RESUMEN Antecedentes: El nivel de carga calórica acumulada del ITH (CCA) durante los 6 meses previos al destete sobre el peso al destete (PD), fue evaluado en animales Charoláis como expresión de stress térmico (ST), así como su posible componente genético. Métodos: Se analizaron 19 466 registros de PD de la Empresa Manuel Fajardo, Jiguaní, Granma, nacidos entre 1988 y 2017 en 16 rebaños. Se utilizó un modelo de Norma de Reacción considerando efecto fijo cuatrimestres-años-rebaños (859 clases), sexo del ternero (2) y número de partos de la madre (11), una covariable fija mediante un polinomio de Legendre (L) de orden 3 para representar la curva de respuesta del PD en la trayectoria de CCA. Como aleatorios: residuo y la desviación del animal que produce el registro que se modeló por un L de orden 1. Con los valores genéticos estandarizados (VG) se hizo un análisis de componentes principales y con los coeficientes de los eigenvector se construyó un índice de los resultados. Resultados: El análisis de regresión arrojó que el PD se deprime en b=-0,807±0,04 kg por unidad de CCA (R2=90,2%). Se diferenciaron tres zonas: fría CCA<=439; neutra CCA>=440' a <=450 y caliente CCA >=451, con PD= 149,3; 140,5 y 134,1 kg respectivamente. La variación en VG es mayor en la zona fría, pero las correlaciones fueron muy bajas (0,33) evidenciando interacción genotipo ambiente (Ige). Conclusiones: Se demostró existencia de una base genética para tolerancia a ST con manifestaciones de Ige, y cambia el orden de mérito en condiciones extremas.

ABSTRACT Background: The level of accumulated caloric load of the ITH (CCA) during the 6 months prior to weaning on the weaning weight (PD) was evaluated in Charolais animals as an expression of thermal stress (ST), as well as its possible genetic component. Methods: 19,466 PD records from the Manuel Fajardo Enterprise, Jiguaní, Granma, born between 1988 and 2017 in 16 herds, were analyzed. A Reaction Norm model was used considering a fixed effect of quarters-years-herds (859 classes), sex of the calf (2) and number of calving of the mother (11), a fixed covariate using a Legendre polynomial (L) of order 3 to represent the PD response curve in the CCA trajectory. As random: residual and the deviation of the animal that produces the record that was modeled by an L of order 1. With the standardized genetic values (VG) a principal components analysis was done and with the eigenvector coefficients an index of the results. Results: The regression analysis showed that PD is depressed by b=-0,807±0,04 kg per unit of CCA (R2=90,2%). 3 zones were differentiated: cold CCA<=439; neutral CCA>=440 to <=450 and hot CCA>=451, with PD= 149,3; 140,5 and 134,1 kg respectively. The variation in VG is greater in the cold zone, but the correlations were very low (0,33), evidencing genotype-environment interaction (Ige). Conclusions: The existence of a genetic basis for tolerance to ST with Ige manifestations was demonstrated, and the order of merit changes in extreme conditions.

RESUMEN Antecedentes: Las condiciones climáticas en los países tropicales, ejercen un efecto significativo, sobre la producción de leche. Objetivo: Analizar las condiciones climáticas en la Empresa Pecuaria Genética Los Naranjos y su posible relación con el comportamiento de la producción de leche a 305 días. Materiales y métodos: Se dispuso de una base de datos de 12 625 registros de producción de leche, de vacas que tuvieron sus partos entre los años 2002 -2020 que se correspondieron con 7 711 animales. Se contó con los registros mensuales de la temperatura mínima (Tmin), media (Tmed) y máxima (Tmáx) en 0C, humedad relativa (HR) en % y se generó el índice temperatura-humedad (ITH), y a partir de este se realizó el cálculo de la Carga Calórica Acumulada (CCA) de los tres meses antes del parto. Además, se estimaron las heredabilidades (h2) y las correlaciones genéticas (rg) para las diferentes CCA. Resultados: Las medias generales obtenidas fueron: PL305: 1 624,45 ± 360.40 (kg/lactancia), ITH 76,34± 18,70 y CCA 229,21± 128,5. Todas las fuentes de variación estudiadas influyeron en forma significativa en la producción de leche a 305 días. Las h2 variaron entre 0,25 y 0,38 y las rg fueron todas positivas y más altas para los grupos de CCA más próximos. Conclusiones: Hubo relación inversa entre el ITH y la CCA con la producción de leche. Se evidencia la variabilidad genética aditiva para los diferentes grupos de CCA y las rg fueron positivas denotando cierta variabilidad genética para la adaptación al stress climático.

