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O Guia Alimentar para a População Brasileira é reconhecido como um potente indutor de políticas públicas de alimentação e nutrição. Nessa perspectiva, este artigo apresenta o percurso metodológico e as evidências que subsidiaram a elaboração dos novos parâmetros de aquisição de alimentos do Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar (PNAE). Tal elaboração envolveu as análises de: (1) participação dos recursos federais utilizados para compra de alimentos, agrupados segundo a classificação NOVA, empregada no Guia Alimentar para a População Brasileira, pelo conjunto de municípios brasileiros e segundo classificação da execução (positiva ou negativa); (2) cardápios mensais de referência que foram elaborados seguindo recomendações do Guia Alimentar para a População Brasileira; (3) aquisição de alimentos por amostra de 525 municípios, envolvendo a participação relativa dos grupos de alimentos (segundo a NOVA) no total de gastos e de energia e a qualidade nutricional dos alimentos adquiridos; e (4) alimentos ultraprocessados que não devem ser ofertados no ambiente escolar. Foi proposta a adoção dos seguintes parâmetros para participação dos grupos de alimentos em relação ao total de recursos federais empregados na compra de alimentos: ≥ 75% de recursos para alimentos in natura ou minimamente processados; < 20% para alimentos processados ou ultraprocessados e < 5% para ingredientes culinários processados e a ampliação da lista de alimentos cuja aquisição com recursos federais do PNAE é proibida. Esse processo subsidiou a elaboração da Resolução CD/FNDE nº 6, de 8 de maio de 2020, que dispõe sobre o atendimento da alimentação escolar aos alunos da educação básica no âmbito do PNAE.

The Dietary Guidelines for the Brazilian Population is acknowledged as a powerful inducer of public food and nutrition policies. In this perspective, this article presents the methodological path and evidence that supported the elaboration of the new parameters of food acquisition of the Brazilian National School Feeding Program (PNAE). This elaboration involved the analyses of: (1) participation of federal resources used to purchase food, grouped according to the NOVA classification, used in Dietary Guidelines for the Brazilian Population, by the set of Brazilian municipalities and according to the classification of the execution (positive or negative); (2) monthly reference menus that were prepared following Dietary Guidelines for the Brazilian Population recommendations; (3) analysis of food acquisition by the sampling of 525 municipalities, involving the relative participation of food groups (according to NOVA) in total expenditures and energy and nutritional quality of purchased foods; and (4) analysis of ultra-processed foods that should not be offered in the school environment. We proposed the adoption of the following parameters for the participation of food groups in relation to the total federal resources used in the purchase of food: ≥ 75% of resources for fresh or minimally processed foods; < 20% for processed or ultra-processed foods and < 5% for processed culinary ingredients, as well as the expansion of the list of foods whose acquisition with federal resources from PNAE is prohibited. This process supported the elaboration of Resolution CD/FNDE n. 6 of May 8, 2020, which provides for the attendance of school feeding to primary education students within the PNAE.

La Guía Alimentaria para la Población Brasileña está reconocida como un potente inductor de políticas públicas de alimentación y nutrición. Desde esta perspectiva, este artículo presenta la trayectoria metodológica y evidencias que apoyaron la elaboración de los nuevos parámetros de adquisición de alimentos del Programa Nacional de Alimentación Escolar (PNAE). Tal elaboración implicó los análisis de: (1) participación de los recursos federales utilizados para la compra de alimentos, agrupados según la clasificación NOVA, empleada en el Guía Alimentaria para la Población Brasileña, por el conjunto de municipios brasileños, y según la clasificación de la ejecución (positiva o negativa); (2) menús mensuales de referencia que fueron elaborados siguiendo recomendaciones del Guía Alimentaria para la Población Brasileña; (3) adquisición de alimentos mediante una muestra de 525 municipios, implicando la participación relativa de los grupos de alimentos (según NOVA) en el total de gastos y de energía, así como la calidad nutricional de los alimentos adquiridos; y (4) alimentos ultraprocesados que no deben ser ofrecidos en el entorno escolar. Se propuso la adopción de los siguientes parámetros para la participación de los grupos de alimentos, en relación con el total de recursos federales empleados en la compra de alimentos: ≥ 75% de recursos para alimentos in natura o mínimamente procesados; < 20% para alimentos procesados o ultraprocesados, y < 5% para ingredientes culinarios procesados, así como la ampliación de la lista de alimentos, cuya adquisición con recursos federales del PNAE está prohibida. Este proceso apoyó la elaboración de la Resolución CD/FNDE nº 6, del 8 de mayo de 2020, que organiza la atención de la alimentación escolar a alumnos de educación básica en el ámbito del PNAE.

