ABSTRACT Blockchain technology, initially applied to the financial market, is recognized for its security in storing information in a decentralized manner and its ease of access to this information. An application of blockchain technology is the establishment of traceability systems for production chains. Food traceability systems are becoming increasingly important in guaranteeing the quality and safety of food to the final consumer, who, in turn, values and exercises confidence in the traceability system, recognizing its importance. This study was conducted to provide a systematic literature review on the importance of applying blockchain technology to the traceability of products of animal origin. Two scientific databases were consulted: Scopus and Web of Science. After classification based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 12 articles were selected for the study. The application of blockchain technology is recent, emerging, and promising in the traceability of animal products, and it has attracted research interest worldwide. The use of blockchain technology in the traceability of products of animal origin is used in several production chains, providing consumers with long-awaited information about the origin of their food such as beef, milk, fish, meat, pork, and eggs. market chains consumer who turn system consulted Science criteria 1 recent emerging worldwide longawaited long awaited beef milk fish meat pork eggs

ABSTRACT. The aim was to evaluate the correlation and develop regression equations for the body composition of sheep of different sex classes, obtained by the comparative slaughter method, using the composition of the neck region and loin eye area (LEA). Forty-five sheep of three sex classes (15 intact males, 15 castrated males and 15 females) received three feeding levels (ad libitum or restrictions of 70 or 80% of ad libitum intake). Animals were distributed in a 3×3 factorial arrangement, with 5 repetitions. The LEA showed: positive correlation with empty body weight, fasting body weight, meat, protein, ether extract and water (p < 0.01), for all sex classes; with bones for intact males and females (p < 0.01); with ash content for intact males and a moderate correlation for castrated males (p < 0.01). The neck was correlated with empty body weight, fasting body weight, meat, protein, ether extract, water and energy in all sex classes (p < 0.01); and moderate correlation with bone (r=0.58) and ash (r=0.67) for intact males. Intact males showed higher R² values in their prediction equations in relation to the other sex classes. ABSTRACT method LEA. . (LEA) Fortyfive Forty five (1 1 7 80 intake. intake intake) 33 3 3× arrangement repetitions weight meat protein p 0.01, 001 0.01 , 0 01 0.01) 0.01. r=0.58 r058 r 58 (r=0.58 r=0.67 r067 67 (r=0.67 R (LEA ( 8 00 0.0 r=0.5 r05 (r=0.5 r=0.6 r06 6 (r=0.6 0. r=0. r0 (r=0. r=0 (r=0 r= (r= (r

ABSTRACT This research aimed to compare statistical methods (random forest, RIDGE, LASSO, and elastic net regression) for the prediction of body weight in purebred and crossbred pigs reared in Brazil. This prediction was based on dorsal-view images obtained from video image processing. The study involved 69 animals belonging to breeds such as Large White, Piau, Duroc × Large White, and Piau × Large White. The data collection spanned 144 days, with measurements taken at approximately 20-day intervals, totaling eight measurements for each animal throughout their growth stages. Image acquisition was carried out in individual pens using an Intel RealSense Depth D435 digital camera. The features back area, back perimeter, back width, and body depth were extracted from the images. Pearson’s correlation analysis was conducted to assess the relationship between live weight and these features. The dataset was randomly divided into a training dataset (65%) and a test dataset (35%), and model training was performed by five-fold cross-validation balanced according to the growth stage, which was divided into three groups. This procedure was repeated 100 times, and the resulting metrics were taken as the average of the 100 repetitions. Although with a slight difference, the random forest method outperformed the others with the highest average R2 value (0.87), as well as the lowest average RMSE (14.32) and average MAE (10.13) values. Consequently, the random forest algorithm proved to be the most effective in predicting body weight. The back area, back width, and back perimeter were the most important variables in the model. RIDGE LASSO regression Brazil dorsalview dorsal view processing 6 White 14 days 20day day 20 intervals stages D D43 camera area width Pearsons Pearson s 65% 65 (65% 35%, 35 35% , (35%) fivefold five fold crossvalidation cross validation stage groups 10 times repetitions difference R 0.87, 087 0.87 0 87 (0.87) 14.32 1432 32 (14.32 10.13 1013 13 (10.13 values Consequently 1 2 D4 (65 3 (35% 08 0.8 8 (0.87 14.3 143 (14.3 10.1 101 (10.1 (6 (35 0. (0.8 14. (14. 10. (10. ( (3 (0. (14 (10 (0 (1