ABSTRACT Background: Climatic conditions in tropical countries have a significant effect on milk production. Aim: Analyze the climatic conditions at the Los Naranjos Genetic Livestock Company and its possible relationship with the behavior of milk production at 305 days. Materials and methods: A database of 12,625 milk production records was available, from cows that gave birth between the years 2002 -2020, which corresponded to 7,711 animals. There were monthly records of the minimum temperature (Tmin), average (Tmed) and maximum (Tmax) at 0C, relative humidity (RH) in % and the temperature-humidity index (ITH) was generated, and from this the performed the calculation of the Accumulated Caloric Load (CCA) for the three months before delivery. In addition, heritabilities (h2) and genetic correlations (rg) were estimated for the different CCAs. Results: The general means obtained were: PL305: 1 624.45 ± 360.40 (kg/lactation), ITH 76.34 ± 18.70 and CCA 229.21 ± 128.5. All sources of variation studied significantly influenced milk production at 305 days. The h2 ranged between 0.25 and 0.38 and the rgs were all positive and higher for the closer CCA groups. Conclusions: There was an inverse relationship between ITH and CCA with milk production. Additive genetic variability is evident for the different CCA groups and the rg were positive denoting certain genetic variability for adaptation to climatic stress.

Resumen El feminismo es un movimiento que busca transformar el orden social imperante, establecido a partir de la jerarquización de la diferencia surgida de una concepción binaria sexo-génerica, y que ha situado a las mujeres en una situación histórica de opresión y explotación. A pesar de la vigencia del feminismo y el aporte de este en las democracias actuales, no todas las personas y, en particular, las mujeres, se identifican con este movimiento social. El objetivo principal de este estudio es identificar los predictores de la identificación feminista en mujeres en Chile. Con base en los resultados de un cuestionario online respondido por 389 mujeres, se realizó un análisis de regresión lineal múltiple (R. = .53, F (3,385) = 107.1, p < .001) en el que se utilizó como variable dependiente la identificación feminista. Las variables con mayor poder predictivo fueron: la predisposición a la participación feminista (. = .54); el sexismo hostil (. = -.20), y la orientación política (. = -.16). Lo anterior indicaría que aquellas mujeres dispuestas a participar en actividades feministas, que rechazan las formas de sexismo hostil y que adhieren a posiciones políticas de izquierda, son quienes mayormente se identifican con el feminismo en Chile. Este modelo relacionaría procesos identitarios que involucran una toma de consciencia de la ilegitimidad que implica que un grupo domine a otro o se encuentre en una situación de privilegio injustificados respecto de otros, y el consecuente reconocimiento de la puesta en acción para la transformación social. Esta relación entre toma de conciencia y acción, a su vez, permitiría explicar la imbricación de las luchas sociales durante el estallido social de octubre 2019 y el movimiento feminista chileno. Finalmente, se discute sobre las limitaciones del presente estudio y lineamientos para futuros.

Abstract The data obtained were subjected to a descriptive analysis (mean and standard deviation) and test score reliability (Cronbach´s Alpha). Then, Pearson´s partial correlations were calculated in order to contrast with the dependent variable feminist identification. From the total sample, 74.8 % self-identified with feminism to various degrees (from a form of private acceptance, but not public; up to activism); while 6 % self-declared as not feminist, and 19 %, well in-line with the objectives, did not self-identify as feminist. Feminism is a movement that looks to transform the current social order, established from the hierarchization based on the difference suggested of a binary sex/gender conception. This order has historically situated women in a position of oppression and exploitation. In spite of the relevance and support for feminism in current democracies, not everyone, in particular women, identify with this social movement. Considering this, the main objective of this study is to identify the predictors of feminist identification in women in Chile. This study, of quantitative type, has a sample size made up of 389 women. The type of sample was not probabilistic, rather self-selected. The participants answered an online survey that explored the variables: feminist identification, political orientation (left-right), support of the movement and feminist objectives, predisposition to feminist action, ambivalent sexism (hostile and benevolent sexism) (Glick & Fiske, 1996), social orientation domination SDO (Prato et al., 1994), right wing authoritarianism RWA (Altemeyer, 1996), and socio-demographic variables as well. Also, the participants signed an informed consent form, endorsed by the corresponding ethics committee. The ages of the participants fluctuated between 18 and 72 (M = 27.4; DT = 11.52). The data obtained were subjected to a descriptive analysis (mean and standard deviation) and test score reliability (Cronbach´s Alpha). Then, Pearson´s partial correlations were calculated in order to contrast with the dependent variable feminist identification. From the total sample, 74.8 % self-identified with feminism to various degrees (from a form of private acceptance, but not public; up to activism); while 6 % self-declared as not feminist, and 19 %, well in-line with the objectives, did not self-identify as feminist. Later on, the variables that showed a significant relationship with the dependent variable were subjected to a multiple linear regression analysis (R2 = .53, F (3,385) = 107.1 p < .001). The variables with the highest predictive power were predisposition to feminist participation (β = .54), hostile sexism (β = -.20), and political orientation (β = -.16). This would indicate that those women willing to participate in feminist activities, who reject hostile forms of sexism and adhere to leftist political positions are those who mostly identify with feminism in Chile. This model would relate identarian processes that involve an awareness of the legitimacy that implies that one group dominates another or finds itself in a position of unjustified privilege with respect to others, and the acknowledgement of the need for transformational social action. This relationship between awareness and action, likewise, would explain the overlapping social struggles during the social outbreak of October 2019 and the feminist movement in Chile. Finally, limitations of the present study are discussed with respect to the difficulty to generalize the results due to the type of sample (self-selected); and the characteristics of the sample, referring to the difficult access to women older than 50. These women presented difficulty in forms of access and in completing the survey online. Furthermore, it is considered that due to the bias of explicit attitude studies with regards to social desirability at the moment of response, it would be of great importance to complete this work with implicit attitude measures. Also, the study proposes that as future line of research a study that investigates what do women themselves understand about feminism in order to make realizations of the plurality of this social movement.