https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311x00151420

Atualização dos parâmetros de aquisição do Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar com base no Guia Alimentar para a População Brasileira
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Canella, Daniela Silva

; Bandeira, Luisete

; Oliveira, Michele Lessa de

; Castro, Solange

; Pereira, Alessandra da Silva

; Bandoni, Daniel Henrique

; Castro, Inês Rugani Ribeiro de

Cadernos de Saúde Pública

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2021, Volume 37 Suppl. 1 elocation e00151420

Abstract: Pt En Es | Text: Pt En Es | PDF: Pt | PDF: En | PDF: Es

https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311x00151420

Antiparasitic and anti-inflammatory activities of ß-lapachone-derived naphthoimidazoles in experimental acute Trypanosoma cruzi infection
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Cascabulho, Cynthia M

; Meuser-Batista, Marcelo

; Moura, Kelly Cristina G de

; Pinto, Maria do Carmo

; Duque, Thabata Lopes Alberto

; Demarque, Kelly C

; Guimarães, Ana Carolina Ramos

; Manso, Pedro Paulo de Abreu

; Pelajo-Machado, Marcelo

; Oliveira, Gabriel M

; Castro, Solange L De

; Menna-Barreto, Rubem FS

Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz

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2020, Volume 115 elocation e190389

Abstract: En | Text: En | PDF: En

BACKGROUND Chagas disease, which is caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, is endemic to Latin America and mainly affects low-income populations. Chemotherapy is based on two nitrocompounds, but their reduced efficacy encourages the continuous search for alternative drugs. Our group has characterised the trypanocidal effect of naphthoquinones and their derivatives, with naphthoimidazoles derived from β-lapachone (N1, N2 and N3) being the most active in vitro. OBJECTIVES In the present work, the effects of N1, N2 and N3 on acutely infected mice were investigated. METHODS in vivo activity of the compounds was assessed by parasitological, biochemical, histopathological, immunophenotypical, electrocardiographic (ECG) and behavioral analyses. FINDINGS Naphthoimidazoles led to a decrease in parasitaemia (8 dpi) by reducing the number of bloodstream trypomastigotes by 25-50% but not by reducing mortality. N1 protected mice from heart injury (15 dpi) by decreasing inflammation. Bradycardia was also partially reversed after treatment with N1 and N2. Furthermore, the three compounds did not reverse hepatic and renal lesions or promote the improvement of other evaluated parameters. MAIN CONCLUSION N1 showed moderate trypanocidal and promising immunomodulatory activities, and its use in combination with benznidazole and/or anti-arrhythmic drugs as well as the efficacy of its alternative formulations must be investigated in the near future.

https://doi.org/10.1590/0074-02760190389 1072 downloads

Effect of different levels of supplementary alpha-amylase in finishing broilers
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Castro, Solange de Faria

; Bertechini, Antônio Gilberto

; Lima, Eduardo Machado Costa

; Clemente, Alisson Hélio Sampaio

; Ferreira, Verônica Gabriela Gonçalves

; Carvalho, Julio Cesar Carrera de

Acta Scientiarum. Animal Sciences

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2020, Volume 42 elocation e47546

