ABSTRACT Dengue, an infection characterized by recurrent epidemic spanning 3 to 5 years, stands out as a one of the most prominent problem due to its escalating case number and geographic extension. Despite its vast distribution, the disease occurs most intensely in the Americas and Southeast Asia. Within this scenario, it is imperative to carefully assess the potential repercussions of this epidemic on transplant activity. Although literature on this matter remains sparse, a review of probable and confirmed cases of dengue transmission through infected donors was carried out, addressing clinical characteristics and outcomes in recipients of such organs. Considering the strategies adopted in other countries that have already experienced dengue epidemics with the transmission of the virus through organ transplantation, the Comissão de Infecção em Transplante (COINT) da Associação Brasileira de Transplante (ABTO) delineates a protocol for screening potential donors and transplant candidates. This protocol involves the combined use of NS1/IgM on blood, alongise stringent criteria for evaluating donor and recipient suitability. Dengue years extension distribution Asia scenario activity sparse organs transplantation COINT (COINT ABTO (ABTO candidates NS1IgM NSIgM NS1 IgM NS blood suitability

RESUMO A dengue, infecção caracterizada por ciclos epidêmicos que se repetem a cada 3 a 5 anos, figura como um dos problemas de maior destaque, tendo em vista sua progressiva expansão em número de casos e extensão geográfica. Em que pese sua vasta distribuição geográfica, é nas Américas e Sudeste Asiático que a doença incide de forma mais intensa. No contexto de surtos e epidemias, as infecções transmitidas pelos doadores podem representar um grande desafio devido à falta de dados, na literatura, de uma política clara para triagem dos doadores e dos possíveis desfechos indesejáveis. Casos de transmissão provável e confirmada têm sido relatados em receptores de diferentes órgãos. Embora o total de casos descritos seja pequeno, é importante considerar a possibilidade de subnotificação e o aumento substancial do risco desse evento, especialmente nos períodos em que a transmissão da dengue atinge níveis epidêmicos na população. Com base na escassa literatura, porém baseada em estratégias adotadas em outros países que já experimentaram epidemias de dengue com transmissão do vírus por meio de transplante de órgãos, a Comissão de Infecção em Transplante (COINT) da Associação Brasileira de Transplante (ABTO) sugere triagem de doadores e candidatos a transplante com o uso combinado de NS1/IgM no sangue e critérios para o aceite do doador e do candidato. anos destaque geográfica intensa dados literatura indesejáveis órgãos pequeno evento população COINT (COINT ABTO (ABTO NS1IgM NSIgM NS1 IgM NS candidato

ABSTRACT Contextualization: Since May 2022, cases of monkeypox (mpox) have been reported in several countries, with evidence of community transmission. In the current scenario, transmission has been identified in different continents, related to the local spread of the virus by intimate inter-human contact. Objective: The purpose of this article is to inform the transplant community about the possible implications of the disease for the population of transplant recipients and their donors. Method: This article presents guidelines for adapting the evaluation of donors and candidates for organ transplants, bearing in mind the potential risks resulting from the emergence of mpox in our midst. It is important to consider that this document reflects the opinion of specialists given the scarce evidence currently available. Results and Conclusions: Donor assessment and management recommendations are based on the potential risk of monkeypox virus (MPXV) transmission. The risk of transmission by transplantation is estimated to be low, taking into account the uncertainty about the duration of viremia in patients with mpox and the presence of viable virus in cells and tissues. It is recommended, however, that the physicians responsible for the patient are alert to evidence of infection and that they activate or notify the institutions in case there are indications of transmission through the transplant. Contextualization 2022 (mpox countries scenario continents interhuman inter human contact Objective Method transplants midst available Conclusions MPXV (MPXV low tissues recommended however 202 20 2