RESUMEN Este artículo aborda el problema de la coerción en las hospitalizaciones psiquiátricas chilenas desde la perspectiva de personas usuarias que participan en un tratamiento en salud mental en la red pública de atención. Entre 2019 y 2020 se realizó un estudio cualitativo con enfoque epistémico hermenéutico, en el que se entrevistaron 25 personas de ambos sexos (15 hombres y 10 mujeres) con diagnóstico psiquiátrico, con el fin de analizar sus relatos y repensar críticamente las prácticas de intervención que se desarrollan al interior de las hospitalizaciones psiquiátricas en Chile, las cuales se constituyen como un espacio de importancia para la salud pública chilena y los derechos de las personas con problemas de salud mental. Uno de los principales hallazgos es que, en desmedro de la recuperación de las personas usuarias, las prácticas coercitivas siguen manteniéndose en Chile, lo que implica un impacto negativo en la calidad de vida y en la libertad ciudadana de las personas con problemas de salud mental.

ABSTRACT This article reflects on the problem of coercion in Chilean psychiatric hospitalizations from the perspective of users who participate in mental health treatment programs in the public healthcare system. Qualitative research from a hermeneutical epistemic approach was carried out between 2019 and 2020, which included 25 interviews with individuals of both sexes (15 men and 10 women) who had a psychiatric diagnosis. The purpose of this research was to analyze their narratives and critically reframe intervention practices implemented in psychiatric hospitalizations in Chile, which constitute an important space for public health in the country as well as the rights of people with mental health problems. One of the principal findings of the study was that coercive practices still persist in Chile, despite being detrimental to the recovery of mental health care users, representing a negative impact on the quality of life and citizen freedoms of individuals with mental health problems.

RESUMEN Este artículo aborda el problema de la coerción en las hospitalizaciones psiquiátricas chilenas desde la perspectiva de personas usuarias que participan en un tratamiento en salud mental en la red pública de atención. Entre 2019 y 2020 se realizó un estudio cualitativo con enfoque epistémico hermenéutico, en el que se entrevistaron 25 personas de ambos sexos (15 hombres y 10 mujeres) con diagnóstico psiquiátrico, con el fin de analizar sus relatos y repensar críticamente las prácticas de intervención que se desarrollan al interior de las hospitalizaciones psiquiátricas en Chile, las cuales se constituyen como un espacio de importancia para la salud pública chilena y los derechos de las personas con problemas de salud mental. Uno de los principales hallazgos es que, en desmedro de la recuperación de las personas usuarias, las prácticas coercitivas siguen manteniéndose en Chile, lo que implica un impacto negativo en la calidad de vida y en la libertad ciudadana de las personas con problemas de salud mental.

ABSTRACT This article reflects on the problem of coercion in Chilean psychiatric hospitalizations from the perspective of users who participate in mental health treatment programs in the public healthcare system. Qualitative research from a hermeneutical epistemic approach was carried out between 2019 and 2020, which included 25 interviews with individuals of both sexes (15 men and 10 women) who had a psychiatric diagnosis. The purpose of this research was to analyze their narratives and critically reframe intervention practices implemented in psychiatric hospitalizations in Chile, which constitute an important space for public health in the country as well as the rights of people with mental health problems. One of the principal findings of the study was that coercive practices still persist in Chile, despite being detrimental to the recovery of mental health care users, representing a negative impact on the quality of life and citizen freedoms of individuals with mental health problems.

RESUMO A hemodiafiltração on-line é uma modalidade de diálise com potencial de superioridade sobre a hemodiálise convencional. Entretanto, estudos prospectivos, randomizados e controlados falharam em demonstrar a superioridade da hemodiafiltração. Análises post hoc desses estudos sugerem que a hemodiafiltração pós-dilucional de alto volume apresenta taxa de mortalidade inferior à hemodiálise convencional. Neste estudo, discutimos se a menor taxa de mortalidade da hemodiafiltração de alto volume está associada ao volume de convecção ou ao tempo de diálise necessário para atingir um alto volume de convecção.

ABSTRACT Online hemodiafiltration is potentially a superior mode of dialysis compared to conventional hemodialysis. However, prospective randomized controlled trials have failed to demonstrate such superiority. Post-hoc analyses of these trials have indicated that high volume post-dilution hemodiafiltration is associated with lower death rates than conventional dialysis. This study discusses whether the lower death rates ascribed to high volume hemodiafiltration are linked to convection volume or the time on dialysis needed to achieve high convection volumes.