Abstract: En | Text: En | PDF: En

ABSTRACT. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of alpha-amylase supplementation on performance and carcass and cuts yield in broilers during finishing phase (21 to 42 days). A completely randomized experimental design with six treatments and eight replications was used: Positive Control (PC): no enzyme; Negative control (NC): without enzyme formulated with 6.34% less energy (- 6.34% ME); NC1: with 250 g ton-1 of alpha-amylase; NC2: with 500 g ton-1 of alpha-amylase; NC3: with 750 g ton-1 of alpha-amylase; NC4: with 1000 g ton-1 of alpha-amylase. Significant differences in weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion were reported with the inclusion of alpha-amylase. The NC treatment with inclusion of amylase provided improvement values of weight gain, feed conversion and feed intake, but do not was similarly in comparison to those obtained in broilers fed a diet that completely met the requirements during this phase. There was no dietary influence on carcass parameters. The use of alpha-amylase was effective in improving performance in broilers fed a diet of 200 kcal kg-1 of reduced metabolizable energy.

https://doi.org/10.4025/actascianimsci.v42i1.47546 705 downloads

In vitro genotoxicity of nitroimidazoles as a tool in the search of new trypanocidal agents
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Von Trompowsky, Ana Claudia Manoel

; Conde, Taline Ramos

; Lemos, Renata Calil

; Quaresma, Bruna Maria CS

; Pitombeira, Marcelly Cristina SR

; de Carvalho, Alcione Silva

; Boechat, Núbia

; Salomão, Kelly

; de Castro, Solange Lisboa

; Zamith, Helena Pereira da Silva

Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz

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2019, Volume 114 elocation e190017

Abstract: En | Text: En | PDF: En

BACKGROUND Only benznidazole (Bnz) (1) and nifurtimox (Nfx) (2) are licensed for the treatment of Chagas disease although their safety and efficacy profile are far from ideal. Farmanguinhos from Fiocruz has developed seven nitroimidazole compounds (4-10) analogs of megazol (3). OBJECTIVES To evaluate whether the genotoxic effect of 3 was abolished in the seven nitroimidazoles (4-10) analogs using the in vitro alkaline comet assay (CA) and the in vitro cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay (CBMN) in whole human blood cells (WHBC) and correlate this effect with their trypanocidal activity using bloodstream trypomastigote forms of Trypanosoma cruzi. METHODS The toxicity of 3-10 to WHBC in the in vitro CA was determined using the fluorescein diacetate/ethidium bromide assay. DNA damage in the in vitro CA was evaluated according to tail size in four classes (0-3) and methyl methane-sulfonate (MMS) was used as a positive control. The cytotoxicity of 3-10 to WHBC in the CBMN was measured using the cytokinesis-block proliferation index and the replication index. The number of the micronucleate cells in 2,000 binucleate cells by experimental group was determined. Mitomycin C and N-deacetyl-N-methylcolchicine were used as positive controls. FINDINGS Compound 3 showed a significant DNA strand break effect through the in vitro CA and highly significant clastogenic and/or aneugenic effect in the CBMN. Compounds 5, 6, 8, 9 and 10 showed negative results in the CBMN and positive results in the in vitro CA, while the inverse effect was observed for 4 and 7. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Compound 10 was the most promising to proceed with the development as a drug candidate in the treatment of Chagas disease showing absence of chromosomal cytogenetic damage and high activity against T. cruzi, about two times higher than 3 and the clinical drug 1.

https://doi.org/10.1590/0074-02760190017 1058 downloads

Studies of genotoxicity and mutagenicity of nitroimidazoles: demystifying this critical relationship with the nitro group
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Boechat, Núbia

; Carvalho, Alcione S

; Salomão, Kelly

; Castro, Solange L de

; Araujo-Lima, Carlos F

; Mello, Francisco VC

; Felzenszwalb, Israel

; Aiub, Claudia AF

; Conde, Taline Ramos

; Zamith, Helena PS

; Skupin, Rolf

; Haufe, Günter

Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz

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jun 2015, Volume 110 N. 4 Pages 492 - 499