RESUMO Contextualização: Desde maio de 2022, casos de monkeypox (varíola dos macacos ou mpox) foram relatados em vários países, com evidências de transmissão comunitária. No cenário atual, temos transmissão identificada em diferentes continentes, relacionada com disseminação local do vírus por contato íntimo inter-humano. Objetivo: O objetivo desse artigo é informar a comunidade transplantadora sobre as eventuais implicações da doença para a população de receptores de transplantes e seus doadores. Método: Nesse artigo apresenta-se as orientações para adequar a avaliação de doadores e de candidatos a transplantes de órgãos, tendo em vista os riscos potenciais decorrentes da emergência de mpox em nosso meio. É importante considerar que este documento reflete a opinião de especialistas diante das escassas evidências atualmente disponíveis. Resultados e Conclusões: As recomendações de manejo e avaliação do doador baseiam-se no risco potencial da transmissão do vírux MPXV. Estima-se que o risco de transmissão pelo transplante seja baixo, levando-se em conta a incerteza sobre a duração da viremia em pacientes com mpox e a presença de vírus viável em células e tecidos. Recomenda-se, no entanto, que os médicos responsáveis pelo paciente estejam alerta para as evidências de infecção e que acionem ou notifiquem as instituições caso haja indícios de transmissão pelo transplante. Contextualização 2022 varíola países comunitária atual continentes interhumano. interhumano inter humano. humano inter-humano Objetivo Método apresentase apresenta se órgãos meio disponíveis Conclusões baseiamse baseiam MPXV Estimase Estima baixo levandose levando tecidos Recomendase, Recomendase Recomenda se, Recomenda-se entanto 202 20 2

Abstract Objective The use of broad-spectrum antimicrobials, such as third and fourth-generation, are responsible for emergence of multidrug-resistant microorganisms in neonatal units. Furthermore, antimicrobial daily doses are not standardized in neonatology. This study aimed to investigate the association between the use of antimicrobial broad spectrum to bacterial sensitivity profile in a referral unit of neonatal progressive care. Methods This is a cohort study conducted in a referral neonatal progressive care unit from January 2008 to December 2016. The data of all hospitalized neonates was collected daily. The infection criteria used were the standardized national criteria, based on definitions of Center for Diseases Control and Prevention. In this study, the use of antimicrobials was evaluated as antimicrobial-day (ATM-day) and the ratio of multidrug-resistant microorganisms per 1000 ATM-day of broad spectrum was also calculated. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (ETIC 312/08 e CAAE 58973616.2.0000.5149). Results From 2008 to 2016, 2751 neonates were hospitalized, corresponding to 60,656 patient-days. The ratio of multidrug-resistant microorganisms per 1000 ATM-day of broad spectrum was 1,3 in the first period and 4,3 in the second period (p = 0,005). Conclusion It was observed that use of broad-spectrum antimicrobials, especially those with coverage for Gram-negative bacteria, was associated with an increase of multidrug-resistant bacteria.

Abstract During the yellow fever (YF) outbreak in Brazil, many cases of fulminant hepatitis were seen, although mild to moderate hepatitis was mostly observed with complete recovery. This report presents a case of late-onset hepatitis due to YF relapse. The patient sought medical attention after jaundice recurrence 40 days after the first YF hepatitis episode. This case highlights the importance of patient follow-up after the complete resolution of YF symptoms and discharge.

Abstract Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus has been identified as the main nosocomial agent of neonatal late-onset sepsis. However, based on the pharmacokinetics and erratic distribution of vancomycin, recommended empirical dose is not ideal, due to the inappropriate serum levels that have been measured in neonates. The aim of this study was to evaluate serum levels of vancomycin used in newborns and compare the prediction of adequate serum levels based on doses calculated according to mg/kg/day and m2/day. This is an observational reprospective cohort at a referral neonatal unit, from 2011 to 2013. Newborns treated with vancomycin for the first episode of late-onset sepsis were included. Total dose in mg/kg/day, dose/m2/day, age, weight, body surface and gestational age were identified as independent variables. For predictive analysis of adequate serum levels, multiple linear regressions were performed. The Receiver Operating Characteristic curve for proper serum vancomycin levels was also obtained. A total of 98 patients received 169 serum dosages of the drug, 41 (24.3%) of the doses had serum levels that were defined as appropriate. Doses prescribed in mg/kg/day and dose/m2/day predicted serum levels in only 9% and 4% of cases, respectively. Statistical significance was observed with higher doses when the serum levels were considered as appropriate (p < 0.001). A dose of 27 mg/kg/day had a sensitivity of 82.9% to achieve correct serum levels of vancomycin. Although vancomycin has erratic serum levels and empirical doses cannot properly predict the target levels, highest doses in mg/kg/day were associated with adequate serum levels.

