RESUMO: Os estudos visando o melhoramento de lúpulo (Humulus lupulus) no Brasil são recentes e buscam estabelecer a autossuficiência da produção. O conhecimento da variabilidade dos genótipos disponíveis no país é de fundamental importância para o desenvolvimento de um programa de melhoramento de lúpulo. O objetivo do trabalho foi identificar genitores de lúpulo com potencial agronômico e cervejeiro para o Planalto Catarinense, Brasil. Foi utilizado o delineamento em blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 3x4 com 12 tratamentos: Fator 1: três anos de cultivo (2019, 2020 e 2021) e combinado com o fator 2: quatro genótipos (Cascade, Chinook, Columbus e Hallertau). Os caracteres avaliados foram a massa fresca de plantas (MFP, g), massa verde de cones (MTV, g), a massa seca de cones (MSC, g), os teores de alfa-ácidos (ALFA, %) e a produção (PROD, g per planta). O genótipo Hallertauer demonstrou melhor desempenho e comportamento diferenciado para os caracteres de massa fresca de plantas, massa seca de cones e produção, quando comparado aos demais. Assim, a partir destes resultados observou-se que, existe variação disponível ao melhoramento genético do lúpulo para esses caracteres, fator que permitirá obter ganhos produtivos no desenvolvimento de novas cultivares, a partir deste genótipo promissor. RESUMO Humulus lupulus Catarinense x 3x 1 tratamentos 2019, 2019 (2019 202 2021 2 Cascade, Cascade (Cascade Chinook Hallertau. Hallertau . Hallertau) MFP, MFP (MFP g, , g) MTV, MTV (MTV MSC, MSC (MSC alfaácidos alfa ácidos ALFA, ALFA (ALFA % PROD, PROD (PROD planta. planta planta) demais Assim observouse observou se cultivares promissor 201 (201 20 (20 (2 (

ABSTRACT: Studies on the improvement of hops (Humulus lupulus) in Brazil are recent and seek to establish self-sufficiency in production. Knowledge of the variability of genotypes available in the country is of fundamental importance for the development of a hop improvement program. The objective of the research was to characterize and identify hop parents with agronomic and brewing potential for the Planalto Catarinense region, Brazil. The randomized block design arranged in a 3x4 factorial scheme was used with 12 treatments: (Factor 1: three years of cultivation (2019, 2020 and 2021) and combined with factor: four genotypes (Cascade, Chinook, Columbus and Hallertau). The characters evaluated were fresh mass of plants (MFP, g), green mass of cones (MTV, g), dry mass of cones (MSC, g), alpha-acid content (ALFA, %) and production (PROD, g per plant). The Hallertauer genotype showed better performance and differentiated behavior for the characters of fresh mass of plants, dry mass of cones and production, when compared to the others. Thus, from these results it was observed that there is variation available for the genetic improvement of hops for these characters, a factor that will allow obtaining productive gains in the development of new cultivars, based on this promising genotype. ABSTRACT Humulus lupulus selfsufficiency self sufficiency program region x 3x 1 treatments Factor 2019, 2019 (2019 202 2021 Cascade, Cascade (Cascade Chinook Hallertau. Hallertau . Hallertau) MFP, MFP (MFP g, , g) MTV, MTV (MTV MSC, MSC (MSC alphaacid alpha acid ALFA, ALFA (ALFA % PROD, PROD (PROD plant. plant plant) others Thus cultivars 201 (201 20 (20 2 (2 (