Abstract: En | Text: En | PDF: En

Nitroimidazoles exhibit high microbicidal activity, but mutagenic, genotoxic and cytotoxic properties have been attributed to the presence of the nitro group. However, we synthesised nitroimidazoles with activity against the trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi, but that were not genotoxic. Herein, nitroimidazoles (11-19) bearing different substituent groups were investigated for their potential induction of genotoxicity (comet assay) and mutagenicity (Salmonella/Microsome assay) and the correlations of these effects with their trypanocidal effect and with megazol were investigated. The compounds were designed to analyse the role played by the position of the nitro group in the imidazole nucleus (C-4 or C-5) and the presence of oxidisable groups at N-1 as an anion receptor group and the role of a methyl group at C-2. Nitroimidazoles bearing NO2 at C-4 and CH3 at C-2 were not genotoxic compared to those bearing NO2 at C-5. However, when there was a CH3 at C-2, the position of the NO2 group had no influence on the genotoxic activity. Fluorinated compounds exhibited higher genotoxicity regardless of the presence of CH3 at C-2 or NO2 at C-4 or C-5. However, in compounds 11 (2-CH3; 4-NO2; N-CH2OHCH2Cl) and 12 (2-CH3; 4-NO2; N-CH2OHCH2F), the fluorine atom had no influence on genotoxicity. This study contributes to the future search for new and safer prototypes and provide.

https://doi.org/10.1590/0074-02760140248 3194 downloads

Combinations of cholecalciferol and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol as vitamin D sources in white laying hen feed diets
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Rivera, Diego Fernando Remolina

; Bertechini, Antonio Gilberto

; Oliveira, Tiago Ferreira Birro

; Castro, Solange de Faria

; Oliveira, Henrique Braga

; Bobadilla-Mendez, Manuel Fernando

Ciência e Agrotecnologia

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dec 2014, Volume 38 N. 6 Pages 573 - 580

Abstract: Pt En | Text: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar o efeito da suplementação de colecalciferol (D3) e 25 hidroxicolecalciferol (25-OHD3) como fontes isoladas ou associadas (100%-0%; 75%-25%; 50%-50%; 25%-75%; 0%-100%) de vitamina D sobre o desempenho, a qualidade de casca e as características ósseas, em galinhas poedeiras de ovos brancos de 24 semanas de idade alimentadas com duas concentrações de cálcio (Ca) e fósforo disponível (Pdisp) na dieta basal (DB) (DB1 = 0,38% Ca - 0,36% Pdisp e DB2= 3,2% Ca - 0,30 % Pdisp), durante um período experimental de 16 semanas. Foram utilizadas 960 galinhas Dekalb White em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com oito repetições e doze aves por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos foram constituídos de um fatorial (5x2), associações de vitamina D e concentrações de Ca e Pdisp. As fontes de vitamina D associadase a maior concentração de Ca e Pdisp diminuíram o consumo de ração e a conversão alimentar. Além disso, a maior concentração de Ca e Pdisp incrementou a produção e massa de ovo. A suplementação a partir de 50% de 25-OHD3 entre as associações de vitamina D aumentou a porcentagem de casca do ovo. Houve interação entre as fontes de vitamina D e as concentrações de Ca e Pdisp. As fontes de vitamina D na DB1 com pelo menos 50% de 25-OHD3 incrementaram a porcentagem de cinzas e a densitometria óssea radiográfica (BRD). A suplementação de 25-OHD3 na DB2 como fonte isolada de vitamina D aumentou a BRD.

The effect of cholecalciferol (D3) and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OHD3) as isolated or associated sources of vitamin D (100%-0%, 75%-25%, 50%-50%, 25%-75%, 0%-100%) on the productive performance, egg quality, and bone characteristics was evaluated in white egg-laying hens fed two levels of calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) in the basal diet (BD) (BD1 = 0.38% Ca - 0.36% available P and BD2 = 3.2% Ca - 0.30% available P). Nine hundred and sixty Dekalb White hens (24 weeks old) were distributed into 80 cages, under a completely randomized factorial design for 16 weeks. The use of associated sources of vitamin D reduced the feed intake and feed conversion ratio, as well as BD1, which also increased the egg production and egg mass. The association of vitamin D sources with up to 50% 25-OHD3 increased the eggshell percentage. There was interaction (p<0.05) between the sources of vitamin D and the concentrations of Ca and available P, sources with at least 50% 25-OHD3 increased ash percentage and bone radiographic densitometry (BRD) with BD1; in BD2 the use of 25-OHD3 as isolated vitamin D source increased BRD. The association of D3 and 25-OHD3 improved the productive performance, increased the percentage of eggshell and had different positive effects on the bone characteristics that depend on the concentrations of Ca and available P in the balanced feed of white egg-laying hens.

