SUMMARY: Cerebral hemorrhage (CH) presents a significant risk for cognitive decline. Our research aimed to assess the impact of Apricot Kernel Oil (AKO) on cognitive function and inflammatory response in a hemorrhagic stroke model using Wistar rats, and to examine their correlation. Fifty Wistar rats were randomly assigned to five groups: a control group, an AKO supplemented group (receiving 400 mg/kg AKO), a CH group (with induced CH), and CH groups supplemented with 200 and 400 mg/kg AKO, each containing 10 rats. Cognitive function was evaluated using the Y-electric maze test across these groups. Additionally, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and real-time PCR were utilized to analyze the protein and gene expression profiles of inflammatory and apoptotic factors in the brain. Compared to the control group, rats in the CH group took longer to master the maze criteria (P<0.05). Moreover, the CH group exhibited significantly increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α, and decreased levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4 and IL-10 compared to the control group (P<0.05). Conversely, rats in the CH+400 mg/kg AKO group showed opposite trends in electrical simulation time, inflammatory factor protein, and gene expression profile (Bcl- 2, BAX, Caspase-3, and p53) compared to the CH group (P<0.05). Our findings suggest that AKO extract may ameliorate cognitive dysfunction following CH in rats, potentially through modulation of inflammatory factors secreted by microglia.

RESUMEN: La hemorragia cerebral (HC) presenta un riesgo significativo de deterioro cognitivo. Nuestra investigación tuvo como objetivo evaluar el impacto del aceite de semilla de albaricoque (ASA) en la función cognitiva y la respuesta inflamatoria en un modelo de accidente cerebrovascular hemorrágico utilizando ratas Wistar, y examinar su correlación. Se asignaron aleatoriamente cincuenta ratas Wistar a cinco grupos: un grupo control, un grupo suplementado con ASA (que recibió 400 mg/kg de ASA), un grupo HC (con HC inducido) y grupos HC suplementados con 200 y 400 mg/kg de ASA, cada uno. La función cognitiva se evaluó mediante la prueba del laberinto eléctrico Y en estos grupos. Además, se utilizaron un ensayo inmunoabsorbente ligado a enzimas y una PCR en tiempo real para analizar los perfiles de expresión de proteínas y genes de factores inflamatorios y apoptóticos en el cerebro. En comparación con el grupo de control, las ratas del grupo HC tardaron más en dominar los criterios del laberinto (P<0,05). Además, el grupo HC exhibió niveles significativamente mayores de citocinas proinflamatorias interleucina-1β (IL-1β), IL-6 y factor de necrosis tumoral- α, y niveles reducidos de citocinas antiinflamatorias IL-4 e IL-10 en comparación al grupo control (P<0,05). Por el contrario, las ratas del grupo HC+400 mg/kg ASA mostraron tendencias opuestas en el tiempo de simulación eléctrica, la proteína del factor inflamatorio y el perfil de expresión génica (Bcl-2, BAX, Caspasa-3 y p53) en comparación con el grupo HC (P <0,05). Nuestros hallazgos sugieren que el extracto de ASA puede mejorar la disfunción cognitiva después de la HC en ratas, potencialmente mediante la modulación de factores inflamatorios secretados por la microglia.