Resumo: O melhoramento de Physalis peruviana é incipiente no Brasil e mostra-se como a alternativa mais promissora no desenvolvimento de genótipos produtivos e com qualidade de fruto. Sendo assim, o objetivo foi avaliar a capacidade de combinação entre linhagens endogâmicas de P. peruviana, indicando, assim, híbridos comqualidade de fruto. Para tanto, quatro populações de distintas origens (Colômbia, Lages,Caçador, Peru)foram submetidas a três gerações de autofecundação e a hibridação, totalizando28 genótipos. Utilizou-se um esquema de dialelo completo (Método 1 de Griffing) a fim de comparar o desempenho dos híbridos em relação aos genitores, com base nos efeitos dacapacidade geral e da capacidade específica de combinação. Os experimentos foramconduzidos em dois locais (Lages-SC e Xanxerê-SC), sob um delineamento de blocoscasualizados, com três repetições. Na análise de variância, o fator genótipo foi decomposto nasseguintes causas de variação: i) genitores e híbridos F1’s, ii) gerações de autofecundação e iii) interação genótipo x local. Houve diferenças significativas entre Genitores e híbridos F1’s parao caráter diâmetro polar do fruto. Foram observados valores significativos para adecomposição da interação: Capacidade específica x Local e Recíproco x Local. Porém, para oambiente de Xanxerê, houve redução de aproximadamente 3,0 mm no diâmetro polar do fruto,no híbrido Colômbia x Peru, e redução de 4,5 mm, para o recíproco (Peru x Colômbia). Comrelação às autofecundações, na comparação S0 vs. S1 para as populações Lages e Peru,houve redução na massa de frutos (0,380 g) e no rendimento de frutos (974,5kg.ha-1). Porém,de maneira geral, a qualidade de fruto não foi afetada em virtude dasautofecundações. As populações não manifestam desempenho promissor quando em combinações híbridas,revelando a existência de apenas um pool gênico de P. peruviana de restritabase genética. Resumo mostrase mostra se assim P indicando tanto Colômbia, (Colômbia LagesCaçador Caçador Lages,Caçador Peruforam Peru foram hibridação totalizando totalizando2 Utilizouse Utilizou Método Griffing LagesSC SC XanxerêSC, XanxerêSC Xanxerê , Xanxerê-SC) blocoscasualizados repetições variância variação i F1s, F1s Fs F1 s, s F ii iii local Porém 30 3 0 3, frutono 45 4 5 4, Colômbia. . Colômbia) autofecundações S vs Peruhouve 0,380 0380 380 (0,38 g 974,5kg.ha1. 9745kgha1 kgha 974,5kg.ha 974 5kg ha kg (974,5kg.ha-1) Porémde dasautofecundações híbridasrevelando híbridas revelando genética Xanxerê-SC 0,38 038 38 (0,3 ha1 974,5kg.ha1 9745kgha 97 (974,5kg.ha-1 0,3 03 (0, 9 (974,5kg.ha- 0, (0 (974,5kg.ha (

Abstract: The breeding of Physalis peruviana is incipient in Brazil and is shown to be the most promising alternative for the development of productive genotypes with fruit quality. Therefore, the objective was to evaluate the combining ability between inbred lines of P. peruviana, thus indicating the selection of hybrids with fruit quality. Therefore, four populations from different origins were selfed for three generations and crossed in controlled hybridizations, resulting in 28 P. peruviana populations. The hybrid in relation to the parent performance, based on the effects of general and specific combining ability, was compared in a full diallel mating design (Griffing Method 1). In the analysis of variance, the factor genotype was partitioned into the following causes of variation: i) parents and F1 hybrids, ii) selfed generations and iii) Genotype × environment (GE) interaction. There were significant differences between Parents and F1 hybrids for the trait fruit polar diameter. Still, the interaction between specific combining ability x environment and, reciprocal effect x environment, was significant. However, for the Xanxerê environment, there was a reduction of approximately 3.0 mm in the polar diameter of the fruit in the hybrid Colombia x Peru and a reduction of 4.5 mm for the reciprocal (Peru x Colombia). In the comparison of the selfed generations S0 with S1, the fruit weight of the Lages population decreased by 0.380 g. There was also a reduction of 974.5 kg.ha-1 in the fruit yield of the Peruvian population. Thus, the performance of the P. peruviana populations in hybrid combinations is unpromising, indicating the existence of only one P. peruviana gene pool, with a restricted genetic basis. Abstract quality Therefore P hybridizations 2 Griffing 1. 1 . 1) variance variation i F ii iii GE (GE Still However 30 3 0 3. 45 4 5 4. Colombia. Colombia) S S1 0380 380 0.38 g 9745 974 974. kg.ha1 kgha1 kgha kg.ha kg ha kg.ha- Thus unpromising pool basis 038 38 0.3 97 ha1 03 0. 9