ABSTRACT We evaluated blood parameters of Angus and Nellore bulls fed diets with and without forage. Forty animals with initial body weight (BW) of 380±16.2 kg were housed in individual stalls. Eight bulls of each breed were fed a whole shelled corn (WSC) diet [850 g kg−1 of WCS and 150 g kg−1 of a pellet based on soybean meal, dry mater (DM) basis] or a ground corn with silage (GC) diet (300 g kg−1 of silage and 700 g kg−1 of a concentrate based on corn and soybean meal, DM basis), ad libitum, and four animals of each breed were limited-fed the GC diet [feed restriction (FR), 55% of the DM intake of bulls fed ad libitum, adjusted for the metabolic BW]. Intake was measured daily, and a metabolism trial was conducted with total collection of feces and urine to estimate the ruminally degraded and undegraded protein (intake and nitrogen balance). Blood samples for determination of hormones and metabolites were collected. The data were analyzed using the GLM procedure of SAS adopting a significance level of 0.05. The diet affected only the serum concentrations of triglycerides, HDL, and VLDL, with limited-fed animals presenting smaller concentrations than ad libitum-fed bulls. No difference in blood parameters was observed between animals fed WSC or GC diets. Nellore bulls presented greater T4, cholesterol, HDL, LDL, and serum urea nitrogen concentrations than Angus. Feeding finishing beef cattle with no-roughage diets does not alter their blood parameters. Also, our results support that Zebu cattle might have lower serum removal of nutrients due to a lesser demand for fat and protein deposition than Bos taurus taurus.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar as exigências nutricionais para a manutenção (NRm) e o crescimento (NRg), assim como o coeficiente de retenção (RC) de cálcio, fósforo, sódio, potássio e magnésio, de bezerros da raça Holandesa. As NRm foram de 87,8, 20,8, 4,36, 2,21 e 1,01 mg kg-1 da massa de corpo vazio para Ca, P, Na, K e Mg, respectivamente. O RC foi de 0,882, 0,473, 0,274, 0,088 e 0,052 para Ca, P, Na, K e Mg, respectivamente. As exigências nutricionais de Ca e P de bezerros da raça Holandesa são maiores do que aquelas estimadas para animais adultos.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to quantify the net requirements for the maintenance (NRm) and growth (NRg), as well as the retention coefficient (RC) of calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium and magnesium, of Holstein calves. The NRm were 87.8, 20.8, 4.36, 2.21, and 1.01 mg kg-1 of empty body weight for Ca, P, Na, K, and Mg, respectively. The RC was 0.882, 0.473, 0.274, 0.088, and 0.052 for Ca, P, Na, K, and Mg respectively. The requirements of Ca and P of Holstein calves are higher than those estimated for adult animals.

Abstract: Breeds of hair sheep play an important role in animal production in tropical regions; however, their nutrient requirements have not been determined to the same extent as those of wool breeds. Due to the environmental conditions of the tropical regions (climate, quality and availability of feedstuffs), it is reasonable to hypothesize that energy requirements and efficiency of utilization of metabolizable energy (ME) may be different between hair and wool breeds of sheep. Information available on hair sheep shows a large discrepancy regarding energy requirements. Based on available literature data for female sheep, ME requirement for maintenance (MEm) was 419±129 kJ/ kg BW0.75 (mean ± standard deviation) and for the male 388±123 kJ/kg BW0.75. The requirement of net energy for gain (NE g ) ranged from 8.75 to 14.06 kJ/g (11.63±1.86 kJ/g). The efficiency of ME utilization for maintenance (km ) and gain (kg ) were 0.66±0.02 and 0.42±0.04, respectively. This review indicated also that information is scarce for adult ewes at different physiological stages (maintenance, lactation, or pregnancy). More work is required regarding estimates of nutrient requirements of hair sheep in order to develop adjustments to existing nutrition models to predict animal’s response under the conditions prevailing in the tropics (animal type, environment and feedstuffs available).