Abstract The beliefs revolving around the practice of eating animals are widely accepted and lead to an ideology known as carnism. This study aims to validate the carnism inventory, which measures two components of those beliefs: the defense of carnism and carnist domination. The defense of carnism would render legitimate the practice of eating animals based on arguments stemming from tradition, taste or need; while carnist domination would support animal slaughter based on the notion of a natural hierarchy and our natural right to rule over animals and used them for our own purposes. The bidimensional structure was confirmed and a fair internal consistency was achieved for a complete scale (α = 0,735). The dimensions showed a positive correlation (r = 0,407). The scale yielded good adjustment indexes and we were able to support the configuration and metric invariance of the carnism inventory for both males and females.

Resumen Las creencias que rodean la práctica de comer animales son ampliamente aceptadas y constituyen una ideología llamada carnismo. El objetivo de este estudio es validar el Inventario de carnismo, que mide dos componentes de dichas creencias: la defensa carnística y la dominación carnística. La defensa carnística legitimaría la práctica de comer animales basándose en argumentos que apuntan a la tradición, el gusto o la necesidad; mientras que la dominación carnística apoyaría la matanza de animales fundamentando en la noción de una jerarquía natural y del derecho que nos asiste de dominar a los animales y utilizarlos para nuestros fines. Se confirmó la estructura bidimensional y se logró buena consistencia interna para la escala completa (α=.735). Las dimensiones se correlacionaron positivamente (r=.407). La escala obtiene buenos índices de ajuste y podemos soportar la invariancia de tipo configuracional y métrica del Inventario de carnismo para hombres y mujeres.

Resumo As crenças que abrangem a prática de comer animais são amplamente aceitas e constituem uma ideologia chamada carnismo. O objetivo deste estudo é validar o inventário do carnismo, que mede os componentes de tais crenças: a defesa carnística e a dominação carnística. A defesa carnística legitimaria a prática de comer animais com base em argumentos que apontam para a tradição, o gosto ou a necessidade; enquanto a dominação carnística apoiaria o abate de animais com fundamento na noção de uma hierarquia natural e de direito que nos assiste de dominar os animais e utilizá-los para os nossos fins. Confirmou-se a estrutura bidimensional e atingiu-se boa consistência interna para a escala completa (α=.735). As dimensões correlacionaram-se positivamente (r=.407). A escala obtém bons índices de ajuste e podemos suportar a invariância de tipo configuracional e métrica do Inventário de carnismo para homens e mulheres.

RESUMO Objetivo. Informar os resultados obtidos na primeira pesquisa sobre violência obstétrica realizada no Chile, com o propósito de dar visibilidade a uma realidade mais comum do que se acredita e comparar sua ocorrência por categoria de serviço de assistência ao parto (rede pública ou privada). Métodos. Estudo descritivo transversal realizado entre dezembro de 2019 e maio de 2020. A amostra incluiu 2 105 mulheres provenientes de todas as regiões do país. Resultados. Os dados analisados indicam que 79,3% das mulheres entrevistadas acreditam ter sofrido alguma forma de violência obstétrica. Apesar do alto índice de relatos de violência tanto em serviços públicos quanto privados, observam-se diferenças estatísticas significativas entre eles, com maior ocorrência na rede pública. A violência obstétrica foi relatada com mais frequência entre as jovens (18 a 29 anos), as que se identificam com os povos nativos e as que são de orientação sexual não heterossexual. Conclusões. A violência obstétrica faz parte do ciclo de violência contra a mulher e é sistematicamente relatada pelo pessoal que presta assistência ao parto em serviços públicos e particulares. Trata-se de uma forma de violência com consequências sérias devido à posição ocupada pela equipe médica e à importância do parto na vida da mulher.

ABSTRACT Objective. The objective of this article is to report the results of the first survey on obstetric violence in Chile, to bring to light a reality more common than we think, and to compare its occurrence by the type of service (public or private) where the birth was attended. Methods. This is a descriptive and cross-sectional study conducted from December 2019 to May 2020. The sample was composed of 2 105 women from all regions of Chile. Results. Data analyses indicate that 79.3% of women believe they have experienced some form of obstetric violence. Despite the many reports of violence in public and private health centers, significant statistical differences were detected between the two, with higher numbers of reports for public centers. Similarly, more reports of obstetric violence were detected in young women (aged 18–29 years), in those who identify as indigenous, and among those with a non-heterosexual sexual orientation. Conclusions. Obstetric violence is part of the continuum of violence against women and is systematically reported by those who give birth in both public and private health services. This form of violence has serious consequences for women, due to both their difference in position with respect to the medical team and the importance of the birthing event in the life of any woman.

