ABSTRACT Introduction: We aimed to evaluate the role of remote proctoring during the initial training phases of a robotics curriculum using surgical robot skills simulator exercises. Materials and Methods: Prospective randomized study comprising 36 urology residents and junior staff urologists without previous robotic training. Group 1 (G1) performed exercises without any assistance or support, group 2 (G2) received support from in-person proctor, and group 3 (G3) from a remote proctor through a telementoring system. Qualitative and quantitative analyses were conducted for each exercise and group. Results: The overall score approval rates (OSA) for the different skill exercises were Ring Walk 2 (RW2) 83%, Energy Dissection 2 (ED2) 81%, and Ring Walk 3 (RW3) 14%. RW2 OSA was higher on attempt 3 than on attempt 1 (83.3% vs. 63.9%, p=0.032). ED2 OSA rate was higher in attempt 3 than in attempt 1 (80.6% vs. 52.8%, p=0.002). RW2 OSA was similar among the groups. In ED2, both remote and live assistance were significantly related to upper OSA (G1=47.2%, G2=75.0%, G3=83.3%, p=0.002). RW3 had similar OSA among the groups, which can be explained by the high level of difficulty and low OSA in all the groups. However, in a sensitive quantitative analysis, the mean overall score of the participants in RW3 was higher in both proctored groups (G1=24, G2=57.5, G3=51.5, p=0.042). Conclusion: Robotic performance increased significantly over three attempts for simulation exercises of low, medium, but not high-complexity. Proctoring, either in-person or remotely, has a positive impact on approval performance, particularly in intermediate tasks.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Recent data suggest that robotic platform has become the most accessible minimal invasive surgery even for surgeons without previous training in laparoscopy. Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN) is a well-stablished procedure, however, with high level of complexity and long learning curve that limit its use. Objective: To describe safety, efficiency and learning curve of a single surgeon without previous experience in LPN to reach “TRIFECTA” at robot-assisted partial nephrectomy (RAPN). Patients and Methods: This is a retrospective study, with prospective data collection of 101 patients submitted to RAPN by a single surgeon. In order to analyze the learning curve, sample was chronologically divided in two phases: first phase: P1: 50 first patients, second phase: P2: 51 subsequent patients. TRIFECTA was defined as: ischemia time lower than 25 minutes, negative surgical margin and absence of severe complications (Clavien >2). Results: Mean age of patients was 54 years (SD=11.85), median tumor size was 32mm (SD=17) and surgery was performed with zero ischemia time in 33.6% of patients (29.8% at P1 and 40.9% at P2). Demographic data of patients were similar between both groups, except tumor size (P1=27.5mm vs. P2=35.3mm; p=0.02) and body mass index (BMI) (P1=26.6kg/m2 vs. P2=29kg/m2; p=0.03). Rate of bleeding, surgical time, presence of positive margin and peri-operatory surgical complications were similar in both phases. TRIFECTA was higher in P2 in relation to P1 (P1: 58% vs. P2: 87.8%; p=0.002) and median time of hot ischemia was significantly lower at P2 (P1: 17.3 vs. P2: 11.7; p=0.02). At multivariate analysis independent factors related to TRIFECTA included: chronological phase (OR 10.74; 95% IC: 1.63-70.53; p=0.013) and tumor size (OR 0.95; 95% IC: 0.91-0.99; p=0.024). Conclusion: RAPN seems to be safe and efficient with good functional and oncological results (TRIFECTA) since the beginning. Experience improvement was related to treatment of larger tumors, higher proportion of patients with zero ischemia and higher rate of TRIFECTA.

RESUMO O sarcoma de Kaposi é uma doença angioproliferativa que varia de uma lesão cutânea indolente isolada ao envolvimento visceral respiratório e gastrintestinal. É raro em pacientes não imunossuprimidos. Dezenove casos de sarcoma de Kaposi de pênis em pacientes HIV negativos foram relatados em 2012. Descrevemos o caso de um paciente do sexo masculino, 48 anos, sem história pregressa, que se apresentou em nossa clínica urológica com pápula violeta na glande. Os testes de laboratório revelaram sorologia negativa para HIV, mas o PCR em tecido foi positivo para o herpesvírus humano 8. A histopatologia após a excisão da lesão foi compatível com sarcoma de Kaposi. Não existia outra lesão cutânea ou de mucosa. O sarcoma de Kaposi primário de pênis é raro, mas pode ocorrer em pacientes não imunossuprimidos.