ABSTRACT The knowledge about the genetic behavior of roots can be the solution to the main climatic problems and the key for increased production of agricultural crops. In inheritance studies, breeders usually conduct crosses between contrasting individuals to obtain a significant fraction of the genetic variance. To determine genetic parameters in beans from crosses within and between Middle American and Andean gene groups, 64 populations (breeders, F1 and F2) were evaluated under field conditions for the trait root distribution. Crosses between Middle American and Andean gene groups revealed significant estimates for genetic parameters (genetic variance, heritability, and average degree of dominance) compared to intra-pool crosses. However, only 4% of all hybrid combinations evaluated (F1 and F2) showed significant effects when compared to fixed populations (parents). Coupled with the insignificant number of progenies different from the parents, the differences detected revealed inferior performance, compared to the parents. The joining of alleles with identical provenance may be the main cause of the observed effects. The breeding strategy for root distribution should consider more divergent parents. crops studies variance 6 breeders, (breeders F F2 heritability dominance intrapool intra pool However 4 (F parents . (parents) performance (parents

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar métodos de fenotipagem de raízes e o estádio fenológico ideal para quantificação do sistema radicular de populações fixas e segregantes de feijoeiro, para selecionar genótipos superiores. O experimento foi realizado em dois municípios do estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil, e os tratamentos consistiram em seis genótipos, nos métodos de fenotipagem Shovelomics e WinRHIZO, e nos estádios fenológicos V4-4, R6 e R8. O delineamento experimental látice simples foi utilizado para avaliar as seguintes variáveis: ângulo de raiz basal, comprimento vertical das raízes, comprimento horizontal esquerdo e direito das raízes, comprimento total das raízes, área projetada, e volume e diâmetro médio de raízes. Para todas as variáveis, houve interação significativa entre os métodos de fenotipagem e os estádios fenológicos, o que mostra a influência desses na avaliação do sistema radicular. Os métodos de fenotipagem Shovelomics e WinRHIZO são eficientes para a quantificação do sistema radicular do feijoeiro e apresentam especificidade para o estádio fenológico, independentemente do genótipo. A quantificação do sistema radicular de genótipos fixos e segregantes é análoga em ambos os métodos. O método Shovelomics é mais eficiente para avaliar o sistema radicular do feijoeiro na fase R8, e o método WinRHIZO, na fase R6. superiores Catarina Brasil V44, V44 V V4 4, 4 V4-4 R R8 variáveis basal projetada genótipo V4-

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate root phenotyping methods and the ideal phenological stage to quantify the root system of fixed and segregating common bean populations, in order to select superior genotypes. The experiment was carried out in two municipalities in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil, and the treatments consisted of six genotypes, the Shovelomics and WinRHIZO root phenotyping methods, and the V4-4, R6, and R8 phenological stages. The simple lattice experimental design was used to evaluate the following variables: basal root angle, vertical root length, left and right horizontal root length, total root length, projected area, and root average volume and diameter. For all variables, there was a significant interaction between phenotyping methods and phenological stages, showing their influence on root system evaluation. The Shovelomics and WinRHIZO phenotyping methods are efficient in quantifying the root system of common bean plants and show specificity for phenological stages, regardless of the genotype. The quantification of the root system of fixed and segregating genotypes is analogous in both methods. The Shovelomics method is more efficient in evaluating the root system of common bean at the R8 stage, and the WinRHIZO method, at the R6 stage. populations Catarina Brazil V44, V44 V V4 4, 4 V4-4 R stages variables angle length area diameter evaluation genotype V4-