Abstract Background: To comprehensively analyze the clinical significance of Immune Checkpoint-Related Genes (ICRGs) in Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma (PAAD). Method: PAAD tissues and normal pancreatic tissues were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) databases, and 283 ICRGs were integrated by the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and Reactome datasets. Unsupervised clustering was used to obtain potential ICRGs-based PAAD subtypes. Wilcoxon test was performed to screen Differentially Expressed ICRGs (DEICRGs), while cox regression analyses were utilized to identify prognosis-related ICRGs and clinicopathological factors, and construct the corresponding models. The Tumor Immune Microenvironment (TIME) was evaluated. Moreover, the authors performed enrichment analysis, Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA), and transcription factor regulatory networks to realize underlying mechanisms. Results: Three ICRGs-based PAAD subtypes were identified, and they were associated with three ESTIMATE scores, a Tumor Microenvironment (TMB) score, 14 therapeutic immune checkpoints, and infiltration levels of seven immune cells. On top of that, the authors constructed two signatures based on DEICRGs to predict the Overall Survival (OS) (Area Under the ROC Curve [AUC: 0.741-0.778]) and Progression-Free Survival (PFS) (AUC: 0.746~0.831) of patients. Two nomograms were established by combining clinical variables and signatures. In addition, the authors found higher infiltration of naïve B cells and CD8+ T-cells in low-risk PAAD patients, and higher infiltration of suppressive immune cells and cancer-related signaling pathways in high-risk PAAD patients. Conclusion: The present study suggested that ICRGs were associated with TIME formation and prognosis of PAAD patients, which may serve as novel clinical biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Background CheckpointRelated Checkpoint Related (ICRGs PAAD. . (PAAD) Method TCGA (TCGA GenotypeTissue Genotype Tissue GTEx (GTEx databases 28 KEGG (KEGG datasets ICRGsbased DEICRGs, , (DEICRGs) prognosisrelated related factors models (TIME evaluated Moreover analysis GSEA, GSEA (GSEA) mechanisms Results identified scores TMB (TMB score 1 checkpoints OS (OS Area AUC [AUC 0.7410.778 07410778 0.741 0.778 0 741 778 0.741-0.778] ProgressionFree Progression Free PFS (PFS (AUC 0.746~0.831 07460831 746 831 patients addition CD8 CD Tcells T lowrisk low risk cancerrelated cancer highrisk high Conclusion targets (PAAD 2 (DEICRGs (GSEA 7410 0.7410.77 0741077 0741 0.74 0778 0.77 74 77 0.741-0.778 0.746~0.83 0746083 83 0.7410.7 074107 074 0.7 077 7 0.741-0.77 0.746~0.8 074608 8 0.7410. 07410 07 0. 0.741-0.7 0.746~0. 07460 0.7410 0.741-0. 0.746~0 0746 0.741-0 0.746~ 0.741- 0.746

Abstract GnRH analogues were widely used for controlld ovary stimulation, but their effects on oocyte quality remain contradictory. This study aimed to explore the influence of GnRH analogues on oocyte quality in mice. A total of 120 mice were randomly assigned to four groups:(i)GnRH-a+PMSG group; (ii) GnRH-ant+PMSG group; (iii) PMSG group; (iv) Control group. Ovaries were collected for quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) to assess GDF9 and BMP15 mRNA expression, and protein expression were evaluated by western blotting. Moreover, embryo developmental progress in vitro and implantation rate in vivo were recorded. Compared with control group, both GDF9 mRNA and protein expressions were strengthened in PMSG group, but reduced in the presence of GnRH-a or GnRH-ant. The GnRH-a group exhibited decreased BMP15 mRNA expression compared to PMSG group, while the GnRH-ant group did not show the same pattern. BMP15 protein expression were not statisticlly different among the four groups. Notably, there was no statistically difference in the expression of these two factors between GnRH-a and GnRH-ant groups. The percentage of zygotes progressing to the 2-cell stage and percentage of 2-cell advancing to the blastocyst stage were similar in the PMSG group and control group. However, both the GnRH-a and GnRH-ant groups showed decreased embryos development rates compared to other two groups. The embryonic implantation rate in control group (53.3%) was higher than that in the GnRH-a and GnRH-ant groups (33.3% and 30.8%, P<0.05). The difference between the PMSG (45.0%) and GnRHa group was statistically significant (P value of 0.023), but not between the PMSG and GnRH-ant group (P value of 0.486). No statistical difference was confirmed between GnRH-a and GnRH-ant groups. Our findings shed light on the safety of GnRH analogues in ovary stimulation, and highlight the need for further research to establish optimal and effective controlled ovary stimulation protocol. contradictory 12 groupsiGnRHa+PMSG groupsiGnRHaPMSG i a+PMSG a ii (ii GnRHant+PMSG GnRHantPMSG ant+PMSG ant iii (iii iv (iv realtime real time qRTPCR qRT PCR (qRT-PCR GDF BMP BMP1 blotting Moreover recorded GnRHant. GnRHant ant. pattern Notably 2cell cell 2 However 53.3% 533 53 3 (53.3% 33.3% 333 33 (33.3 308 30 8 30.8% P<0.05. P005 P P<0.05 . 0 05 P<0.05) 45.0% 450 45 (45.0% 0.023, 0023 0.023 , 023 0.023) 0.486. 0486 0.486 486 0.486) protocol 1 groupsiGnRHa aPMSG antPMSG 53.3 5 (53.3 33.3 (33. 30.8 P00 P<0.0 45.0 4 (45.0 002 0.02 02 048 0.48 48 53. (53. 33. (33 30. P0 P<0. 45. (45. 00 0.0 04 0.4 (53 (3 P<0 (45 0. (5 ( P< (4