Resumen: Los ovinos de pelo juegan un papel importante en la producción animal en las regiones tropicales; sin embargo, sus requerimientos nutricionales no se han determinado en la misma medida que los de las razas de lana. Debido a las condiciones ambientales de las regiones tropicales (clima, calidad y disponibilidad de alimentos), es razonable la hipótesis de que los requerimientos de energía metabolizable (EM) y la eficiencia de utilización de la EM pueden ser diferentes entre los ovinos de razas de pelo y de lana. La información disponible en ovinos de pelo muestra una gran discrepancia en cuanto a las necesidades de energía. Con base en datos de la literatura disponible para hembras ovinas, el requerimiento de EM para mantenimiento (EMm) fue de 419±129 kJ/kg PC0.75 (media ± desviación estándar) y para machos fue 388±123 kJ/kg BW0.75. El requerimiento de energía neta para la ganancia de peso (EN g ) varió de 8.75 a 14.06 kJ/g (11.63±1.86 kJ/g). Las eficiencias de utilización de la EM para el mantenimiento (k m ) y la ganancia de peso (kg ) fueron de 0.66±0.023 y 0.42±0.044, respectivamente. Esta revisión también indicó que la información es escasa para ovejas adultas en diferentes etapas fisiológicas (mantenimiento, lactancia y gestación). Se requiere más trabajo de investigación con relación a la estimación de las necesidades de energía de los ovinos de pelo, con el fin de hacer ajustes a los modelos existentes de alimentación, con el objetivo de predecir la respuesta de los animales con la condición que prevalece en los trópicos (tipo de animal, medio ambiente y alimentos disponibles).

Objetivou-se determinar as exigências proteicas de bovinos anelorados, em pastagem com Brachiaria decumbens suplementada com concentrado. Foram utilizados 28 novilhos zebuínos não-castrados com média de 7 meses de idade e 180 kg. Foram abatidos oitos animais-referência para determinação da composição corporal inicial. Os 20 animais restantes foram divididos em cinco lotes de quatro animais, em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, de modo que cada lote recebeu um dos cinco planos nutricionais: mantença; mistura mineral; e suplementação nos níveis de 0,75; 1,50 e 2,25 kg/animal/dia. A meia-carcaça direita de todos os animais foi dissecada em músculo, gordura e ossos e todos os constituintes do corpo foram pesados para determinação do peso de corpo vazio e da composição corporal. De posse desses dados, procedeu-se ao cálculo das exigências líquidas para ganho de peso em diversas faixas de peso corporal dos animais. Os conteúdos de proteína retidos no corpo dos animais foram regredidos em função do ganho de peso de corpo vazio e da energia retida. As exigências de proteína metabolizável total de um animal de 350 kg e ganho diário de 1,0 kg, foram de 593,59 g/dia. Esse mesmo animal, consumindo 7,40 kg de MS/dia, necessita de dietas com 12,97% de PB na MS total. A exigência líquida de proteína para ganho de peso de animais anelorados não-castrados em pastejo, com até 350 kg de peso corporal, reduzem conforme o peso corporal ou a energia retida aumentam e pode ser estimada a partir da equação: PR (g/dia) = -26,2946 + 247,4853 x GPCVZ - 24,8436 x ER.

The objective of this trial was to determine the protein requirements of Zebu bovines on Brachiaria decumbens Stapf. pasture supplemented with concentrate. It was used 28 non-castrated Zebu steers at an average age of 7 months and 180 kg average weight. Eight baseline animals were slaughtered to determine the initial body composition. The 20 remaining animals were divided in five plots of four animals, in a completely randomized design so each group received one out of the five nutritional plans: maintenance; mineral mix; and supplementation at the levels of 0.75; 1.50 and 2.25 kg/animal/day. In all animals, the right half carcass was dissected in muscle, fat and bones and all the body components were weighed to determine the empty body weight and empty body composition. These data allowed the calculations of net requirements forweight gain in several ranges of the body weight of the animals. Contents of protein withheld in the bodies of the animals were regressed in function of empty body gain and withheld energy. The requirements of total metabolizable protein for an animal with 350 kg and average daily weight gain of 1.0 kg, were 593.59 g/day. That same animal, consuming 7.40 kg of DM/day requires diets with 12.97% of CP in total DM. The net requirement of protein for weight gain of non-castrated grazing Zebu bulls with up to 350 kg of body weight decreases as the body weight or retained energy increases, and it can be estimated by the equation: PR (g/day) = -26.2946 + 247.4853 x GPCVZ - 24.8436 x ER.