2578 downloads

Anti-Trypanosoma cruzi compounds: our contribution for the evaluation and insights on the mode of action of naphthoquinones and derivatives
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Silva Júnior, Eufrânio N. da

; Jardim, Guilherme A. M.

; Menna-Barreto, Rubem F. S.

; Castro, Solange L. de

Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society

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oct 2014, Volume 25 N. 10 Pages 1780 - 1798

Abstract: Pt En | Text: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

A doença de Chagas causada pelo Trypanosoma cruzi afeta cerca de oito milhões de pessoas em países em desenvolvimento, sendo classificada como uma doença tropical negligenciada pela Organização Mundial da Saúde. A quimioterapia disponível para esta doença é baseada em dois nitro-heterocíclicos, nifurtimox e benznidazol, ambos com graves efeitos colaterais e eficácia variável, e assim novos medicamentos visando um tratamento mais eficiente são necessários com urgência. Nos últimos 20 anos, temos desenvolvido em colaboração com grupos focados em química medicinal, um programa de quimioterapia experimental da doença de Chagas, investigando a eficácia, seletividade, toxicidade, alvos celulares e mecanismos de ação de diferentes classes de compostos sobre T. cruzi. Neste artigo, apresentamos uma visão geral desses estudos, enfocando protótipos naftoquinoidais e derivados, examinando a sua síntese, a atividade e mecanismo de ação, o que foi realizado e o que precisa ser abordado, avaliando e discutindo possíveis melhorias. Esta mini-revisão discute nosso esforço continuado visando a caracterização biológica e a síntese de compostos naftoquinoidais, auxiliando no desenvolvimento de um novo arsenal de drogas candidatas com eficácia contra o T. cruzi.

Chagas disease is caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi and affects approximately eight million individuals in the developing world; it is also classified as a neglected tropical disease by the World Health Organization. The available therapy for this disease is based on two nitroheterocycles, nifurtimox and benznidazole, both of which exhibit severe side effects and variable efficacy; therefore, new drugs and better treatment schedules are urgently needed. For the past 20 years, we have been collaborating with groups focused on medicinal chemistry to produce experimental therapies for Chagas disease by investigating the efficacy, selectivity, toxicity, cellular targets and mechanisms of action of different classes of compounds against T. cruzi. In this report, we present an overview of these studies, focusing on naphthoquinonoid prototypes and discuss their synthesis, activity and mechanisms of action. Furthermore, we summarise the research that has been performed to date and suggest future research directions while assessing and discussing potential improvements. This mini-review discusses our continued efforts toward the biological characterisation and synthesis of naphthoquinoidal compounds, aiming to contribute to the development of a new arsenal of candidate drugs that exhibit effective anti-T. cruzi activity

https://doi.org/10.5935/0103-5053.20140180 2711 downloads

Megazol and its bioisostere 4H-1,2,4-triazole: comparing the trypanocidal, cytotoxic and genotoxic activities and their in vitro and in silico interactions with the Trypanosoma brucei nitroreductase enzyme
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Carvalho, Alcione Silva de

; Salomão, Kelly

; Castro, Solange Lisboa de

; Conde, Taline Ramos

; Zamith, Helena Pereira da Silva

; Caffarena, Ernesto Raúl

; Hall, Belinda Suzette

; Wilkinson, Shane Robert

; Boechat, Núbia

Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz

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jun 2014, Volume 109 N. 3 Pages 315 - 323