Resumo Objetivo Comparar dois períodos com diferentes esquemas empíricos para tratamento de sepse neonatal tardia, incluindo vancomicina ou oxacilina respectivamente, em unidade neonatal de referência com alta prevalência de Staphylococcus coagulase negativo. Métodos Estudo transversal, feito em unidade neonatal de referência, de 2011 a 2014. Os dados foram coletados diariamente por vigilância ativa em prontuário de recém-nascidos de risco. As infecções foram notificadas conforme critérios definidos pela Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária. O banco de dados e a análise foram feitos em programa interno. Resultados Ocorreu redução significativa da notificação de infecções por Staphylococcus aureus (p = 0,008), sem notificações de endocardite, meningite e infecções de vias aéreas inferiores, além de redução na frequência de óbitos pelo microrganismo e sem alteração significativa nas incidências de infecções por bactérias Gram negativas e fungos. Houve aumento de infecções S. aureus coagulase negativo (p = 0,022), mas sem aumento de morbidade e mortalidade. Ocorreu redução na mediana do tempo de uso de oxacilina, de 11,5 para 6 dias (p < 0,001), com aumento de mediana de um dia de uso de vancomicina (p = 0,046). Conclusões A modificação do esquema empírico com uso de oxacilina revelou redução significativa das infecções por S. aureus, além da redução na frequência de infecção de foco profundo e mortalidade pelo microrganismo. Considera-se que oxacilina pode ser usada como esquema de tratamento de sepse neonatal tardia para se evitar o uso de antibióticos de largo espectro.

Abstract Objective: The aim of this study was to compare two different empiric treatments for late-onset neonatal sepsis, vancomycin and oxacillin, in a neonatal intensive care unit with a high prevalence of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in an neonatal intensive care unit from 2011 to 2014. Data from the medical records of at-risk newborns were collected daily. Infections were defined according to the National Health Surveillance Agency criteria. Data analysis was performed using an internal program. Results: There was a significant reduction in the number of Staphylococcus aureus infections (p = 0.008), without endocarditis, meningitis, or lower respiratory tract infection, as well as a reduction in the frequency of deaths related to S. aureus infection. There were no significant changes in the incidence of Gram-negative bacterial or fungal infections. An increase in coagulase-negative Staphylococcus infections was observed (p = 0.022). However, there was no measured increase in related morbidity and mortality. There was a reduction in the median number of days of treatment with oxacillin from 11.5 to 6 days (p < 0.001) and an increase of one day in the median number of days of treatment with vancomycin (p = 0.046). Conclusions: Modification of the empiric treatment regimen for neonatal late-onset sepsis with use of oxacillin showed a significant reduction in S. aureus infections, as well as a reduction in the frequency of infections with major organ system involvement and mortality due to infection with this microorganism. As a result, oxacillin can be considered as an effective treatment for late-onset sepsis, making it possible to avoid broad-spectrum antibiotics.

BACKGROUND: Healthcare Associated Infections constitute an important problem in Neonatal Units and invasive devices are frequently involved. However, studies on risk factors of newborns who undergo surgical procedures are scarce. OBJECTIVE: To identify risk factors for laboratory-confirmed bloodstream infection in neonates undergoing surgical procedures. METHODS: This case-control study was conducted from January 2008 to May 2011, in a referral center. Cases were of 21 newborns who underwent surgery and presented the first episode of laboratory-confirmed bloodstream infection. Control was 42 newborns who underwent surgical procedures without notification of laboratory-confirmed bloodstream infection in the study period. Information was obtained from the database of the Hospital Infection Control Committee Notification of infections and related clinical data of patients that routinely collected by trained professionals and follow the recommendations of Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária and analyzed with Statistical Package for Social Sciences. RESULTS: During the study period, 1141 patients were admitted to Neonatal Unit and 582 Healthcare Associated Infections were reported (incidence-density of 25.75 Healthcare Associated Infections/patient-days). In the comparative analysis, a higher proportion of laboratory-confirmed bloodstream infection was observed in preterm infants undergoing surgery (p = 0.03) and use of non-invasive ventilation was a protective factor (p = 0.048). Statistically significant difference was also observed for mechanical ventilation duration (p = 0.004), duration of non-invasive ventilation (p = 0.04), and parenteral nutrition duration (p = 0.003). In multivariate analysis duration of parenteral nutrition remained significantly associated with laboratory-confirmed bloodstream infection (p = 0.041). CONCLUSIONS: Shortening time on parenteral nutrition whenever possible and preference for non-invasive ventilation in neonates undergoing surgery should be considered in the assistance of these patients, with the goal of reducing Healthcare Associated Infections, especially laboratory-confirmed bloodstream infection.