RESUMEN La creciente demanda por cultivares de cebolla de baja pungencia ha abierto nuevos nichos de mercado. El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar grupos heteróticos de cebolla para el desarrollo de cultivares híbridos con baja pungencia. Se realizó un experimento de campo con un diseño de bloques al azar con dos factores (genotipo y fertilización) dispuestos en parcelas divididas en Ituporanga-SC (Brasil), en 2019. Las parcelas correspondieron a dos niveles de fertilización (con y sin azufre) y las subparcela a vinteseis genotipos de cebolla, considerando germoplasma procedente de líneas androestéreles-LA y mantenedoras-LB, poblaciones avanzadas y cultivares. Los bulbos fueron evaluados por las características: ácido pirúvico (indicador de pulgencia), contenido de azufre y rendimiento de bulbo. Los genotipos revelaron un comportamiento diferencial según el nível de fertilización adoptado. En la condición sin azufre cuatro grupos heteróticos fueron identificados, los cruzamientos LA11 × LB24 y LA15 × LB19 pueden generar variación genética y la respectiva selección negativa para la pungencia y positiva para la productividad de bulbos.

ABSTRACT The growing demand for low-pungency cultivars onion has opened new market niches. The objective of this study was to characterize heterotic onion groups to develop low-pungency hybrid cultivars. A field experiment with a randomized block design and two factors (genotype and fertilization) arranged in split plots was carried out in Ituporanga-SC (Brazil), in 2019. The plots corresponded to two fertilization levels (with and without sulfur), and the subplots corresponded to 26 onion genotypes, where the germplasm was derived from different (male-sterile-LA and maintainer-LB) lines, advanced populations and cultivars. The bulbs were evaluated for the following traits: pyruvic acid (indicator of pungency), sulfur content and bulb yield. The genotype performance differed according to the fertilization level. In the sulfur-free treatments, four heterotic groups were identified. The genetic variation in the crosses LA11 × LB24 and LA15 × LB19 could be exploited for negative selection for pungency and positive selection for bulb yield.

Abstract ‘Caviano’ is a black bean cultivar recommended for Santa Catarina, for being highly adaptable to the main grain-producing regions of the state (mean grain yield 2315 kg ha-1). Compared to previously released cultivars, Caviano has a larger root system and desirable characteristics for mechanical harvesting.

ABSTRACT. Heterosis has been one of the most studied phenomena since genetic studies were conceived. Knowledge of this phenomenon for the root distribution trait in beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) can favour the development of genotypes that are more tolerant to abiotic stresses. This study aimed to verify the occurrence of heterosis for the root distribution trait in hybrid F1 populations of common bean derived from crosses within and between gene groups. Thirty-six populations (six parents and 30 hybrids) were evaluated under field conditions in the agricultural years 2016/17 and 2017/18. The root distribution was assessed with the adapted Bohm method. The genotypes responded similarly to environmental changes (absence of an interaction). However, the root distribution differed significantly between the agricultural years. Comparisons between the mean of hybrids from crosses within each gene pool and the mean of parents did not reveal heterosis. The comparisons between gene groups showed significant differences only between BRS Embaixador x IPR Uirapuru, CBS 14 x IPR Uirapuru, and BAF 53 x IPR Uirapuru and the mean of parents. The absence of heterosis in the root trait can be explained by the degree of kinship between the gene groups, as well as some epistatic interactions.

ABSTRACT Genetic variability is essential for gains in breeding programs. The cyclic process of progeny recombination is a strategy to raise the chances of selecting better genotype combinations. The objective of this study was to identify superior progenies between common bean genes groups in first recurrent selection cycle for root system traits. Parents of the Andean and Middle American gene groups were hybridized in a complete diallel scheme. Thereafter, the parents and F1 and F2 populations were planted in the field. To establish the base population of recurrent selection (C0), seven segregating populations (F2) with superior performance for root system were selected and intercrossed, resulting in recombinant progenies (C1). To estimate the selection gain, the parents and C0 and C1 genotypes were compared with regard to the following variables: total root length (TRL, cm), projected root area (PRA, cm2), root volume (VOL, cm3) and number of root tips (RT). The difference between genotype combinations indicates the presence of genetic variability and effectiveness of recurrent selection. The mean genetic progress for root system-related traits was 12.9% (TRL), 12.6% (PRA), 12% (VOL) and 11.5% (RT) in the first recombination cycle. The mean phenotypic performance of seven of the C1 progenies exceeded that of their parents for all root system traits. These progenies are promising as base populations of the next selection cycle.