Objetivou-se desenvolver e avaliar novas equações para predição do consumo de matéria seca (CMS) em bovinos Nelore e mestiço, utilizando-se meta-análise. Os dados utilizados para estimar os parâmetros foram coletados em experimentos de desempenho independentes com bovinos Nelore e mestiço nas fases de recria e engorda, compilados a partir de 561 unidades experimentais. Antes de propor uma equação para predizer o CMS, observou-se que o grupo genético foi uma fonte de variação estatisticamente significativa. Neste sentido, equações para predizer o CMS em bovinos Nelores e mestiços foram desenvolvidas de forma independente. As equações de regressão para bovinos mestiços foram: CMS = -2,6098 + 0,08844PV0,75 + 4,4672GMD - 1,3579GMD2 e CMS = -1,0094 + 0,01608PV + 4,4363GMD -1.2548GMD2. As equações de regressão para bovinos Nelore foram: CMS = -2,7878 + 0,08789PV0,75 + 5,0487GMD - 1,6835GMD2 e CMS = -1,3559 +,0159PV + 5,6397GMD - 1,8494GMD2. Para avaliar as equações ajustadas, utilizaram-se dados de experimentos independentes publicados entre 2005 e 2008 na Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia. As equações (CMS) para Nelore superestimaram o CMS para estimativas menores que 7 e maiores que 10 kg d-1. Para bovinos mestiços, as dispersões de 3 kg·d-1 foram observadas quando pontos extremos foram avaliados, no entanto, quando a equação incluiu PV0,75, o intercepto não diferiu de zero e a inclinação não diferiu de 1. Não é possível ajustar uma única equação para predizer o CMS para bovinos de corte em condições tropicais, porque há diferenças entre Nelores e mestiços. Equações ajustadas que incluem GMD e PV0,75 devem ser usadas como um método alternativo para predizer o CMS em bovinos Nelores e mestiços em condições tropicais.

The study was carried out to develop and to evaluate new equations to predict dry matter intake (DMI) of Nellore and Zebu-crosses cattle using meta-analysis procedure. The data used to estimate the parameters were collected from independent performance experiments using growing and fattening Nellore and Zebu-crosses cattle, and they were compiled from 561 experimental units. Before proposing an equation to predict DMI, it was observed that the genetic group was a source of statisticaly significant variation. Therefore, equations to predict dry matter intake in the Zebu-Crosses and Nellore cattle were independently developed. The regression equations for Zebu-crosses cattle were: DMI = -2.6098 + 0.08844BW0.75 + 4.4672ADG - 1.3579ADG2 and DMI = -1.0094 + 0.01608BW + 4.4363ADG -1.2548ADG2. The regression equations for Nellore cattle were: DMI = -2.7878 + 0.08789BW0.75 + 5.0487ADG - 1.6835ADG2 and DMI = -1.3559 + 0.0159BW + 5.6397ADG - 1.8494ADG2. In order to evaluate fitted equations, it was utilized data from independent experiments published from 2005 to 2008 in the Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia. The equations (DMI) for Nellore overpredicted dry matter intake for estimates lower than 7 and higher than 10 kg·d-1. For Zebu-crosses cattle, dispersions of 3 kg d-1 were observed when extreme intakes were evaluated, however, when the equation included BW 0.75, the intercept did not differ from zero and the slope did not differ from 1. It is not possible to fit only one equation for preditcting DMI for beef cattle in tropical conditions, because there are differences between Zebu and Zebu-crosses. Fitted equations that include ADG and BW 0.75 should be used as an alternative method to predict dry matter intake of Zebu-crosses and Nellore beef cattle in tropical conditions.

A água é um nutriente extremamente importante na vida dos animais e deve ser considerada como vital em qualquer fase da criação. A escassez crescente deste precioso recurso natural tem provocado reações de diferentes segmentos da sociedade na busca de soluções de uso racional e sustentável deste nutriente. Os pequenos ruminantes, especialmente os ovinos e caprinos, são partes importantes da vida econômica e social de muitas nações pela sua ampla capacidade de adaptação às condições adversas do ambiente e boa eficiência no uso da água, podendo ser uma das boas alternativas de mitigação dos efeitos das mudanças climáticas, gerando divisas e melhoria das condições de vida em muitas regiões do mundo. O conceito de produtividade de água para a produção animal é relativamente novo e ainda são recentes e escassos os estudos existentes no mundo e em particular no Brasil. A realização de mais pesquisas e a geração de novas tecnologias de uso da água na produção animal, hoje mais do que nunca tornam-se imprescindíveis.