OBJETIVO: Descrever a ocorrência de infecções relacionadas à assistência à saúde em uma unidade neonatal de serviço público de referência em Belo Horizonte, MG, baseando-se em critérios internacionais. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de estudo descritivo, realizado por busca ativa, na Unidade Neonatal de Cuidados Progressivos do Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (HC/UFMG), de 2008 a 2009. A notificação de infecções baseou-se nos critérios do National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN). O banco de dados e análise foi realizado em programa interno do serviço. RESULTADOS: Foram notificados 325 episódios de infecção nos recém-nascidos, com densidade de incidência de 22,8/1.000 pacientes-dia e incidência proporcional geral de infecção de 36,7%. A sepse foi a principal infecção (62,5%) notificada. A densidade de incidência de infecções foi maior em neonatos com peso menor que 750g (42,4/1.000 pacientes-dia). Observou-se 18,15 episódios de Sepse Relacionada a Cateter/1.000 Cateter Venoso Central-dia e 19,29/1.000 episódios de Sepse Relacionada a Cateter Umbilical/1.000 Cateter umbilical-dia. Em 122 (37,5%) casos de infecção notificada houve isolamento de microorganismos, predominando Staphylococcus coagulase negativo e Staphylococcus aureus (51 casos). A mortalidade e letalidade foram 4,3% e 17,12%, respectivamente. CONCLUSÃO: A utilização de critérios padronizados para notificação de infecções é necessária para a construção de indicadores em neonatologia, que são escassos no país e ressaltam a necessidade de avaliação dos critérios nacionais propostos pela Agencia Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA).

OBJECTIVE: To describe occurence of Healthcare Related Infections in a neonatal unit of public reference service in Belo Horizonte-MG, based on international criteria. METHODS: This is a descriptive study, performed by active searching, in the Progressive Care Unit Neonatal Hospital das Clinicas, Federal University of Minas Gerais (HC / UFMG), from 2008 to 2009. Notification of infections was based on National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) criteria. The database and analysis were performed in a internal program. RESULTS: A total of 325 episodes of infection in newborns were notified and overall incidence density of infections was 22.8/1,000 patient-days, with a rate of 36.7% of newborns. Sepsis was the main infection (62.5%) reported. The incidence density of infections was higher in neonates weighing lower than 750g (42.4/1,000 patient-days). There were 18.15 episodes of central venous catheter related sepsis/1,000 central venous catheter-day and 19.29 umbilical catheter related sepsis /1,000 umbilical catheter-days. Microorganisms were isolated in 122 (37.5%) cases of reported infections, mainly defined as Staphylococcus coagulase negative and Staphylococcus aureus (51 cases). Mortality and lethality rates were 4.3% and 17,12%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The use of standardized criteria for reporting infections is necessary for the construction of indicators in neonatology, which are scarce in the country and highlight the need for evaluation of national criteria proposed by National Agency of Sanitary Surveillance (ANVISA).

OBJETIVO: Descrever a ocorrência de infecções relacionadas à assistência à saúde em uma unidade neonatal de serviço público de referência em Belo Horizonte, MG, baseando-se em critérios internacionais. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de estudo descritivo, realizado por busca ativa, na Unidade Neonatal de Cuidados Progressivos do Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (HC/UFMG), de 2008 a 2009. A notificação de infecções baseou-se nos critérios do National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN). O banco de dados e análise foi realizado em programa interno do serviço. RESULTADOS: Foram notificados 325 episódios de infecção nos recém-nascidos, com densidade de incidência de 22,8/1.000 pacientes-dia e incidência proporcional geral de infecção de 36,7%. A sepse foi a principal infecção (62,5%) notificada. A densidade de incidência de infecções foi maior em neonatos com peso menor que 750g (42,4/1.000 pacientes-dia). Observou-se 18,15 episódios de Sepse Relacionada a Cateter/1.000 Cateter Venoso Central-dia e 19,29/1.000 episódios de Sepse Relacionada a Cateter Umbilical/1.000 Cateter umbilical-dia. Em 122 (37,5%) casos de infecção notificada houve isolamento de microorganismos, predominando Staphylococcus coagulase negativo e Staphylococcus aureus (51 casos). A mortalidade e letalidade foram 4,3% e 17,12%, respectivamente. CONCLUSÃO: A utilização de critérios padronizados para notificação de infecções é necessária para a construção de indicadores em neonatologia, que são escassos no país e ressaltam a necessidade de avaliação dos critérios nacionais propostos pela Agencia Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA).