RESUMEN Objetivo. El objetivo del presente artículo es reportar los resultados de la primera encuesta sobre violencia obstétrica en Chile, de modo de hacer visible una realidad más frecuente de lo que creemos y comparar su ocurrencia según tipo de servicio (público o privado) en que se ha atendido el parto. Métodos. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo y de tipo transversal conducido entre los meses de diciembre de 2019 y mayo de 2020. La muestra quedó compuesta por 2105 mujeres de todas las regiones de Chile. Resultados. Los análisis de los datos indican que un 79,3% de las mujeres cree haber experimentado alguna forma de violencia obstétrica. A pesar de la gran cantidad de informes de violencia en centros de salud públicos y privados, se detectan diferencias estadísticas significativas entre ambos, y son más frecuentes en los centros públicos. Del mismo modo, se detectan más informes de violencia obstétrica en mujeres jóvenes (18-29 años), en quienes se identifican con pueblos originarios y entre quienes tienen una orientación sexual no heterosexual. Conclusiones. La violencia obstétrica es parte del continuo de violencia hacia las mujeres e informada de modo sistemático por quienes atienden sus partos tanto en servicios públicos como privados de salud. Es una forma de violencia tiene graves consecuencias en las mujeres debido tanto a la posición del equipo médico y a la relevancia del evento de parto en la vida de cualquier mujer.

ABSTRACT Background: Climate change is a reality and agricultural development strategies must know the agrometeorological characteristics of the corresponding areas. Objective. To characterize nine genetic companies in the country that have beef breeds through some climatic variables. Methods: Monthly information on climatic variables was available: minimum environmental temperature (0C) (Tmin), average (0C) (Tmed), maximum (0C) (Tmax), relative humidity (RH) (%), estimating also the temperature humidity index (ITH), of 9 companies in the three regions of the country, from 1980-2018, with 3 374 records. Analysis of variance was carried out for the five climatic variables, including company, year and month and interactions as sources of variation. Results: The general means were: 21,91 ± 1,46 oC; 27,29 ± 1,52 oC; 30,57 ± 1,68 oC; 76,19 ± 4,18% y 77,78 ± 3,45 for Tmin, Tmed, Tmax, RH and ITH, respectively. The company, year and month and the interactions were highly significant (P≤ 0.001), excepted the interactions of third order and season x year. R2 in models were in the range from 51,25% for RH to 76,02% for ITH. The Turiguanó company was the one with the worst climatic indicators. Conclusions: It is concluded that the climatic variables allow characterizing the companies, which facilitates the selection of the races and/or genotypes appropriate to the environmental conditions.

RESUMEN Antecedentes: El cambio climático es una realidad y las estrategias de desarrollo agropecuario deben conocer las características agrometeorológicas de las áreas correspondientes. Objetivo. Caracterizar empresas genéticas del país que tienen razas carniceras a través de variables climáticas. Métodos: Se dispuso de la información mensual de las variables climáticas: temperatura ambiental mínima (0C) (Tmin), media (0C) (Tmed), máxima (0C) (Tmax), la humedad relativa (HR) (%), estimándose además la índice temperatura humedad (ITH), de empresas en las tres regiones del país, desde 1980-2018, con 3 374 registros. Se hicieron análisis de varianza para las cinco variables climáticas incluyendo como fuentes de variación empresa, quinquenio, cuatrimestre y las interacciones. Resultados: Las medias generales fueron: 21,91 ± 1,46 oC; 27,29 ± 1,52 oC; 30,57 ± 1,68 oC; 76,19 ± 4,18% y 77,78 ± 3,45 para Tmin, Tmed, Tmax, HR e ITH, respectivamente. La empresa, cuatrimestre y quinquenio de inicio de las pruebas de comportamiento y las interacciones entre ellos fueron significativas (P≤ 0.001), excepto las interacciones triples y cuatrimestre x quinquenio. Los R2 de los modelos variaron desde 51,25% para HR hasta 76,02% para ITH. La empresa Turiguanó resultó la de peores indicadores climáticos. Conclusiones: Se concluye que las variables climáticas permiten caracterizar las empresas lo que facilita la selección de las razas y/o genotipos adecuados a las condiciones ambientales.

Abstract Minimal change disease is the main cause of nephrotic syndrome in children and a rare cause in adults, usually associated with secondary causes, predominantly hematological. This type of glomerulopathy is rarely diagnosed synchronously in patients with solid tumors. We present the case of a 35-year-old patient with a recent diagnosis of rectal cancer who is admitted with a condition compatible with nephrotic syndrome, diagnosed with minimal change disease in the renal biopsy, and with partial improvement in the condition after surgical management of neoplastic pathology. We consider that this case may be useful in the diagnostic approach and the management of patients with solid tumors of gastrointestinal origin with concomitant nephrotic syndrome.

Resumen La enfermedad de cambios mínimos (ECM) es la principal causa de síndrome nefrótico en niños y una causa poco común en adultos, asociada usualmente a causas secundarias, predominantemente de origen hematológico. Es poco frecuente que este tipo de glomerulopatía se diagnostique de manera sincrónica en pacientes con tumores sólidos. Presentamos el caso de un paciente de 35 años con diagnostico reciente de cáncer de recto quien ingresa con un cuadro compatible con síndrome nefrótico, a quien se le diagnostica, mediante una biopsia renal, una enfermedad de cambios mínimos, con mejoría parcial del cuadro posterior al manejo quirúrgico de la patología neoplásica. Consideramos que este caso puede ser útil en el enfoque diagnóstico y el manejo de pacientes que presenten tumores sólidos de origen gastrointestinal con síndrome nefrótico concomitante.