Water is a nutrient of extreme importance for animals and must be considered vital in any rearing phase. The increasing scarcity of this precious natural resource has concerned different segments of society in order to find solutions for rational and sustainable use of this nutrient. Small ruminants, especially sheep and goats, have social and economic importance due to their great ability in adapting to adverse environmental conditions and using water efficiently. Thus, they might be a good alternative to mitigate the climate change effects and to generate foreign exchange and improving life condition in many places of the world. The concept of water productivity for livestock production is relatively new and there are few studies in the world, especially in Brazil. More researches and new technologies for water use in livestock production are indispensable.

Objetivou-se avaliar a influência do peso vivo de novilhas sobre o consumo e a digestibilidade da MS, MO, EE, PB, fibra em detergente neutro corrigida para cinzas e proteína (FDNcp) e carboidratos não-fibrosos corrigidos (CNFcp), os consumos de NDT e de proteína degradada no rúmen (PDR), a produção de proteína microbiana e a excreção de compostos nitrogenados na urina e comparar as metodologias de coleta spot e de coleta total de urina. Foram utilizadas 22 novilhas com cinco diferentes pesos (523, 453, 315, 235 e 118 kg), distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos (P523, P453, P315, P235 e P118). A alimentação foi constituída de silagem de milho e concentrado, fornecido na proporção de 1,5 kg/dia (tratamentos P523, P453, P315 e P235) ou 2 kg/dia (tratamento P118). Os consumos dos nutrientes em kg/dia e em %PV aumentaram e diminuíram linearmente, respectivamente, com o aumento do peso dos animais. As digestibilidades da MS, MO e o teor de NDT não diferiram entre os tratamentos, enquanto as de PB e FDNcp foram distintas entre os tratamentos, sendo maior e menor, respectivamente, no tratamento P118. A excreção de uréia na urina (em mg/kgPV) foi maior no tratamento P118, variando com o peso vivo e com o consumo de PB e PDR. A produção microbiana, estimada pela excreção urinária de derivados de purinas, não diferiu entre as metodologias de coleta spot e coleta total de urina, sendo menor no tratamento P118. A coleta de urina spot pode ser utilizada para estimativa da excreção de compostos nitrogenados na urina, independentemente do peso vivo. A quantidade de nutrientes ingeridos diariamente aumenta com o peso vivo, entretanto, o consumo desses nutrientes, expresso em %PV, diminui à medida que o peso vivo aumenta.

The objective of this trial was to evaluate the effect of body weight (BW) of heifers on intake, apparent digestibility of nutrients, microbial protein synthesis, ruminal metabolism, and urinary excretion of nitrogenous compounds. The spot urine sampling and the total collection of urine techniques were used to estimate microbial N flow. Twenty-two heifers with different body weights (523, 453, 315, 235 and 118 kg) were used in a completely randomized design and assigned to the following treatments: BW523, BW453, BW315, BW235 or BW118. Animals were fed corn silage ad libitum plus 1.5 kg/day of concentrate on treatments BW523, BW453, BW315 and BW235 and 2 kg/day on BW118 treatment. Intake of nutrients increased linearly from treatment BW118 to BW523. However, the opposite was observed when DMI was expressed as percentage of BW. Digestibilities of DM and OM and dietary TDN did not differ among treatments but digestibilities of CP and NDF corrected for ash and protein (NDFap) were greatest and lowest on BW118 treatment, respectively. The urinary excretion of urea (mg/kgBW) was higher on BW118 heifers and varied with BW and dietary contents of CP and RDP. Microbial protein synthesis was not affected by sampling methodology and was lowest on treatment BW118. Therefore, spot urine sampling can be used to estimate urinary excretion of nitrogenous compounds and microbial protein synthesis.