Abstract Background and objectives: The aim of this study was to analyze risk factors for failure of subclavian vein catheterization. Methods: A retrospective analysis of 1562 patients who underwent subclavian vein puncture performed by the same experienced operator at Peking University Cancer Hospital from January 1, 2016 to January 1, 2019 was conducted. The success or failure of subclavian vein catheterization was registered in all cases. Various patient characteristics, including age, gender, body mass index (BMI), preoperative hemoglobin, preoperative hematocrit, preoperative mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), preoperative albumin, preoperative serum creatinine, puncture needles from different manufacturers and previous history of subclavian vein catheterization were assessed via univariate and multivariate analyses. Results: For the included patients, landmark-guided subclavian vein puncture was successful in 1476 cases and unsuccessful in 86 cases (success rate of 94.5%). Successful subclavian vein catheterization was achieved via right and left subclavian vein puncture in 1392 and 84 cases, respectively. In univariate analyses, age and preoperative hemoglobin were associated with failure of subclavian vein catheterization. In a multivariate analysis, aged more than 60 years was a risk factor while the central venous access with Certofix® was associated with an increased rate of success (p-values of 0.001 and 0.015, respectively). Conclusions: This study has demonstrated that patient aged more than 60 years was a risk factor for failure of subclavian vein catheterization while the central venous access with Certofix® was associated with an increased rate of success.

Abstract Background: Kidney cancer is one of the most common cancers in the world. It is necessary to clarify its underlying mechanism and find its prognostic biomarkers. Current studies showed that SHMT2 may be participated in several kinds of cancer. Methods: Our studies investigated the expression of SHMT2 in kidney cancer by Oncomine, Human Protein Atlas database and ULCAN database. Meanwhile, we found its co-expression gene by cBioPortal online tool and validated their relationship in A498 and ACHN cells by cell transfection, western blot and qRT-PCR. Besides these, we also explored their prognostic values via the Kaplan-Meier plotter database in different types of kidney cancer patients. Results: SHMT2 was found to be increased in 7 kidney cancer datasets, compared to normal renal tissues. For the cancer stages, ages and races, there existed significant difference in the expression of SHMT2 among different groups by mining of the UALCAN database. High SHMT2 expression is associated with poor overall survival in patients with kidney cancer. Among all co-expressed genes, NDUFA4L2 and SHMT2 had a high co-expression efficient. SHMT2 overexpression led to the increased expression of NDUFA4L2 at both mRNA and protein levels. Like SHMT2, overexpressed NDUFA4L2 also was associated with worse overall survival in patients with kidney cancer. Conclusion: Based on above results, overexpressed SHMT2 and its co-expressed gene NDUFA4L2 were all correlated with the prognosis in kidney cancer. The present study might be benefit for better understanding the clinical significance of SHMT2 and provided a potential therapeutic target for kidney cancer in future.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of Mycobacterium vaccae on Jagged 1 and gamma delta T17 (γδT17) cells in asthmatic mice. An asthma mouse model was established through immunization with ovalbumin (OVA). Gamma-secretase inhibitor (DAPT) was used to block the Notch signaling pathway. M. vaccae was used to treat asthma, and related indicators were measured. Blocking Notch signaling inhibited the production of γδT17 cells and secretion of cytokine interleukin (IL)-17, which was accompanied by a decrease in Jagged1 mRNA and protein expression in the treated asthma group compared with the untreated asthma group. Similarly, treatment with M. vaccae inhibited Jagged1 expression and γδT17 cell production, which was associated with decreased airway inflammation and reactivity. The Notch signaling pathway may play a role in the pathogenesis of asthma through the induction of Jagged1 receptor. On the other hand, the inhibitory effect of M. vaccae on Jagged1 receptor in γδT17 cells could be used for the prevention and treatment of asthma.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of artesunate on Th1 differentiation and its anti-tumor effect on ovarian cancer. A Murine ovarian cancer model was established by ID8 cells transplantation. The expression of miR-142 and Sirt1 proteins in peripheral CD4+ T cells were quantified with qRT-PCR and western blot, respectively. Peripheral CD4+ T cells were induced for Th1 differentiation. The percentages of apoptosis of Th1/CD4+ T cells and ovarian cancer cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. The IFN-γ level was examined through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Artesunate promoted miR-142 expression in peripheral CD4+ T cells and Th1 differentiation from CD4+ T cells. Artesunate promoted cell apoptosis of ovarian cancer cells by inducing Th1 differentiation. By up-regulating miR-142, artesunate suppressed Sirt1 level and promoted Th1 differentiation. Artesunate enhanced the pro-apoptotic effects of Th1 cells on ovarian cancer via the miR-142/Sirt1 pathway. Artesunate promoted Th1 differentiation from CD4+ T cells by down-regulating Sirt1 through miR-142, thereby enhancing cell apoptosis in ovarian cancer.