ABSTRACT: Antibacterial activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles in self-curing acrylic resin against Streptococcus mutans. The main objective of this study was to investigate whether nanoparticles of zinc oxide (ZnO) in self-curing acrylic resin, hav e antimicrobial properties against Streptococcus mutans, one of the microorganisms involved in the development of caries. Self- cured acrylic resin samples were prepared by incorporating ZnO nanoparticles at different concentrations based on the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175. Antibacterial activity against a biofilm was evaluated in samples that were aged in artificial saliva for different times using spectral confocal laser microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Kruskal-Wallis test using IBM SPSS Statistics version 23.0 software (SPSS Inc. ®, Chicago, IL, United States) were used, establishing the value of p <0.05 for statistical significance. The volume of the total biomass that formed in the samples aged for one day was significantly lower than the volume of the total biomass that was formed in those aged for additional days (p <0.001). Electron microscopy analysis revealed high porosity surfaces in all samples. Bacterial clusters wer e located next to large pores and irregular surfaces, while smooth surfaces had defined and linear organization cocci or simple chains. Considering the limitations of this study, the results suggest that the antibacterial activity of ZnO nanoparticles add ed to self-curing acrylic (ALIKE) is effective, mainly in fresh 1-day samples, independent of their concentration, and in samples with 16 MIC aged for 14 days, indicating it does not lose its antibacterial activity despite setting for more days. In addition, the ZnO nanoparticles added to ALIKE have the ability to inhibit the formation of biofilms, although they do not minimize the number of viable bacteria.

RESUMEN: El objetivo principal de este estudio fue investigar si nanopartículas de óxido de zinc (ZnO), incorporadas a acrílico acrilico de autocurado, tienen propiedades antimicrobianas contra Streptococcus mutans, uno de los microorganismos implicados en el desarrollo de caries. Se prepararon muestras de resina acrílica autopolimerizada mediante la incorporación de nanopartículas de ZnO a diferentes concentraciones basadas en la concentración mínima inhibitoria (MIC) para Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175. Se evaluó la actividad antibacteriana contra una biopelícula en muestras envejecidas en saliva artificial para diferentes tiempos utilizando espectros microscopía láser confocal y microscopía electrónica de barrido. Se utilizó la prueba de Kruskal-Wallis utilizando el software IBM SPSS Statistics versión 23.0 (SPSS Inc. ®, Chicago, IL, Estados Unidos), estableciendo el valor de p <0,05 para la significancia estadística. El volumen de la biomasa total que se formó en las muestras envejecidas durante un día fue significativamente menor que el volumen de la biomasa total que se formó en las envejecidas durante días adicionales (p <0,001). El análisis de microscopía electrónica reveló superficies de alta porosidad en todas las muestras. Los cúmulos bacterianos se ubicaron junto a poros grandes y superficies irregulares, mientras que las superficies lisas tenían cocos o cadenas simples de organización lineal y definida. Considerando las limitaciones de este estudio, los resultados sugieren que la actividad antibacteriana de las nanopartículas de ZnO agregadas al acrílico autopolimerizable (ALIKE) es efectiva, principalmente en muestras frescas de 1 día, independientemente de su concentración, y en muestras con 16 MIC envejecidas para 14 días, lo que indica que no pierde su actividad antibacteriana a pesar de estar fraguada durante más días. Además, las nanopartículas de ZnO añadidas a ALIKE tienen la capacidad de inhibir la formación de biopelículas, aunque no minimizan el número de bacterias viables.

ABSTRACT Background: The genetic parameters are necessary in order to formulate optimal genetic improvement programs. Objective. To determine the genetic parameters for growth traits in animals subjected to performance tests (PT) of the Santa Gertrudis breed. Methods: A database made up of 4,607 records of animals belonged to three genetic enterprises between years 1981-2016. The traits studied were: birth weight (BW), weaning weight (WW), final weight in the adjusted to 540 days of age (FWA), mean daily gain (ADG) and weight for age (WA). The groups of contemporaries were made up of the combination of herd, year and season of birth (four-month period), with no less than 3 animals. Variance and covariance components and genetic parameters were estimated using the restricted maximum likelihood (REML) procedure and the derivative-free algorithm using the MTDFREML software. Results: Heritabilities were: 0,08 ± 0,02; 0,18 ± 0,02; 0,28 ± 0,07; 0,05 ± 0,02 y 0,26 ± 0,07 for BW, WW, FWA, ADG y WA, respectively. The genetic correlations were all positive with the exception between BW and ADG (-0.11) and ranged between 0.10 (BW and PPE) and 0.98 (WW and FWA; FWA and ADG). The phenotypic correlations were lower than the genetic ones. Conclusions The FWA in (PT) which is the main selection criterion, shows the highest heritability and has positive genetic correlations with the other traits, so the simultaneous improvement of all should be expected. FWA, ADG and WA are determined by the same additive genes.