Quatro novilhos holandeses fistulados no rúmen, com peso médio de 259 kg, foram distribuídos em um quadrado latino 4 x 4 para se avaliar o efeito dos níveis de casca de algodão na dieta de novilhos sobre a concentração de nitrogênio uréico no soro (NUS) e de amônia no rúmen, o pH ruminal, a excreção urinária de uréia e derivados de purinas e a produção de proteína microbiana estimada pelo método das bases purinas omasais e da excreção de derivados de purinas na urina. As dietas experimentais continham na base da matéria seca: 0, 10, 20 e 30% de casca de algodão peletizada, em substituição à silagem de capim-elefante, sendo a dieta total constituída de 60% de volumoso. Não houve efeito dos diferentes tratamentos sobre o pH e as concentrações de amônia no rúmen. A concentração de NUS e a excreção de uréia (em mg/kgPV) diminuíram, enquanto a excreção de derivados de purinas na urina e a síntese de proteína microbiana no rúmen aumentaram linearmente com a inclusão da casca de algodão nas dietas. A estimativa da síntese de proteína microbiana não diferiu entre as metodologias das bases purínicas omasais e dos derivados de purina na urina. A casca de algodão mostrou-se um bom volumoso alternativo, podendo ser fornecida até o nível de 30% na MS total na dieta de novilhos de origem leiteira.

Four ruminally cannulated Holstein steers averaging 259 kg of body weight were assigned to a 4x4 Latin square to study the effects of replacing elephantgrass silage with cottonseed hulls on serum urea nitrogen (SUN), ruminal metabolism, urinary excretion of nitrogenous compounds, and microbial protein synthesis measured by omasal purine bases or by urinary excretion of purine derivatives. Treatments (60% of forage) contained on DM basis: 0, 10, 20 or 30% of cottonseed hulls that partially replaced elephantgrass silage in the diet. No significant differences in ruminal pH and concentration of ruminal ammonia were observed by increasing cottonseed hulls from 0 to 30% of the diet DM. However, concentration of both SUN and urinary excretion of urea (mg/kg of BW) decreased linearly whereas the opposite was observed for urinary excretion of purine derivatives and microbial protein synthesis when elephantgrass silage was partially replaced with cottonseed hulls in the diet. Microbial protein synthesis did not differ significantly either measured by omasal purine bases or estimated by urinary excretion of purine derivatives. It can be concluded that cottonseed hulls is a good forage alternative to elephantgrass silage and may supply up to 30% of the total DM in diets of dairy steers.

Quatro novilhos holandeses fistulados no rúmen, com peso médio de 259 kg, foram distribuídos em um quadrado latino 4 x 4 para se avaliar o efeito dos níveis de casca de algodão na dieta de novilhos sobre o consumo e as digestibilidades totais, ruminais e intestinais de matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica (MO), extrato etéreo (EE), proteína bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro corrigida para cinzas e proteína (FDNcp) e carboidratos não-fibrosos corrigidos (CNFcp) e o consumo de nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT). Também foi avaliada a cinética de degradação ruminal da casca de algodão, da silagem de capim-elefante, do sorgo e do farelo de soja. As dietas experimentais continham na base da matéria seca: 0, 10, 20 e 30% de casca de algodão peletizada, em substituição à silagem de capim-elefante, sendo a dieta total constituída de 60% de volumoso. As digestibilidades foram determinadas utilizando-se a fibra em detergente ácido indigestível como indicador. No ensaio de degradabilidade, foram utilizados dois novilhos e os tempos de incubação ruminal 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96 e 144 horas. Verificou-se que os níveis de casca de algodão aumentaram linearmente o consumo diário de todos os nutrientes, tanto em kg quanto em % do peso vivo. Não houve efeito dos diferentes tratamentos sobre as digestibilidades totais e parciais dos nutrientes e, conseqüentemente, não houve efeito sobre o teor de NDT das dietas, que foi em média 59,53%. O NDT calculado da casca de algodão foi de 55,52%. A degradação efetiva da MS, para a taxa de passagem estimada de 5,06%/h, foi de 38,65; 41,13; 68,58 e 77,56% para a casca de algodão, a silagem de capim-elefante, o sorgo e o farelo de soja, respectivamente. A casca de algodão mostrou-se um bom volumoso alternativo, podendo ser fornecida até o nível de 30% na MS total na dieta de novilhos de origem leiteira.