RESUMO Naturalmente quando concluído a condução de um experimento agrícola e estando disponível o dado coletado referente a uma variável resposta, deve ser procedida a análise de variância. Entretanto, os testes de hipóteses desta análise revelam validade somente se as pressuposições do modelo estatístico forem asseguradas. Quando tais pressuposições são violadas devem ser aplicados procedimentos com o propósito de remediar este problema. O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar como as pressuposições do modelo estatístico podem ser logradas por métodos “clássico” e “contemporâneo” e seus reflexos sobre o teste de hipótese da análise de variância. Dados oriundos de um programa de melhoramento genético, referentes ao tempo de cocção de populações segregantes foram utilizados. Foram propostas como soluções: i) Modelos lineares clássicos com transformação de dados e ii) Modelos lineares generalizados mistos. As pressuposições de normalidade e homogeneidade foram testadas por Shapiro-Wilk e Levene, respectivamente. Ambos os métodos foram capazes de lograr as pressuposições do modelo estatístico com impacto direto nos testes de hipóteses. As transformações de dados foram eficazes em estabilizar a variância. Porém, inúmeras transformações não apropriadas, podem ser aplicadas indevidamente e atender as pressuposições, causando distorções no teste de hipótese. Os modelos lineares generalizados mistos podem exigir maior conhecimento na identificação de linhas de programação, se comparado ao método clássico, mas permitem além da separação dos efeitos fixos e aleatórios, a especificação do tipo de distribuição da variável resposta e a estruturação dos resíduos.

ABSTRACT When an agricultural experiment is completed and the data about the response variable is available, it is necessary to perform an analysis of variance. However, the hypothesis testing of this analysis shows validity only if the assumptions of the statistical model are ensured. When such assumptions are violated, procedures must be applied to remedy the problem. The present study aimed to compare and investigate how the assumptions of the statistical model can be achieved by classical linear model and generalized linear mixed model, as well as their impact on the hypothesis test of the analysis of variance. The data used in this study was obtained from a genetic breeding program on the cooking time of segregating populations. The following solutions were proposed: i) Classical linear model with data transformation and ii) Generalized linear mixed models. The assumptions of normality and homogeneity were tested by Shapiro-Wilk and Levene, respectively. Both models were able to achieve the assumptions of the statistical model with direct impact on the hypothesis testing. The data transformations were effective in stabilizing the variance. However, several inappropriate transformations can be misapplied and meet the assumptions, which would distort the hypothesis test. The generalized linear mixed models may require more knowledge about the identification of lines of programming, compared to the classical method. However, besides the separation of fixed from random effects, they allow for the specification of the type of distribution of the response variable and the structuring of the residues.

RESUMO Quando combinados distintos grupos gênicos por meio de hibridações, é necessário o conhecimento do tipo de ação gênica preponderante na expressão de um caráter. O entendimento dessa informação ampara melhoristas para a tomada de decisões nas etapas de condução e seleção de populações segregantes no decorrer do programa de melhoramento genético. Assim, o objetivo do trabalho foi determinar os efeitos da capacidade de combinação e ação gênica para a característica distribuição radicular dos grupos de feijão Andino e Mesoamericano. Seis genitores de feijão dos grupos andino e mesoamericano foram hibridados em esquema de dialelo completo, resultando em 30 híbridos F1. Os genitores e híbridos foram conduzidos a campo em delineamento látice simples. A característica alvo foi a distribuição das raízes, calculada como a quantidade relativa de raízes no solo superior. O efeito da capacidade geral de combinação foi significativamente maior em relação aos efeitos de capacidade específica de combinação (58%) e efeito recíproco (41%). As estimativas de combinações foram modificadas em função da ordem dos grupos gênicos utilizados. As combinações IPR Uirapuru x BAF53 (mesoamericano x andino), BAF53 x CBS14 (andino x andino) e CBS14 x IPR Uirapuru (andino x mesoamericano) foram as principais responsáveis por incrementar a média da característica distribuição radicular. No entanto, mesmo que realizando combinações entre grupos gênicos, a maior fração da variância genética foi relacionada a componentes aditivos (60%). Consequentemente, a ação gênica aditiva foi predominante na expressão do caráter distribuição radicular em feijão independente do grupo gênico utilizado.