OBJECTIVE: To describe occurence of Healthcare Related Infections in a neonatal unit of public reference service in Belo Horizonte-MG, based on international criteria. METHODS: This is a descriptive study, performed by active searching, in the Progressive Care Unit Neonatal Hospital das Clinicas, Federal University of Minas Gerais (HC / UFMG), from 2008 to 2009. Notification of infections was based on National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) criteria. The database and analysis were performed in a internal program. RESULTS: A total of 325 episodes of infection in newborns were notified and overall incidence density of infections was 22.8/1,000 patient-days, with a rate of 36.7% of newborns. Sepsis was the main infection (62.5%) reported. The incidence density of infections was higher in neonates weighing lower than 750g (42.4/1,000 patient-days). There were 18.15 episodes of central venous catheter related sepsis/1,000 central venous catheter-day and 19.29 umbilical catheter related sepsis /1,000 umbilical catheter-days. Microorganisms were isolated in 122 (37.5%) cases of reported infections, mainly defined as Staphylococcus coagulase negative and Staphylococcus aureus (51 cases). Mortality and lethality rates were 4.3% and 17,12%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The use of standardized criteria for reporting infections is necessary for the construction of indicators in neonatology, which are scarce in the country and highlight the need for evaluation of national criteria proposed by National Agency of Sanitary Surveillance (ANVISA).

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to analyze the characteristics and infectious complications of neutropenic patients in a referral hospital. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out between April and September 2008, which enrolled all neutropenic patients identified by daily blood counts in the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Demographic data and information on infections were obtained from the Hospital Infection Control Committee. Statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences. RESULTS: One hundred and sixteen patients were followed up during 129 hospitalizations. The patients had a mean age of 48.7 years old. Sixty-four (55.2%) patients were male and 25 (21.6%) died during the follow-up. In 97 (75.2%) of the hospitalizations, patients had episodes of febrile neutropenia. Patients classified as low-riskhad a mortality rate of 16.2% (n = 12) vs. 39.1% (n = 9) among high-risk patients (p-value = 0.02). The death rate of the patients who had been submitted to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation was 13.5% (n = 5)vs. 26.7% (n = 16) among patients not submitted to transplantation (p-value = 0.13). Of the 155 infections diagnosed, 45.5% were defined as clinically documented. The etiological agent most frequently isolated was Escherichia coli and the main topography reported was bloodstream infections. The most used antimicrobial agents were cefepime, vancomycin and fluconazole. Approximately 24% of patients evolved with impaired renal function during hospitalization. CONCLUSION: Most reported infections in neutropenic patients were defined as clinically documented, which shows the importance of suspicion in patients without specific signs and symptoms for early diagnosis and the need for the classification of risk for timely interventions.

Hospital-acquired infections (HAI) are a major cause of morbidity and mortality and are common in neonatal units. To control hospital infection it is important to advise patients and their companions on the subject. This study aimed at evaluating the mothers and their companions’ assimilation of information conveyed during health education activities on the prevention of hospital-acquired infections. This was a prospective study that applied questionnaires to mothers and companions of newborns admitted to the Neonatal Unit of the Clinics Hospital of the Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG). The study was carried out from August 2008 to April 2009. The questionnaire was administered in two different samples: one before and another after the training on infection prevention. Total sample size was 268: 121 received the information prior to questionnaire application, and 147 received it after questionnaire filling in. Results indicated that there were a higher percentage of correct answers after the groups were given instructions in all questions. There were significant statistical differences (p<0.05) between groups in eight of the ten questions. In conclusion, this was an effective educational activity for the newborn companion. He/she acquired basic notions on infection following the training and therefore may contribute to infection control and prevention in the unit and at home after hospital discharge.