RESUMEN Antecedentes: Los parámetros genéticos son fundamentales para programas de mejoramiento genético. Objetivo. Estimar los parámetros genéticos para rasgos de crecimiento en la raza Santa Gertrudis evaluadas en animales sometidos a pruebas de comportamiento (PC). Métodos: Se empleó una base de datos integrada por 4 607 registros de tres Empresas Genéticas entre los años 1981-2016. Los rasgos estudiados fueron: peso al nacer (PN), peso al destete (PD), peso final ajustado a 540 días de edad (PF), ganancia media diaria (GMD) y peso por edad (PPE). Los grupos contemporáneos se conformaron a partir de la combinación rebaño, año y época de nacimiento (cuatrimestre), con no menos de tres animales. Se estimaron los componentes de (co)varianza para modelos unicarácter y multicaracter y los parámetros genéticos se estimaron usando el software MTDFREML. Resultados: Las h2 estimadas fueron: 0,08 ± 0,02; 0,18 ± 0,02; 0,28 ± 0,07; 0,05 ± 0,02 y 0,26 ± 0,07 para PN, PD, PF, GMD y PPE, respectivamente. Las correlaciones genéticas fueron todas positivas excepto entre PN y GMD (-0,11) y las restantes oscilaron entre 0,10 (PN y PPE) y 0,98 (PD y PF; PF y GMD). Las correlaciones fenotípicas fueron más bajas que las genéticas. Conclusiones: El PF en PC que es el criterio de selección principal presenta la h2 mayor y tiene correlaciones genéticas positivas con los demás caracteres por lo que se debe esperar la mejora simultanea de todos. El PF, GMD y PPE están determinados por los mismos genes aditivos.

Abstract Obstetric violence is a long-standing problem of great social relevance in our context, since it can affect women psychically and physically. Similarly, obstetric violence can strongly undermine confidence in the health system and limit timely access to it by women (who could avoid conducting routine examinations associated with their pregnancy and which would explain the growing proportion women who wish to deliver at home and outside the medical system). Obstetric violence (also commonly referred to as "disrespect and abuse" during childbirth and "mistreatment” during childbirth care) has been defined as the appropriation of women's bodies by health personnel through practices that become the medicalization and pathologization of their reproductive processes. This violence can be psychological (e.g. abuse, scolding, refusal to answer your questions or carry out a birth plan adjusted to your expectations), physical (e.g. use of force or intentionally wanting to cause pain) and / or sexual (e.g. tacts of a sexual nature, comments of a sexual nature referring to your body or genitals, etc.), which can also be verified in the performance of a series of practices that are discouraged or strictly prohibited (for example, continuous fetal monitoring, use of synthetic oxytocin to speed up the procedure, impaired free movement, Kristeller's maneuver, routine episiotomy, among others). To date, there are no validated scales in our context that allow detecting obstetric violence (OV) in health care. These forms of violence can be a traumatic experience for many women. The scale has been created having as its main reference the so-called “obstetric violence test” prepared by the association El parto es nuestro, which includes the most recurrent situations of lack of respect and abuse in obstetric care. Reliability (alpha and omega) is analyzed and validity tests (confirmatory factor analysis) of the VO scale are provided. The invariance tests aim to ensure that the construct being evaluated (in this case obstetric violence) has the same meaning for women who provide care in the private and public health systems. The participants in the sample were 367 women, all of legal age, from the Valparaíso region (Chile) and who had had a child birth at some point in their lives. These women had their deliveries in both the public and private health systems. Of the total number of women who participated in the study, 58.9% declared having experienced some situation of violence during their delivery. The results support the validity of the VO scale, the proposed unifactorial structure shows a good fit (CFI = .94, NFI = .91, IFI = .94 and RSMEA = .067). The results support the idea of invariance through the samples of women who attended their delivery in the private and public health system (ΔCFI < .01 and ΔRSMEA < .01), since the VO scale proves to be a reliable instrument (α = .83 and ω = .88) and with high levels of internal consistency (either based on total item correlations or factor loadings, which would be the most appropriate method for scales that use ordinal level of measurement). In conclusions, the VO scale is a reliable and valid instrument for the detection of this specific type of violence against women that can contribute to studies that detect abusive practices within the health system. Many of the women who do not report having experienced obstetric violence, do report the presence of some practices that are discouraged or prohibited: genital shaving (66.2 %), enema (45.5 %), prohibition of consuming food or water (51.7 %), indication of lying down during labor (24.5 %), induction of labor using medication (36.1 %), repeated vaginal examinations (24.3 %), compression of the abdomen (34.5 %), episiotomy (33.6 %), cesarean section (54.1 %) ) and uterine scraping without anesthesia (2 %). The previous results indicate the normalization of violent practices and their routine performance in the framework of delivery care in public and private health services, which could make us underestimate their prevalence.