Resumo Objetivo: A bilirrubina total é benéfica para proteger contra doenças cardiovasculares em adultos. Nosso objetivo foi investigar a associação dos níveis de bilirrubina total, glóbulos vermelhos e hemoglobina com a prevalência de pressão arterial elevada em crianças e adolescentes. Métodos: Um total de 3.776 estudantes (com idade entre 6-16 anos) foram examinados utilizando uma amostra em blocos. A pressão arterial elevada anterior e a pressão arterial elevada foram definidas como o 90° e 95° percentil, respectivamente, com base nos critérios do Quarto Relatório sobre Diagnóstico, Avaliação e Tratamento da Pressão Arterial elevada em Crianças e Adolescentes. A pressão arterial sistólica e pressão arterial diastólica foram padronizadas no escore z. Resultados: Os níveis periféricos de bilirrubina total, glóbulos vermelhos e hemoglobina foram significativamente correlacionados à idade, que também variou de acordo com o sexo. A bilirrubina total periférica apresentou uma correlação negativa com a pressão arterial sistólica em meninos com 6 e 9 anos, ao passo que apresentou uma correlação positiva com a pressão arterial diastólica em meninos de 12 anos e meninas de 13 a 15 anos (p < 0,05). Foram observados níveis mais elevados de glóbulos vermelhos e hemoglobina em estudantes com pressão arterial elevada anterior e pressão arterial elevada em comparação a indivíduos normotensos (p < 0,01). Os aumentos de glóbulos vermelhos e hemoglobina tiveram uma associação significativa com a pressão arterial elevada após ajuste dos fatores de confusão. As RC (IC de 95%) de cada um dos aumentos foram 2,44 (1,52-3,92) e 1,04 (1,03-1,06) respectivamente. Não foi observada nenhuma associação estatística entre o nível de bilirrubina total e a pressão arterial elevada (p > 0,05). Conclusão: A bilirrubina total pode ter correlações fracas com a pressão arterial sistólica e a pressão arterial diastólica, variando de acordo com a idade e o sexo em crianças e adolescentes, enquanto isso, propõe-se que o aumento dos níveis de glóbulos vermelhos e hemoglobina está positivamente associado à prevalência de pressão arterial elevada.

Abstract Objective: Total bilirubin is beneficial for protecting cardiovascular diseases in adults. The authors aimed to investigate the association of total bilirubin, red blood cell, and hemoglobin levels with the prevalence of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. Methods: A total of 3776 students (aged from 6 to 16 years old) were examined using cluster sampling. Pre-high blood pressure and high blood pressure were respectively defined as the point of 90th and 95th percentiles based on the Fourth Report on the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents. Both systolic and diastolic blood pressure were standardized into z-scores. Results: Peripheral total bilirubin, red blood cell and hemoglobin levels were significantly correlated with age, and also varied with gender. Peripheral total bilirubin was negatively correlated with systolic blood pressure in 6- and 9-year-old boys, whilst positively correlated with diastolic blood pressure in the 12-year-old boys and 13- to 15-year-old girls (p < 0.05). Higher levels of red blood cell and hemoglobin were observed in pre-high blood pressure and high blood pressure students when compared with their normotensive peers (p < 0.01). The increases in red blood cell and hemoglobin were significantly associated with high blood pressure after adjusting for confounding factors. The ORs (95% CI) of each of the increases were 2.44 (1.52-3.92) and 1.04 (1.03-1.06), respectively. No statistical association between total bilirubin and high blood pressure was observed (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Total bilirubin could be weakly correlated with both systolic and diastolic blood pressure, as correlations varied with age and gender in children and adolescents; in turn, the increased levels of red blood cell and hemoglobin are proposed to be positively associated with the prevalence of high blood pressure.