Las infecciones hospitalarias (IH), comunes en recién nacidos (RN) internados en unidades neonatales, son la causa principal de morbilidad y mortalidad. Para controlar IH es importante instruir pacientes y cuidadores. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar las informaciones asimiladas por madres y cuidadores de RN internados en una unidad neonatal que participaron en actividades de educación para prevenir infecciones. Se trata de un estudio prospectivo con encuesta a madres y cuidadores de bebés en Neonatología del Hospital de Clínicas, entre agosto 2008 y abril 2009. Se realizaron dos muestras diferentes: antes y después de las directivas para la prevención de infecciones. La muestra total consistió en 268 usuarios: 121 recibieron orientaciones antes y 147 después de la encuesta. Los resultados indican que hay mayor porcentaje de respuestas correctas después de las directivas en todas las preguntas y hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p <.05) entre los dos grupos en ocho de las diez preguntas. Se llega a la conclusión que se trata de una medida de educación eficaz para cuidadores de recién nacidos. Al adquirir nociones básicas de infecciones los cuidadores son capaces de contribuir al control y prevención de infecciones en la unidad y en el domicilio después del alta hospitalaria.

As infecções hospitalares (IHs), importantes causas de morbimortalidade, são frequentes em recém-nascidos (RNs) internados em unidades neonatais. Para o controle de IH, é importante a orientação aos pacientes e a seus acompanhantes. O objetivo com este trabalho foi avaliar informações assimiladas por mães e acompanhantes de RNs internados na Unidade Neonatal que participaram de atividades de educação em saúde em prevenção de infecções no setor. Trata-se de estudo prospectivo, com aplicação de questionários às mães e acompanhantes de RNs na Unidade Neonatal do Hospital das Clínicas da UFMG, realizado nos meses de agosto de 2008 a abril de 2009. O questionário foi aplicado em duas diferentes amostras: antes e após as orientações de prevenção de infecção. A amostra total foi de 268 usuários, sendo que 121 deles receberam a orientação previamente à aplicação do questionário e 147 receberam as informações após o preenchimento deste. Observou-se um percentual de acerto maior após as orientações em todas as questões e houve diferenças estatísticas significativas (p<0,05) entre os grupos em oito das dez questões realizadas. Concluiu-se que essa foi uma medida eficaz para a educação de acompanhantes dos RNs, que adquiriram noções básicas de infecção após as orientações, por isso podem contribuir para o controle e a prevenção de infecções na Unidade e em casa após a alta.

Acinetobacter baumannii colonization and infection, frequent in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) patients, is commonly associated with high morbimortality. Several outbreaks due to multidrug-resistant (MDR) A. baumanii have been reported but few of them in Brazil. This study aimed to identify risk factors associated with colonization and infection by MDR and carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii strains isolated from patients admitted to the adult ICU at HC/UFMG. A case-control study was performed from January 2007 to June 2008. Cases were defined as patients colonized or infected by MDR/carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii, and controls were patients without MDR/carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii isolation, in a 1:2 proportion. For statistical analysis, due to changes in infection control guidelines, infection criteria and the notification process, this study was divided into two periods. During the first period analyzed, from January to December 2007, colonization or infection by MDR/carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii was associated with prior infection, invasive device utilization, prior carbapenem use and clinical severity. In the multivariate analysis, prior infection and mechanical ventilation proved to be statistically significant risk factors. Carbapenem use showed a tendency towards a statistical association. During the second study period, from January to June 2008, variables with a significant association with MDR/carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii colonization/infection were catheter utilization, carbapenem and third-generation cephalosporin use, hepatic transplantation, and clinical severity. In the multivariate analysis, only CVC use showed a statistical difference. Carbapenem and third-generation cephalosporin use displayed a tendency to be risk factors. Risk factors must be focused on infection control and prevention measures considering A. baumanni dissemination.