ABSTRACT When different gene groups are combined by hybridization, the expression of predominant genes for a trait must be known. This understanding is fundamental to the decisions made by breeders in the stages of cultivation and selection of segregating populations during the breeding program. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the effects of combining ability and gene action for the root distribution traits of the Andean and Mesoamerican common bean gene groups. Six common bean parents from the Andean and Mesoamerican groups were hybridized in a complete diallel mating scheme, resulting in 30 F1 hybrids. The parents and hybrids were planted in the field in a simple lattice design. The target trait was root distribution, calculated as the relative number of roots in the topsoil. The effect of the general combining ability was significantly higher than that of the specific combining ability (58%) and the reciprocal effect (41%). Particularly, the combination estimates were modified according to the order of the gene groups used. The combinations IPR Uirapuru x BAF53 (Mesoamerican x Andean), BAF53 x CBS14 (Andean x Andean), and CBS14 x IPR Uirapuru (Andean x Mesoamerican) mainly exhibited an increase in the mean root distribution. However, the highest fraction of genetic variance correlated with additive components (60%), even in crosses involving different gene groups. Consequently, the additive gene action was predominant in the expression of root distribution trait in common bean, irrespective of the gene group used.

Resumo O plantio de pinus em áreas de campo natural (NG) pode alterar as formas e estoques de carbono orgânico (OC) do solo. Visando quantificar essas alterações, foram determinados os teores e estoques de OC total (TOC) e das frações particulada (POC) e associadas aos minerais (MAC) em cinco camadas, entre 0,0 e 0,4 m de profundidade, do solo sob usos com NG e plantios de pinus aos cinco (P5), 16 (P16) e 21 (P21) anos. O estudo foi realizado em áreas de Cambissolo Húmico na região do planalto sul de Santa Catarina. O teor de TOC, nas diferentes camadas e usos, variou entre 15,0 e 44,5 g kg-1 e seu estoque, na soma das camadas, entre 86 e 144 Mg ha-1. O teor de POC variou entre 2,1 a 23,2 g kg-1 e seu estoque, entre 7,4 e 21,8 Mg ha-1, enquanto o teor de MAC variou entre 12,2 e 23,7 g kg-1 e seu estoque, entre 79 e 122 Mg ha-1. Em geral, os teores e estoques de TOC e das frações MAC e POC do solo aumentam com a idade dos plantios de pinus até 21 anos. Os teores de TOC e POC e o estoque dessa fração, em geral diminuem com a profundidade do solo sob NG e P5 e P21, mas o teor de MAC e os estoques dessa fração e do TOC geralmente não variam entre as camadas até 0,40 m de profundidade.

Abstract Pine plantations on former natural grassland (NG) areas can change the forms and stocks of organic carbon (OC) in the soil. To quantify these changes, the contents and stocks of the total OC (TOC), consisting of particulate OC (POC) and the mineral-associated OC (MAC) fractions, were determined in five layers, at depths between 0.0 and 0.40 m, in soil under NG and pine plantations aged five (P5), 16 (P16) and 21 (P21) years. The study was carried out in areas of Cambissolo Húmico, dystrophic, on the southern plateau of Santa Catarina state. The TOC content in the different layers and under different land uses ranged from 15.0 to 44.5 g kg-1 and the TOC stock, in all layers together, from 86 to 144 Mg ha-1. The POC content varied from 2.1 to 23.2 g kg-1 and the POC stock from 7.4 to 21.8 Mg ha-1, while the MAC content varied between 12.2 and 23.7 g kg-1 and MAC stock between 79 and 122 Mg ha-1. In general, the TOC stocks and contents and MAC and POC fractions in the soil increase with the age of the pine plantations up to 21 years. The TOC and POC contents and POC stock usually decrease with depth under NG, P5 and P21, whereas the MAC content and MAC and TOC stocks generally remain unchanged in layers to a depth of 0.40 m.

