Abstract Objective To evaluate the effects of exercise training on neurological recovery, Growth Transforming Factor-β1 (TGF-β1), Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1α (HIF-1α), and Nogo-NgR signaling pathways after spinal cord injury in rats. Methods Forty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: normal group, sham-operated group, model group, and training group. The rat spinal cord injury model was established using Allen's method, and the training group received exercise training on the 8th day postoperatively. The Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan (BBB) score, modified Tarlow score, and inclined plane test scores were compared in each group before injury and 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after injury. Results The BBB score and modified Tarlow score of the model group and the training group were 0 at the first day after the injury, and gradually increased on the seventh day onwards (p < 0.05). The BBB score and modified Tarlow score of the training group were higher than those of the model group at the 14th, 21st and 28th day (p < 0.05). The angles of the inclined plate at multiple time points after injury were lower in the model group and the training group than in the normal group and the sham-operated group (p < 0.05); The angles of the inclined plate at the 14th, 21st and 28th day after injury were higher in the training group than in the model group (p < 0.05). Conclusion The mechanism of exercise training may be connected to the inhibition of the Nogo-NgR signaling pathway to promote neuronal growth. recovery Factorβ1 Factorβ Factor β1 β Factor-β TGFβ1, TGFβ1 TGFβ TGF , (TGF-β1) Factor1α Factorα 1α α HIF1α, HIF1α HIFα HIF (HIF-1α) NogoNgR Nogo NgR Fortyeight Forty eight SpragueDawley Sprague Dawley groups shamoperated sham operated Allens Allen s method th postoperatively Basso (BBB 1 7 14 2 p 0.05. 005 0.05 . 05 0.05) 14th st growth (TGF-β1 (HIF-1α 00 0.0 (TGF-β 0.