OBJETIVO: Comparar quatro métodos laboratoriais no diagnóstico de tuberculose pulmonar. MÉTODOS: Foram realizadas pesquisa direta pelas colorações de Ziehl-Neelsen e auramina, cultura para micobactérias em meio Löwenstein-Jensen (LJ) e polymerase chain reaction (PCR, reação em cadeia da polimerase) para Mycobacterium tuberculosis em 160 amostras de secreção respiratória de pacientes com suspeita de tuberculose pulmonar. As cepas isoladas foram identificadas por método radiométrico utilizando-se p-nitro-alfa-acetilamino-beta-hidroxipropiofenona (NAP) e métodos clássicos. A sensibilidade dos métodos foi comparada com o padrão ouro para o diagnóstico da tuberculose pulmonar, definido por critérios clínicos, radiológicos e microbiológicos. RESULTADOS: Dos 160 pacientes, 142 foram diagnosticados com tuberculose pulmonar de acordo com o padrão ouro. As técnicas de Ziehl-Neelsen e auramina, cultura em meio LJ e PCR apresentaram sensibilidade de 54,2%, 58,4%, 67,6% e 77,5%, respectivamente, quando comparados ao critério diagnóstico adotado. A especificidade dos quatro métodos foi de 100%. A concordância na identificação da micobactéria entre PCR e o método radiométrico utilizando NAP foi alta (96,8%). A sensibilidade da PCR foi de 50,8% nas amostras com baciloscopia negativa e de 98,8% naquelas com baciloscopia positiva. Nas amostras com resultados negativos na baciloscopia e cultura, a sensibilidade da PCR foi menor que nas com resultados positivos (25,6% e 99,0%, respectivamente). CONCLUSÕES: A PCR é método promissor no diagnóstico da tuberculose pulmonar, mesmo em amostras paucibacilares. Além disso, apresenta a vantagem da identificação simultânea e rapidez do resultado.

OBJECTIVE: To compare four laboratory methods in the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis. METHODS: Respiratory secretion specimens were collected from 160 patients suspected of having pulmonary tuberculosis. Direct testing for Mycobacterium tuberculosis was carried out using Ziehl-Neelsen and auramine staining. In addition, culture in Löwenstein-Jensen (LJ) medium and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were used. The strains isolated were identified by means of a radiometric method using p-nitro-alpha-acetylamino-beta-hydroxypropiophenone (NAP) and classical methods. The sensitivity of the methods was compared to the gold standard for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis, based on clinical, radiological and microbiological criteria. RESULTS: Of the 160 patients, 142 were diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis according to the gold standard. The sensitivity of Ziehl-Neelsen staining, auramine staining, culture in LJ medium and PCR was 54.2%, 58.4%, 67.6% and 77.5%, respectively, when compared with the diagnostic criterion adopted. All four methods presented 100% specificity. In the identification of mycobacteria, there was high (96.8%) concordance between PCR and the radiometric method using NAP. The sensitivity of PCR was 50.8% in samples with negative sputum smear microscopy results and 98.8% in those with positive results. The sensitivity of PCR was lower in specimens with negative results in sputum smear microscopy and culture than in those with positive results (25.6% and 99.0%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: We found PCR to be a promising method for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis, even in paucibacillary specimens. Simultaneous identification and faster results are additional advantages of this method.

In order to prevent and control the spreading of infectious and contagious diseases and multi-resistant bacteria in hospital settings, measures are adopted beyond the standard measures, according to the means of transmission. This study monitored patients and defined behaviors for the prevention and control in a pediatric ward of a teaching hospital from January to April 2004. All patients were monitored for infectious-contagious diseases or colonization by multiresistant bacteria. Eighty-six patients were indicated for precautions, of which 93% due to possible or confirmed multiresistant bacteria, with, respectively, 5 and 27 days average stay. Only 6 patients had infectious-contagious diseases. The results showed an increase in the number of patients with multiresistant bacteria, with a predominance of gram-negative bacteria. This shows the need for educational measures for health workers, children, parents and visitors with a clear definition of their responsibilities in the healthcare process.