Abstract: En | Text: En | PDF: En

Megazol (7) is a 5-nitroimidazole that is highly active against Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma brucei, as well as drug-resistant forms of trypanosomiasis. Compound 7 is not used clinically due to its mutagenic and genotoxic properties, but has been largely used as a lead compound. Here, we compared the activity of 7 with its 4H-1,2,4-triazole bioisostere (8) in bloodstream forms of T. brucei and T. cruzi and evaluated their activation by T. brucei type I nitroreductase (TbNTR) enzyme. We also analysed the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of these compounds in whole human blood using Comet and fluorescein diacetate/ethidium bromide assays. Although the only difference between 7 and 8 is the substitution of sulphur (in the thiadiazole in 7) for nitrogen (in the triazole in 8), the results indicated that 8 had poorer antiparasitic activity than 7 and was not genotoxic, whereas 7 presented this effect. The determination of Vmax indicated that although 8 was metabolised more rapidly than 7, it bounds to the TbNTR with better affinity, resulting in equivalent kcat/KM values. Docking assays of 7 and 8 performed within the active site of a homology model of the TbNTR indicating that 8 had greater affinity than 7.

https://doi.org/10.1590/0074-0276140497 2603 downloads Cited 2 times in SciELO

10.

Acute experimental Trypanosoma cruzi infection: establishing a murine model that utilises non-invasive measurements of disease parameters
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Silva, Diana Rodrigues da

; Castro, Solange Lisboa de

; Alves, Monique Castro da Silva

; Batista, Wanderson da Silva

; Oliveira, Gabriel Melo de

Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz

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mar 2012, Volume 107 N. 2 Pages 211 - 216

Abstract: En | Text: En | PDF: En

Trypanosoma cruzi infection has a large public health impact in Latin American countries. Although the transmission rates via blood transfusions and insect vectors have declined sharply in the past 20 years due to policies of the Southern Cone countries, a large number of people are still at risk for infection. Currently, no accepted experimental model or descriptions of the clinical signs that occur during the course of acute murine infection are available. The aim of this work was to use non-invasive methods to evaluate the clinical signs of Balb/c mice infected with the Y strain of T. cruzi. The infected mice displayed evident clinical changes beginning in the third week of infection. The mice were evaluated based on physical characteristics, spontaneous activity, exploratory behaviour and physiological alterations. We hope that the results presented in this report provide parameters that complement the effective monitoring of trypanocidal treatment and other interventions used to treat experimental Chagas disease.

3636 downloads Cited 2 times in SciELO

11.

Occurrence of 102 cases of paracoccidioidomycosis in 18 months in the Itaipu Lake region, Western Paraná
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Loth, Eduardo Alexandre

; Castro, Solange Venturini de

; Silva, Joseane Rodrigues da

; Gandra, Rinaldo Ferreira

Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical

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oct 2011, Volume 44 N. 5 Pages 636 - 637

Abstract: Pt En | Text: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

INTRODUÇÃO: O estudo investigou a incidência da doença e eventos de morte entre os portadores de paracoccidiodomicose residentes na região do Lago de Itaipu, no período de 2008 a 2009. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado levantamento em registros de pacientes do Setor de Tuberculose do Centro de Epidemiologia da Cidade de Foz do Iguaçu, Paraná, entre o período de janeiro de 2008 e julho de 2009. RESULTADOS: Os resultados apontam 102 novos casos de paracoccidiodomicose, 72 homens e 30 mulheres, foram registrados 15 óbitos durante o estudo. CONCLUSÕES: Conclui-se que a região do Lago de Itaipu é uma região endêmica.

INTRODUCTION: The study investigated the incidence of disease and death events among patients with paracoccidioidomycosis who were residents in the Itaipu Lake region from 2008 to 2009. METHODS: A review of patient records was conducted at the Department of Tuberculosis of the Epidemiology Center of the City of Foz do Iguaçu, Paraná. RESULTS: The results identified 102 new cases of paracoccidioidomycosis in the period described, 72 men and 30 women, and 15 deaths were recorded during the study. CONCLUSIONS: It can be concluded that the Itaipu Lake region is an endemic region.