ABSTRACT The enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR; EC1.1.1.34) catalyzes the first committed step of isoprenoids biosynthesis in Mevalonate (MVA) pathway. Here we report for the first time the cloning and characterization of a full-length cDNA encoding HMGR from Fritillaria cirrhosa (FcHMGR), a bulbous medicinal plant. The full-length cDNA of FcHMGR was 2072 base pair (bp), containing a 1680-bp open reading frame. Bioinformatical analyses revealed that FcHMGR had HMG CoA-binding domains and two NADPH binding domains, which are required for HMGR activity. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis revealed that FcHMGR expressed high in mature bulbs. A truncated version of FcHMGR protein lacking the N-terminal 249-bp GC rich area was expressed in Escherichia coli. The crude cell lysate containing the recombinant protein showed a better HMGR activity than the control and the relative enzyme activity was calculated to be 1.62 U/mg. The cloning, characterization and functional analysis of FcHMGR gene allowed us to further understand the role of FcHMGR involved in steroidal alkaloid biosynthetic pathway in F. cirrhosa at the molecular level.

Summary Objective: To explore the correlation between growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) -3148C/G polymorphism and the formation of collateral circulation in acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) in Han population of Taiyuan area. Method: The present study included 92 STEMI patients and 56 normal controls based on coronary angiography; STEMI group was divided into collateral group and non-collateral group according to Rentrop's grading method. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequencing methods were used to detect and analyze the GDF-15 -3148C/G polymorphism in all participants. Results: There was significant difference in GDF-15 -3148C/G CC and GC distribution between STEMI group and control group (p=0.009); the allele frequencies between these two groups were also significant different (p=0.016); and the risk genotype for STEMI was CC with increased OR=2.660. For STEMI group, GDF-15 -3148C/G CC and GC distribution was also significantly different between patients with and without collateral (p=0.048), and CC genotype significantly promote the formation of collateral circulation. However, there were no significant differences in allele frequencies between these two subgroups of STEMI. Conclusion: There was correlation between GDF-15-3148C/G polymorphism and the formation of collateral circulation in patients with acute STEMI.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the gross tumor volume of resectable gastric adenocarcinoma on multidetector computed tomography could predict the presence of regional lymph node metastasis and could determine N categories. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 202 consecutive patients with gastric adenocarcinoma who had undergone gastrectomy 1 week after contrast-enhanced multidetector computed tomography were retrospectively identified. The gross tumor volume was evaluated on multidetector computed tomography images. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine whether the gross tumor volume could predict regional lymph node metastasis, and the Mann-Whitney U test was performed to compare the gross tumor volume among N categories. Additionally, a receiver operating characteristic analysis was performed to identify the accuracy of the gross tumor volume in differentiating N categories. RESULTS: The gross tumor volume could predict regional lymph node metastasis (p<0.0001) in the univariate analysis, and the multivariate analyses indicated that the gross tumor volume was an independent risk factor for regional lymph node metastasis (p=0.005, odds ratio=1.364). The Mann-Whitney U test showed that the gross tumor volume could distinguish N0 from the N1-N3 categories, N0-N1 from N2-N3, and N0-N2 from N3 (all p<0.0001). In the T1-T4a categories, the gross tumor volume could differentiate N0 from the N1-N3 categories (cutoff, 12.3 cm3), N0-N1 from N2-N3 (cutoff, 16.6 cm3), and N0-N2 from N3 (cutoff, 24.6 cm3). In the T4a category, the gross tumor volume could differentiate N0 from the N1-N3 categories (cutoff, 15.8 cm3), N0-N1 from N2-N3 (cutoff, 17.8 cm3), and N0-N2 from N3 (cutoff, 24 cm3). CONCLUSION: The gross tumor volume of resectable gastric adenocarcinoma on multidetector computed tomography could predict regional lymph node metastasis and N categories.