ABSTRACT. The present work has aimed to assess the consideration of the appropriate variation sources of the statistical model and their impacts on the conclusions plant breeding. The Value for Cultivation and Use test was conducted to assess three common locations (Lages, Ponte Serrada, and Canoinhas) and four non-common locations (Chapecó, Guatambu, Urussanga, and Campos Novos). The grain yields of six bean genotypes were evaluated in order to represent the imbalance between the common and non-common locations. The statistical analysis considered two situations: i) union of the location factors and cultivation years, with a single variation source called environment and ii) decomposition of the mean square values of the two factors, location and year. According to the simplified analysis (environmental variation source), the F test for the genotype factor was highly significant (p = 0.0006). On the other hand, the hypothesis test for the genotype factor was not significant (p = 0.7370) when the decomposition of mean squares was used. The simplified analysis presents some erroneous points, such as the use of a mean residue to test the hypothesis of the genotype factor, since this factor is composed of several sources of variation, and there is no exact F test. However, approximate F tests can be obtained by constructing linear combinations of average squares. This fact notes the relevance of considering the appropriate sources of variation within the statistical model, with a direct impact on the conclusions and recommendations of cultivars with superior performance.

Abstract The objective was to determine the predominant genetic inheritance in the trait root distribution in common bean and define the selection strategy. An experiment involving 40 genetic constitutions (segregating and fixed populations), was developed during the agricultural years 2014/15 and 2015/16. The experiment was arranged in a Federer's augmented block design with 3 replicates. The root distribution was evaluated by Bohm method. Estimates of mean contrasts between the F4 progenies and their parents did not reveal any significant differences in any comparison. The generations F5 and F6 presented the same behavior. The distribution of the component of the additive genetic variance was similarly conducted for the segregating generations. Thus, since the predominant inheritance of the root distribution is additive, the selection of this trait is recommended to be performed at the end of the breeding program.

Resumo A restrita base genética em fisális é um desafio a ser superado pelo melhoramento da cultura, na região Sul do Brasil, de modo a obter frutos com qualidade agronômica superior. Diante disso, objetivou-se induzir alterações genéticas em fisális para a seleção de populações com qualidade de fruto superior. Para tanto, sete populações de fisális foram submetidas à irradiação gama (0; 100 e 200 Grays – Gy), resultando em 21 populações. Houve diferença significativa para população, revelando a existência de variabilidade entre, pelo menos, duas populações. Por meio dos contrastes detectou-se diferença para: Colômbia01, Colômbia02, Caçador e CAV. A indução mutação foi eficiente em causar variações genéticas nestas populações. Para Colômbia01 (100 Gy), observou-se redução de 3,97 mm e 2,56 mm (200 Gy) no diâmetro polar do fruto (DPF). Já na população Colômbia02 (200 Gy), acréscimo de 2,99 mm no diâmetro equatorial do fruto (DEF) e de 4,90 mm no DPF. Para CAV (200 Gy), o acréscimo foi de 1,81 ºBrix. A indução de mutação foi benéfica nestes casos, porém a qualidade de frutos ainda é aquém do potencial da cultura, quando comparada a frutos oriundos de importação de países Andinos. Pode-se considerar que caracteres quantitativos, dentre os quais massa do fruto (MF) e sólidos solúveis totais (SST), e o grau de ploidia em fisális (2n = 4x = 48) reduzem a eficiência do agente mutagênico em causar variações.