3251 downloads Cited 4 times in SciELO

12.

Formação docente no trabalho com gêneros textuais na graduação em letras: construindo a relação entre a aprendizagem e o ensino em aulas de línguas
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Castro, Solange Teresinha Ricardo de

Linguagem em (Dis)curso

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dec 2010, Volume 10 N. 3 Pages 661 - 681

Abstract: Pt En Es | Text: Pt En Es | PDF: Pt | PDF: En | PDF: Es

Este artigo discute o processo de (re)constituição das representações sobre ensinar e aprender línguas, como práticas sócio-histórico-culturais, de futuros professores, em uma aula de Inglês de um curso de graduação em Letras, como visto nos relatos reflexivos por eles escritos. Fundamenta-se teoricamente na perspectiva sócio-histórico-cultural, e tem na Linguística Sistêmico Funcional seu instrumento de análise. Os resultados revelam o processo de (re)constituição das representações e valorações dos futuros professores sobre ensinar e aprender línguas, a partir da análise de sua própria aprendizagem à luz das situações de sala de aula vivenciadas, como um processo mediado continuadamente por suas avaliações dessas situações, de seus participantes, e de si próprios. O trabalho oferece contribuições para a compreensão de pesquisadores e formadores sobre o processo de formação docente em aulas de línguas.

This article discusses the process of (re)constitution of representations of language teaching and learning, as socio-historical-cultural practices, of future teachers, in EFL classes in an undergraduate language teacher education course, as seen in the students' reflexive reports. Theoretically it is grounded in socio-historical-cultural perspective, and has in Systemic Functional Linguistics its instrument of analysis. Results reveal the process of (re)constitution of the representations and evaluations of future teachers, about language teaching and learning, based on the analysis of their own learning in the light of classroom situations, as a process continuously mediated by their evaluations of these situations, their participants, and the teachers themselves. The work offers contributions to the comprehension of researchers and educators about the process of teacher education in language classes.

Este artículo discute el proceso de (re)constitución de las representaciones sobre enseñar y aprender lenguas, como prácticas socio-histórico-culturales, de futuros profesores, en una clase de Inglés de un curso de graduación en Letras, como visto en los relatos reflexivos por ellos escritos. Se fundamenta teóricamente en la perspectiva socio-histórico-cultural, y tiene en la Lingüística Sistémico Funcional, su instrumento de análisis. Los resultados revelan el proceso de (re)constitución de las representaciones y valoraciones de los futuros profesores sobre enseñar y aprender lenguas, a partir del análisis de su propio aprendizaje a la luz de las situaciones de aula vivenciadas, como un proceso mediado continuadamente por sus evaluaciones de esas situaciones, de sus participantes, y de sí propios. El trabajo ofrece contribuciones para la comprensión de investigadores y formadores sobre el proceso de formación docente en clases de lenguas.

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13.

In vitro and in vivo experimental models for drug screening and development for Chagas disease
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Romanha, Alvaro José

; Castro, Solange Lisboa de

; Soeiro, Maria de Nazaré Correia

; Lannes-Vieira, Joseli

; Ribeiro, Isabela

; Talvani, André

; Bourdin, Bernadette

; Blum, Bethania

; Olivieri, Bianca

; Zani, Carlos

; Spadafora, Carmenza

; Chiari, Egler

; Chatelain, Eric

; Chaves, Gabriela

; Calzada, José Eduardo

; Bustamante, Juan Manuel

; Freitas-Junior, Lucio H

; Romero, Luz I

; Bahia, Maria Terezinha

; Lotrowska, Michel

; Soares, Milena

; Andrade, Sonia Gumes

; Armstrong, Tanya

; Degrave, Wim

; Andrade, Zilton de Araújo

Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz

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mar 2010, Volume 105 N. 2 Pages 233 - 238