As infecções profundas por Candida ocorrem geralmente em pacientes imunossuprimidos. Relatamos caso raro de infecções profundas em múltiplos órgãos por Candida albicans e neuro tuberculose em homem jovem saudável. Um jovem de 19 anos de idade queixou-se de febre e lombalgia há um mês. Relatava ainda histórico de síndrome da boca escaldada. Foi diagnosticada co-infecção por Mycobacterium tuberculosis e Candida albicans em cultura do aspirado de diferentes regiões do organismo. Os sintomas melhoraram significativamente após a terapia antifúngica e antituberculosa. Este caso é apresentado para mostrar que a tuberculose pode prejudicar o sistema imune do hospedeiro e aumentar o risco de candidíase invasiva em paciente imunocompetente.

Deep Candida infections commonly occur in immunosuppressed patients. A rare case of a multiple deep organ infection with Candida albicansand spinal tuberculosis was reported in a healthy young man. The 19-year-old man complained of month-long fever and lower back pain. He also had a history of scalded mouth syndrome. Coinfection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Candida albicans was diagnosed using the culture of aspirates from different regions. Symptoms improved considerably after antifungal and antituberculous therapy. This case illustrates that infection with tuberculosis might impair the host's immune system and increase the risk of invasive candidiasis in an immunocompetent patient.

Iron is an essential element for nearly all living organisms, and its deficiency is the most common form of malnutrition in the world. The organic forms of trace elements are considered more bioavailable than the inorganic forms. Although Saccharomyces cerevisiae can enrich metal elements and convert inorganic iron to organic species, its tolerability and transforming capacity are limited. The aim of this study was to screen higher biomass and other iron-enriched fungi strains besides Saccharomyces cerevisiae from the natural environment. A PDA medium containing 800 μg/mL iron was used for initial screening. Fifty strains that tolerated high iron concentration were isolated from the natural environment, and only one strain, No.BY1109, grew well at Fe (II) concentration of 10,000μg/ml. According to morphological characterization, 18S rDNA sequence analysis, and biophysical and biochemical characterization, the strain No.BY1109 was identified as Rhodotorula. The iron content of No.BY1109 (10 mg Fe/g dry cell) was determined using atomic absorption spectrometry. The results of distribution of iron in the cells showed that iron ion was mainly chelated in the cell walls and vacuoles. The bioavailability in rats confirmed that strain No.BY1109 had higher absorption efficiency than that of ferrous sulfate after single dose oral administration. The present study introduces new iron supplements, and it is a basis for finding new iron supplements from natural environment.

Purpose We investigated the characteristics and management of patients with intravenous misplacement of a nephrostomy tube. Materials and Methods Between July 2007 and July 2013, 4148 patients with urolithiasis underwent percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) in our hospital. Intravenous misplacement of a nephrostomy tube occurred in two of these patients. Another patient with intravenous misplacement of a nephrostomy tube, who underwent PCNL in another hospital, was transferred to our hospital. The data of the three patients were retrospectively analyzed. Results The incidence of intravenous misplacement of a nephrostomy tube following PCNL was 0.5% (2/4148) at our hospital. A solitary kidney was present in one of the three patients. The tip of tube was located into the inferior vena cava (IVC) in two patients and into the renal vein in one patient. All three patients were successfully managed with strict bed rest, intravenous antibiotics and one-step (one patient) or two-step (two patients) tube withdrawal under close monitoring. None of the patients underwent antithrombotic therapy. The original operations were performed successfully under close observation in two patients and changed to another operation in one patient. All patients were discharged uneventfully. Conclusions The incidence of intravenous misplacement of a nephrostomy tube following PCNL is 0.5% at our hospital. Intravenous nephrostomy tube misplacement is an uncommon complication of PCNL. A solitary kidney may render patients susceptible to this complication. Most patients may be managed conservatively with strict bed rest, intravenous antibiotics and one-step or two-step tube withdrawal under close monitoring.