Abstract The restricted genetic base in physalis in Southern Brazil is a challenge that requires genetic breeding for the achievement of fruits with superior agronomic quality. Therefore, genetic changes were induced in physalis for the selection of populations with superior fruit quality. To that end, seven populations of physalis were submitted to gamma irradiation (0,100 and 200 Grays – Gy), which provided 21 populations. Significant population difference was observed, which indicates the existence of variability between at least two populations of physalis. The contrasts showed difference for Colômbia01, Colômbia02, Caçador and CAV. The mutation induction was effective at causing genetic variations in these populations. For Colombia01 (100 Gy), it was observed reduction of 3.97 mm and 2.56 mm (200 Gy) in the transverse fruit diameter (DTF). In the Colombia02 population (200 Gy), there was an increase of 2.99 mm in the longitudinal fruit diameter (DLT) and 4.90 mm in the DTF. For CAV (200 Gy), it was found the increase of 1.81 ºBrix. Mutation induction was beneficial in these cases, but fruit quality is still below the potential of the crop, when compared to fruits from Andean countries. It is possible to suggest that quantitative traits, such as fruit mass (MF) and total soluble solids (SST), and the degree of ploidy in physalis (2n = 4x = 48) reduce the mutagenic agent ability to cause variations.

RESUMO Em plantas autógamas, a heterozigose é um recurso extremamente importante no início do programa de melhoramento, pois geralmente está associada a presença de variabilidade genética. A mutação induzida e a hibridação artificial podem aumentar a proporção de locos em heterozigose distintamente. O objetivo do trabalho foi comparar populações segregantes e mutantes relacionando os mecanismos utilizados para geração de variabilidade com os respectivos níveis de heterozigose testados. Os tratamentos populações mutantes (M2, M3, M4, M5, M6 e M7), populações segregantes (F4, F5 e F6) e linhagens (BRS Pérola e IPR Uirapuru) foram avaliados por meio de uma análise multivariada e comparados por contrastes ortogonais. A análise discriminante canônica apontou quais variáveis-respostas contribuíram para diferenciação dos tratamentos avaliados. Todos os contrastes ortogonais envolvendo as populações mutantes apresentaram diferença significativa, exceto o contraste entre M2 vs. M3, M4, M5, M6, M7. O contraste ortogonal entre as populações mutantes vs. segregantes denota uma variação significativa de interesse ao melhoramento genético. Os caracteres de maior peso canônico neste contraste foram: diâmetro do caule (1,41) e número de legumes por planta (2,72). De modo contrário, o número de grãos por planta (-3,58) aproximou as populações mutantes e segregantes. Na comparação linear de médias F5 vs. F6 não ocorreu diferença significativa. Os caracteres são fixados precocemente nas populações segregantes, diferente do que ocorreu com as populações mutantes. Comparativamente, a mutação induzida proporciona mais locos em heterozigose do que a hibridação artificial. A pressão de seleção deve ser praticada diferentemente conforme o mecanismo de criação de variabilidade empregado no início do programa de melhoramento.

ABSTRACT Heterozygosity is an extremely important resource in early breeding programs using autogamous plants because it is usually associated with the presence of genetic variability. Induced mutation and artificial hybridization can increase distinctly the proportion of loci in heterozygosis. This study aimed to compare segregating and mutant populations and relate the mechanisms used to generate variability with their respective heterozygosity levels tested. The treatments mutant populations (M2, M3, M4, M5, M6 and M7), segregating populations (F4, F5 and F6) and lines (BRS Pérola and IPR Uirapuru) were evaluated by multivariate analysis and compared by orthogonal contrasts. The canonical discriminant analysis revealed which response variables contributed to differentiate the treatments assessed. All orthogonal contrasts involving the mutant populations showed significant differences, except the contrast between M2 vs. M3, M4, M5, M6, M7. The orthogonal contrast between the mutant and segregating populations denotes a significant variation in the interest in genetic breeding. The traits stem diameter (1.41) and number of legumes per plant (2.72) showed the highest canonical weight in this contrast. Conversely, number of grains per plant (-3.58) approached the mutant and segregating populations. No significant difference was observed in the linear comparison of means F5 vs. F6. The traits are fixed early in the segregant populations, unlike the mutant populations. Comparatively, induced mutation provides more loci in heterozygosis than artificial hybridization. Selection pressure should vary according to the variability creation mechanism used at the beginning of the breeding program.