Resumen La violencia obstétrica (VO) es un problema de enorme relevancia social en nuestro contexto, ya que puede afectar psíquica y físicamente a las mujeres, al mismo tiempo que puede socavar la confianza en el sistema de salud y limitar el acceso oportuno a este por parte de las mujeres. La violencia obstétrica se ha definido como la apropiación del cuerpo de la mujer por parte del personal de salud a través de prácticas que redundan en la medicalización y patologización de sus procesos reproductivos. Esta violencia puede ser psicológica (p. e., regaños, negativa a responder a preguntas o realizar un plan de parto ajustado a sus expectativas), física (p. e., uso innecesario de la fuerza o querer causar dolor intencionalmente) y/o sexual (p. e. comentarios de naturaleza sexual referidos a su cuerpo o genitales, etc.). También se puede verificar mediante la realización de prácticas que están desaconsejadas o estrictamente prohibidas (p. e., monitorización fetal continua, uso de oxitocina sintética para agilizar el procedimiento, negación de la libertad de movimiento, maniobra de Kristeller, episiotomía de rutina, entre otros). No existen a la fecha escalas validadas que permitan detectar violencia obstétrica en la atención de salud. Método: Se analiza la fiabilidad (alfa y omega) y se aportan pruebas de la validez (análisis factorial confirmatorio) de la escala de VO. Las participantes de la muestra fueron 367 mujeres, mayores de edad, de la región de Valparaíso (Chile), que habían tenido alguna vez un parto. Los resultados apoyan la validez de la escala de VO y la estructura unifactorial propuesta muestra un buen ajuste (CFI = .94, NFI = .91, IFI = .94 y RSMEA = .067); también apoyan la idea de invarianza a través de diferentes muestras (ΔCFI < .01 y ΔRSMEA < .01), toda vez que la escala de VO demuestra ser un instrumento confiable (α = .83 y ω = .88). Por lo tanto se concluye que la escala de VO es un instrumento fiable y válido para la detección de este tipo específico de violencia contra las mujeres.

ABSTRACT Background: The strategies for cattle production development should rely on information of agro-meteorological characteristics, which determines production processes. The aim was to analyze the climatic conditions at the Genetic Livestock Company, home to the largest herd of Cuban Creole cattle, and its possible relation to the outcome of performance tests. Methods: The information available about 1 375 animals tested during the 1982-2015 period was used. The final weight was adjusted to 540 days (AFW). The mean daily gain (MDG) and weight by age (WBA) were included. The monthly records of minimum temperatures (Tmin), medium temperatures (Tmid), relative humidity (RH) % were also available for the study. The temperature-humidity index (THI) was generated as well. Monthly and yearly analysis of variance and regression equations were performed to analyze the behavior of the climatic variables per year and month, the behavior of AFW, MDG, and WBA throughout time, and their relations with the climatic variables. Results: The general means were, 19.19 ± 0.87 0C; 24.51 ± 0.63 0C; 78.64 ± 2.66 %; 74.23 ± 0.99 for Tmin, Tmid, RH, and THI, respectively. All the variables were influenced (P≤0.001) by start month and year of PT, and the means for the tests. 334.43 ± 39.59 kg; 494.21 ± 107.81 g/day; 610.90 ± 77.25 g/day for AFW, MDG, and WBA, respectively. All the variables were affected (P≤0.001) by the start month and year, and the HTI. The most accurate regression equations with R2 > 94% were observed between AFW-HTI and WBA-HTI. Conclusions: A clear trend was observed toward a worsening of climatic conditions and the PT indicators throughout time. They are developed under conditions of climatic alert, and were favorable only when they were initiated in the first quarter of the year, and December.

RESUMEN Antecedentes: Las estrategias de desarrollo agropecuario deben estar respaldadas por el conocimiento de las características agrometeorológicas que es un factor determinante en los procesos productivos. Objetivo . Analizar las condiciones climáticas en la Empresa Pecuaria Genética que tiene el principal rebaño de ganado Criollo cubano y su posible relación con el desenvolvimiento en pruebas de comportamiento. Métodos: S e dispuso de la información de 1 375 animales que realizaron su prueba durante el periodo 1982-2015 después que la base fue depurada. El peso final se ajustó a 540 días (PFA) y se dispuso también de la ganancia media diaria (GMD) y el peso por edad (PPE). Se contó con los registros mensuales de la temperatura mínima (Tmin), media (Tmed) en 0C, humedad relativa (HR) en % y se generó el índice temperatura-humedad (ITH). Mediante análisis de varianza y ecuaciones de regresión se analizó el comportamiento de las variables climáticas por mes y año, el comportamiento del PFA, GMD y PPE a través del tiempo y sus relaciones con las variables climáticas. Resultados: Las medias generales y las desviaciones estándar fueron: 19,19 ± 0,87 0C; 24,51 ± 0,63 0C; 78,64 ± 2,66 %; 74,23 ± 0,99 para Tmin, Tmed, HR e ITH, respectivamente. Todas las variables estuvieron influidas (P≤0,001) por el mes y año de inicio de las PC y las medias para la prueba: 334,43 ± 39,59 kg; 494,21 ± 107,81 g/día; 610,90 ± 77,25 g/día para PFA, GMD y PPE, respectivamente. Todas las variables fueron afectadas (P≤0,001) por el mes, año de inicio y el ITH. Las ecuaciones de regresión más precisas con R2 > 94% fueron entre PFA-ITH y PPE-ITH. Conclusiones: Hay una tendencia clara a un empeoramiento de las condiciones climáticas a través del tiempo, así como los indicadores de las PC. Estas se desarrollan bajo condiciones de alerta climática resultando solo favorables cuando se iniciaron en el primer trimestre del año y diciembre.