Abstract Objectives Evidence suggests that ketamine’s influence on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) might be involved in its mechanism of rapid antidepressant action. We aimed to evaluate the differential impact of ketamine and esketamine on serum BDNF levels and its association with response patterns in treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Methods Participants (n = 53) are from a randomized, double-blind clinical trial comparing the efficacy of single-dose ketamine (0.5mg/kg, n = 27) and esketamine (0.25mg/kg, n = 26) in TRD. Depression severity was assessed before and 24 hours, 72 hours, and 7 days after the intervention, using the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS). Blood samples were collected before infusion, 24 hours, and 7 days afterwards. Results There were no significant changes in BDNF levels at post-infusion evaluation points, and no difference in BDNF levels comparing ketamine and esketamine. Both drugs exhibited similar therapeutic effect. There was no association between BDNF levels and response to treatment or severity of depressive symptoms. Conclusion There was no significant treatment impact on BDNF serum levels – neither with ketamine nor esketamine – despite therapeutic response. These results suggest that ketamine or esketamine intervention for TRD has no impact on BDNF levels measured at 24 hours and 7 days after the infusion. This clinical trial is registered on the Japan Primary Registries Network: UMIN000032355. ketamines s brainderived brain derived (BDNF action treatmentresistant resistant . (TRD) 53 randomized doubleblind double blind singledose single dose 0.5mg/kg, 05mgkg mgkg 0 5mg kg mg (0.5mg/kg 27 0.25mg/kg, 025mgkg 25mg (0.25mg/kg 26 2 MontgomeryÅsberg Montgomery Åsberg MADRS. MADRS (MADRS) infusion afterwards postinfusion post points effect symptoms Network UMIN000032355 UMIN (TRD 5 0.5mg/kg 0.25mg/kg (MADRS UMIN00003235 UMIN0000323 UMIN000032 UMIN00003 UMIN0000 UMIN000 UMIN00 UMIN0

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a chronic disease caused by species of the protozoan Leishmania and characterised by the presence of ulcerated skin lesions. Both parasite and host factors affect the clinical presentation of the disease. The development of skin ulcers in CL is associated with an inflammatory response mediated by cells that control parasite growth but also contribute to pathogenesis. CD8+ T cells contribute to deleterious inflammatory responses in patients with CL through cytotoxic mechanisms. In addition, natural killer cells also limit Leishmania infections by production of interferon-γ and cytotoxicity. In this review, we focus on studies of cytotoxicity in CL and its contribution to the pathogenesis of this disease.

A candidíase recorrente cutânea ou mucosa é caracterizada pela ocorrência de, no mínimo, 4 episódios de candidíase no período de um ano. Não são conhecidos os fatores que levam à recorrência desta infecção. O presente estudo avaliou a resposta linfoproliferativa e a produção de IFN-g de pacientes com candidíase recorrente. Os índices de estimulação da resposta linfoproliferativa em culturas de células de pacientes com candidíase recorrente estimuladas com antígeno de Candida albicans, PPD e TT foram respectivamente de 6±8, 17±20 e 65±30. A adição de anticorpo monoclonal anti-IL-10 às culturas de células de 6 pacientes aumentou a resposta linfoproliferativa de 735±415 para 4143±1746 cpm. A produção de IFN-g em culturas de células estimuladas com antígeno de Candida, foi 162±345pg/ml. Pacientes com candidíase recorrente apresentam uma deficiência na resposta linfoproliferativa e na produção de IFN-g, podendo a resposta imune celular ao antígeno de Candida ser restaurada parcialmente através da neutralização da IL-10 in vitro.

Recurrent cutaneous or mucosal candidiasis is characterized by the occurrence of at least four candidiasis episodes within a one-year period. The factors involved in recurrence of infection are still unknown. In the present study the lymphoproliferative response and the IFN-g production by candidiasis patients were evaluated. The stimulation index of mononuclear cell cultures of candidiasis patients stimulated with Candida albicans antigen, PPD and TT were 6±8, 17±20 and 65±30, respectively. The addition of monoclonal antibody anti-IL-10 to Candida albicans antigen stimulated cultures raised the lymphoproliferative response from 735±415 to 4143±1746 cpm. The IFN-g production by cells of candidiasis patients stimulated with Candida albicans antigen was 162±345pg/ml. Candidiasis patients have an impairment in the lymphoproliferative response specific to C. albicans antigen and on IFN-g production and the lymphoproliferative response can be partially restored, in vitro, by IL-10 neutralization.