Four ruminally cannulated Holstein steers averaging 259 kg of body weight were randomly assigned to a 4x4 Latin square to study the effects of replacing elephantgrass silage with cottonseed hulls on intake and apparent ruminal, intestinal, and total tract digestibilities of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), ether extract (EE), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber corrected to ash and protein (NDFap), and corrected non-fiber carbohydrates (NFCap). Intake of total digestible nutrients (TDN) and ruminal degradabilities of cottonseed hulls, elephantgrass silage, sorghum, and soybean meal also were evaluated. Treatments (60% of forage) contained on DM basis: 0, 10, 20 or 30% of cottonseed hulls that partially replaced elephantgrass silage in the diet. Digestibilities were obtained using indigestible acid detergent fiber as an internal marker. To determine ruminal degradability of the feeds two steers were used and the following incubation times were adopted: zero, three, six, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 144 hours. Daily intake of all nutrients expressed either as an amount or as percentage of body weight, increased linearly by partially replacing elephantgrass silage with cottonseed hulls. No effects of increasing levels of cottonseed hulls were observed for apparent ruminal, intestinal, and total tract digestibilities of nutrients in the current trial. Consequently, contents of dietary TDN did not differ and averaged 59.53% across diets. In addition, calculated TDN was 55.52% for cottonseed hulls. Effective DM degradation, assuming a passage rate of 5.06%/h, was 38.65; 41.13; 68.58, and 77.56% for cottonseed hulls, elephantgrass silage, sorghum, and soybean meal, respectively. It can be concluded that cottonseed hulls is a good forage alternative to elephantgrass silage and may supply up to 30% of the total DM in diets of dairy steers.

Avaliaram-se o consumo e a digestibilidade total dos nutrientes e o desempenho de novilhos Nelore recebendo dietas contendo silagens de capim-braquiarão e de sorgo como fonte de volumoso nas proporções de 100:0, 67:33, 33:67 e 0:100, com base na matéria seca. Foram utilizados 24 novilhos Nelore, castrados, com peso médio inicial de 380 kg, distribuídos em um delineamento em blocos casualizados, com seis repetições, recebendo 60% de volumoso e 40% de concentrado, com base na matéria seca. O ensaio teve duração de 78 dias - 15 dias de adaptação seguidos de três períodos de 21 dias. Os consumos médios de matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica (MO), proteína bruta (PB), extrato etéreo (EE), carboidratos não-fibrosos (CNF) e nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT), assim como a taxa de passagem, aumentaram linearmente com o incremento da silagem de sorgo nas dietas. Tendência semelhante foi observada para o ganho de peso médio diário, estimando-se acréscimos de 0,00313 kg/unidade de silagem de sorgo adicionada. As digestibilidades totais de MS, MO, PB e fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) também apresentaram comportamento linear crescente com o incremento dos níveis de silagem de sorgo. Contudo, as digestibilidades aparentes do EE e dos CNF não foram influenciadas pelas dietas, registrando-se, respectivamente, valores médios de 80,1 e 89,5%. A associação de 67% de silagem de sorgo e 33% de silagem de capim-braquiarão consistiu em como boa alternativa de volumoso para a alimentação de novilhos Nelore, uma vez que promoveu consumo e ganho de peso próximos aos observados para a dieta contendo apenas silagem de sorgo.

The objective of this trial was to study intake, apparent total tract digestibility, and production of Nellore steers fed diets containing the following ratios of Brachiaria brizantha and sorghum silages: 100:0, 67:33, 33:67, and 0:100 on dry matter (DM) basis. Twenty-four castrated steers averaging 380 kg at the beginning of the trial and receiving a forage:concentrate ratio of 60:40 (DM basis) were used in a randomized complete block design (six replicates per treatment). The experiment lasted 78 days with three 21-days periods and 15 days for diet adaptation. The average intakes of DM, organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC), and total digestible nutrients (TDN) as well as passage rate all increased linearly with the increment of sorghum silage in the diet. Similarly, average body weight gain increased 0.00313 kg per unit of sorghum silage included in the diet. Apparent total tract digestibilities of DM, OM, CP, and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) also increased linearly when sorghum silage replaced Brachiaria brizantha silage in the diet whereas those of EE and NFC did not change significantly averaging 80.1 and 89.5%, respectively. It can be concluded that a Brachiaria brizantha:sorghum silages ratio of 67:33 can be fed to Nellore steers because it resulted in similar intake and body weight gain compared to the diet containing only sorghum silage.