ABSTRACT Kaposi sarcoma is an angioproliferative disorder that ranges from a single indolent skin lesion to respiratory and gastrointestinal/visceral involvement. Kaposi sarcoma is rare in non-immunosuppressed patients. Nineteen cases of penile Kaposi sarcoma in HIV-negative patients were reported in 2012. We present the case report of a 48-year-old male patient with no previous medical history, who came to our urology clinic presenting a purple-color papule on the penis glans. Lab tests revealed negative serology for HIV, but tissue PCR was positive for human herpesvirus 8. Histopathology examination after lesion excision was compatible with Kaposi sarcoma. No other cutaneous or mucosal lesions were present. Primary Kaposi sarcoma of the penis is rare, but may occur in non-immunosuppressed patients.

ABSTRACT Purpose: Ultrasound-magnetic resonance imaging (US-MRI) fusion biopsy (FB) improves the detection of clinically significant prostate cancer (PCa). We aimed to compare the Gleason upgrading (GU) rates and the concordance of the Gleason scores in the biopsy versus final pathology after surgery in patients who underwent transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) systematic random biopsies (SRB) versus US-MRI FB for PCa. Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis of data that were collected prospectively from January 2011 to June 2016 from patients who underwent prostate biopsy and subsequent radical prostatectomy. The study cohort was divided into two groups: US-MRI FB (Group A) and TRUS SRB (Group B). US-MRI FB was performed in patients with a previous MRI with a focal lesion with a Likert score ≥3; otherwise, a TRUS SRB was performed. Results: In total, 73 men underwent US-MRI FB, and 89 underwent TRUS SRB. The GU rate was higher in Group B (31.5% vs. 16.4%; p=0.027). According to the Gleason grade pattern, GU was higher in Group B than in Group A (40.4% vs. 23.3%; p=0.020). Analyses of the Gleason grading patterns showed that Gleason scores 3+4 presented less GU in Group A (24.1% vs. 52.6%; p=0.043). The Bland-Altman plot analysis showed a higher bias in Group B than in Group A (-0.27 [-1.40 to 0.86] vs. −0.01 [-1.42 to 1.39]). In the multivariable logistic regression analysis, the only independent predictor of GU was the use of TRUS SRB (2.64 [1.11 – 6.28]; p=0.024). Conclusions: US-MRI FB appears to be related to a decrease in GU rate and an increase in concordance between biopsy and final pathology compared to TRUS SRB, suggesting that performing US-MRI FB leads to greater accuracy of diagnosis and better treatment decisions.

OBJECTIVE: Urinary lithiasis is a common disease. The aim of the present study is to assess the knowledge regarding the diagnosis, treatment and recommendations given to patients with ureteral colic by professionals of an academic hospital. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty-five physicians were interviewed about previous experience with guidelines regarding ureteral colic and how they manage patients with ureteral colic in regards to diagnosis, treatment and the information provided to the patients. RESULTS: Thirty-six percent of the interviewed physicians were surgeons, and 64% were clinicians. Forty-one percent of the physicians reported experience with ureterolithiasis guidelines. Seventy-two percent indicated that they use noncontrast CT scans for the diagnosis of lithiasis. All of the respondents prescribe hydration, primarily for the improvement of stone elimination (39.3%). The average number of drugs used was 3.5. The combination of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and opioids was reported by 54% of the physicians (i.e., 59% of surgeons and 25.6% of clinicians used this combination of drugs) (p = 0.014). Only 21.3% prescribe alpha blockers. CONCLUSION: Reported experience with guidelines had little impact on several habitual practices. For example, only 21.3% of the respondents indicated that they prescribed alpha blockers; however, alpha blockers may increase stone elimination by up to 54%. Furthermore, although a meta-analysis demonstrated that hydration had no effect on the transit time of the stone or on the pain, the majority of the physicians reported that they prescribed more than 500 ml of fluid. Dipyrone, hyoscine, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and opioids were identified as the most frequently prescribed drug combination. The information regarding the time for the passage of urinary stones was inconsistent. The development of continuing education programs regarding ureteral colic in the emergency room is necessary.