Para prevenir y controlar la transmisión de enfermedades infecciosas y de bacterias resistentes en el ambiente hospitalario se adoptan precauciones de acuerdo con las vías de transmisión, además de las precauciones estándar. Este estudio se propuso monitorear los pacientes y definir los tipos de precauciones de acuerdo con la(s) vía(s) de transmisión de las bacterias resistentes y enfermedades infectocontagiosas en una unidad pediátrica de un hospital escuela, entre enero y abril de 2004. Fueron monitoreados todos los pacientes con diagnostico de enfermedad infectocontagiosa y/ o bacteria resistente. Ciento ochenta y siete pacientes (27,5%) tuvieron indicación de precauciones, 95,8% de ellos por sospecha o confirmación de ser portadores de bacterias resistentes. La precaución por contacto fue la más indicada. Sólo para seis pacientes hubo indicación como para enfermedad infectocontagiosa. Los resultados evidenciaron aumento de portadores de bacterias resistentes, sobre todo de Gram negativas.

Para prevenir e controlar a disseminação de doenças infecto-contagiosas e bactérias resistentes no ambiente hospitalar adotam-se precauções de acordo com as vias de transmissão, além das precauções-padrão. Com este estudo, objetivou-se monitorar os pacientes e definir as condutas pertinentes à prevenção e controle da transmissão das doenças infecto-contagiosas e bactérias resistentes em uma unidade pediátrica de um hospital de ensino, no período de janeiro a abril de 2004. Foram monitorados todos os pacientes internados quanto ao diagnóstico de doenças infecto-contagiosas ou colonizados por bactéria resistente. Dentre os pacientes, 87 (27,5%) tiveram indicação de precauções de acordo com as vias de transmissão, sendo 95,8% deles por suspeita ou confirmação de serem portadores de bactérias resistentes. A precaução por contato foi a mais indicada. Apenas para seis pacientes a indicação deveu-se a doenças infecto-contagiosas. Os resultados evidenciaram aumento de portadores de bactérias resistentes, predominantemente gram-negativos.

OBJETIVO: A infecção do sítio cirúrgico constitui um grave problema dentre as infecções hospitalares por sua incidência, morbidade e mortalidade. Devido ao curto período de internação, a maioria dessas infecções se manifesta após a alta hospitalar, sendo subnotificada quando não há o seguimento do paciente cirúrgico. Programas de vigilância específicos do paciente após a alta são considerados fundamentais para controlar as infecções. O objetivo do estudo foi determinar a incidência de infecção do sítio cirúrgico e comparar sua freqüência durante a internação e após a alta. MÉTODOS: Realizou-se um estudo epidemiológico, tipo coorte, em um hospital universitário, com acompanhamento durante o período de internação e no seguimento pós-alta hospitalar, de 504 pacientes que se submeteram à cirurgia do aparelho digestivo no primeiro semestre de 2000. RESULTADOS: Das 504 cirurgias realizadas no período do estudo, 398 (79,0%) dos pacientes retornaram ao ambulatório de egressos. Do total de infecções do sítio cirúrgico diagnosticadas, a maioria (62,9%) foi notificada no ambulatório de egressos, sendo 88,0% superficiais, e 67,0% notificadas até o sétimo dia após a alta. CONCLUSÕES: Comprovou-se a importância do seguimento pós-alta para a obtenção de dados fidedignos sobre as infecções do sítio cirúrgico devido à manifestação tardia na maioria dos casos, levando a subnotificação quando o seguimento do paciente é realizado somente durante a internação.

OBJECTIVE: Surgical wound infection (SWI) is a serious hospital infection due to its incidence, morbidity and mortality. Because of the short hospital stay, the majority of SWI appears post-discharge, and its incidence is often underreported when there is no follow-up of the surgical patient post discharge. The need of a surveillance system for surgical patient after discharge is critical for infection control. The study objective was to determine the incidence of SWI in surgical patients and to compare the frequency of SWI diagnosed in-hospital and after discharge. METHODS: A prospective cohort study was carried out in a university hospital. Patients admitted to the general surgery unit (504) and underwent digestive tract surgery in the first semester of the year 2000 were followed up during their hospital stay and after discharge. RESULTS: Of 504 surgical patients, 398 (79.0%) returned to follow up in the post discharge outpatient clinic. Of the total surgical wound infections diagnosed, most (62.9%) was detected in the post discharge outpatient clinic, and 88% of SWI diagnosed were classified as superficial, and 67% reported up to day 7 after discharge. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed the importance of following up surgical patients after discharge to achieve reliable incidence data on surgical wound infection because of the late occurrence of infection in the majority of cases, which results in underreporting when the patient is followed up only during the hospital stay.