latidos/minuto, equivalente a un 97% de la FCmáx teórica estimada, y sin diferencias significativas por sexo o edad. La diferencia de medias test-retest (error sistemático) en el número de vueltas alcanzado fue de 2 vueltas, sin diferencias por sexo o edad. No hubo evidencia de heterocedasticidad. Nuestros resultados sugieren que el test es máximo y fiable en este grupo de edad. Futuros estudios de intervención o longitudinales que utilicen este test deberían tener en cuenta que cambios en el rendimiento en el test de 2 vueltas podrían deberse a la propia variabilidad de la medida, mientras que cambios de mayor magnitud podrían ser atribuibles a la intervención o cambios asociados a la edad.

En nuestro artículo analizamos el rol del cuerpo como vehículo de socialización y, consecuentemente, de transmisión de contenidos y discursos entre los miembros de la sociedad. Nuestra idea es tratar de poner de relieve la condición que el desarrollo corporal posee como forma de integrar aspectos tanto puramente físicos -lo que siempre se da por supuesto- como aquéllos otros de vertiente más marcadamente sociológica. En términos de fundamentación teórica, trataremos de observar cómo algo tan inequívocamente corpóreo como la materia remite, en última instancia, a la subjetividad que la sustenta

In our article we analyze the role of body as a vehicle of socialization and, subsequently, of transmission of contents and discourses among society members. Our idea is to emphasize the reality of corporal development as a means to integrate both purely physical aspects-normally taken for granted- and more sociologically-oriented ones. In theoretical foundation terms, we will try to observe how something as unequivocally corporeal as matter takes us, in the end, to the subjectivity where it is inscribed

Dans notre article nous analisons le rol du corps comme véhicule de socialisation et par conséquent, comme transmisseur de contenus et de discours entre les membres de la société. Notre idée est d’essayer de mettre en relief la condition que le developpement corporel possède comme façon d’intégrer des aspects aussi bien purement physiques-ce qui est presque toujours supposé -comme d’autres plus versés vers la sociologie. En termes de fondamentation théorique nous allons essayer d’observer comme quelque chose d’aussi inéquivoquement corporelle comme la matière nous remet, finallement, à la subjectivité qui la supporte