Abstract: En | Text: En | PDF: En

Chagas disease, a neglected illness, affects nearly 12-14 million people in endemic areas of Latin America. Although the occurrence of acute cases sharply has declined due to Southern Cone Initiative efforts to control vector transmission, there still remain serious challenges, including the maintenance of sustainable public policies for Chagas disease control and the urgent need for better drugs to treat chagasic patients. Since the introduction of benznidazole and nifurtimox approximately 40 years ago, many natural and synthetic compounds have been assayed against Trypanosoma cruzi, yet only a few compounds have advanced to clinical trials. This reflects, at least in part, the lack of consensus regarding appropriate in vitro and in vivo screening protocols as well as the lack of biomarkers for treating parasitaemia. The development of more effective drugs requires (i) the identification and validation of parasite targets, (ii) compounds to be screened against the targets or the whole parasite and (iii) a panel of minimum standardised procedures to advance leading compounds to clinical trials. This third aim was the topic of the workshop entitled Experimental Models in Drug Screening and Development for Chagas Disease, held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, on the 25th and 26th of November 2008 by the Fiocruz Program for Research and Technological Development on Chagas Disease and Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative. During the meeting, the minimum steps, requirements and decision gates for the determination of the efficacy of novel drugs for T. cruzi control were evaluated by interdisciplinary experts and an in vitro and in vivo flowchart was designed to serve as a general and standardised protocol for screening potential drugs for the treatment of Chagas disease.

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14.

Experimental chemotherapy for Chagas disease: 15 years of research contributions from in vivo and in vitro studies
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Soeiro, Maria de Nazaré C

; Dantas, Andréia P

; Daliry, Anissa

; Silva, Cristiane F da

; Batista, Denise GJ

; Souza, Elen M de

; Oliveira, Gabriel M

; Salomão, Kelly

; Batista, Marcos Meuser

; Pacheco, Michelle GO

; Silva, Patrícia Bernardino da

; Santa-Rita, Ricardo M

; Barreto, Rubem FS Menna

; Boykin, David W

; Castro, Solange Lisboa de

Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz

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jul 2009, Volume 104 Suppl. 1 Pages 301 - 310

Abstract: En | Text: En | PDF: En

Chagas disease, which is caused by the intracellular parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, is a neglected illness with 12-14 million reported cases in endemic geographic regions of Latin America. While the disease still represents an important public health problem in these affected areas, the available therapy, which was introduced more than four decades ago, is far from ideal due to its substantial toxicity, its limited effects on different parasite stocks, and its poor activity during the chronic phase of the disease. For the past 15 years, our group, in collaboration with research groups focused on medicinal chemistry, has been working on experimental chemotherapies for Chagas disease, investigating the biological activity, toxicity, selectivity and cellular targets of different classes of compounds on T. cruzi. In this report, we present an overview of these in vitro and in vivo studies, focusing on the most promising classes of compounds with the aim of contributing to the current knowledge of the treatment of Chagas disease and aiding in the development of a new arsenal of candidates with anti-T. cruzi efficacy.

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15.

Activity of Brazilian and Bulgarian propolis against different species of Leishmania
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Machado, Gérzia Maria de Carvalho

; Leon, Leonor Laura

; Castro, Solange Lisboa de

Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz

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feb 2007, Volume 102 N. 1 Pages 73 - 77

Abstract: En | Text: En | PDF: En

Extracts of propolis samples collected in Brazil and Bulgaria were assayed against four Leishmania species - Leishmania amazonensis, L. braziliensis, L. chagasi from the New World, and L. major from the Old World - associated to different clinical forms of leishmaniasis. The composition of the extracts has been previously characterized by high temperature high resolution gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Considering the chemical differences among the extracts and the behavior of the parasites, it was observed significant differences in the leishmanicidal activities with IC50/1 day values in the range of 2.8 to 229.3 µg/ml . An overall analysis showed that for all the species evaluated, Bulgarian extracts were more active than the ethanol Brazilian extract. As the assayed propolis extracts have their chemical composition determined it merits further investigation the effect of individual components or their combinations on each Leishmania species.

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