ABSTRACT This work is the contribution of two industries: the first, a steel company that fabricates the wire and the second, which fabricates electrodes for welding. These electrodes, under the standard AWS 70S-6, are fabricated in a continuous process consisting of two stages: dry drawing, with nine dies applying reductions from 6 up to 1.73 mm; the second stage is a wet drawing, with ten dies, from 1.73 up to 0.8 mm, without heat treatment between both stages. The goal of the present work is to increase the production of the plant, from 600 ton/month up to 1,000 ton/month, by means a study of the mechanical and metallurgical variables of the process. The main reason for low productivity is the fracture of the wire during the wing process, specifically during the wet drawing stage. From this, the hypothesis of the work is that a decrease in the fracture of the wire during the wet drawing stage, it will be possible to increase the productivity of the plant, modifying the reduction rates during dry drawing, decreasing the drawing stresses and obtaining a softer dry drawn wire (lower yield stress). Lower |stresses must decrease the fracture of wires and then, increase the productivity. From the results obtained in this work, an industrial proposal was made, after which, a decrease of 45% in the fracture of wires was measured and a decrease in the consumption of dies of 50% was obtained.

RESUMEN Durante la realización de este trabajo se aunaron las fuerzas de dos empresas, una siderúrgica que es la proveedora del alambrón y la segunda es la que fabrica la soldadura en rollos continuos AWS 70S-6, fabricado básicamente en dos etapas trefilación en seco, que consta de 9 hileras aplicando reducciones desde los 6 mm hasta los 1.73 mm y en húmedo (10 hileras) desde los 1.73 mm hasta 0.8 mm, sin tratamiento térmico intermedio. La motivación es de poder utilizar la capacidad instalada de la planta que es de 1000 Ton/mes, previo a este trabajo la productividad es cercana a 600ton/mes. Esta baja en la productividad se atribuye principalmente a los cortes que ocurren durante el proceso de trefilado en húmedo que entorpecen la continuidad de la operación. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo, la disminución de cortes en la etapa de trefilación en húmedo, mediante la modificación de la distribución de las tasas de reducción en trefilado en seco, minimizando los esfuerzos de trefilación y obteniendo un alambre trefilado en seco con menor límite de fluencia, esto debe repercutir en una disminución en los cortes por trefilación en el trefilado en húmedo y en consecuencia aumentar la productividad de la planta. Tras la propuesta de modificación en la distribución, se realizó una prueba industrial en la que se observó una disminución en los cortes por trefilación en húmedo y un aumento de la productividad de la planta, sumado a una disminución del consumo de hileras.

Poisson's ratio and birefringence, both measured by ultrasound, are used to follow the evolution of the anisotropy in ASTM A-36 steel plates cold-rolled between 5 and 50% deformation, and then subjected to recrystallization at 900 and 1000 ºC. Times of flight of longitudinal and shear waves along the thickness of the plates were measured. As orthotropy increases, both birefringence and the difference between Poisson's ratios measured using a shear wave polarized along the length and another wave polarized along the width of the plate, are linearly related to the degree of deformation and cold-rolled hardness. In addition, the ultrasonic methods used clearly detected the complex changes in anisotropy produced by the austenization and recrystallization heat treatments. Thus, Birefringence or Poisson's ratio, measured by ultrasound, can be used to follow-up nondestructively changes in the anisotropy of rolled plates as a function of both, degree of deformation and recrystallization heat treatment.

In order to determine if heat treatments can be discerned by nondestructive ultrasonic testing, samples of SAE 1045 and SAE 4140 steels were subjected to the classical heat treatments of annealing, normalizing, quenching, and quenching and tempering, and their elastics constants, Young's, shear and Poisson's moduli, were monitored by ultrasound. Results show that the microstructural differences associated to the various heat treatments generate differences on the elastic constants that can be effectively discerned by the use of longitudinal and shear ultrasonic waves. Special attention is given to Poisson's modulus, since for its determination only times of flight of longitudinal and shear ultrasonic waves, and not the distance the waves travel, are required, which is of quite practical importance, since measurements are simplified and a fundamental source of error is eliminated. It is thus shown that the microstructural evolution of a steel part subjected to heat treatments can be monitored by this simple ultrasonic method.

ABSTRACTA TWIP steel (0.65%C; 22%Mn; 0.28%Cr; 0.16%Si) was produced in the laboratory by melting, casting, hot forging and hot rolling. The relationship between mechanical twinning fraction and mechanical behavior of this steel was studied through tension tests at the following temperatures: 25, 300, 325, 350, 375 and 400°C. Fracture toughness was measured from J integral evaluation at temperatures where the principal hardening mechanism is mechanical twinning and dislocation glide (325 and 375°C respectively), for which a set of CT samples were pre-cracked by fatigue and then loaded until fracture in accordance to ASTM 1820. The plastic strain energy absorbed by each sample during crack growth was studied, correlating twinning with the mechanical response of the material, determining a decrease of plastic deformation energy around 375ºC, where the main deformation mechanism is strain hardening by dislocation glide and not mechanical twinning. Results obtained by different mechanical tests show that mechanical twinning activates in a range of stacking fault energy in the range 18 to 50 mJ/m2.

En los laboratorios de la Universidad de Santiago de Chile se obtuvo un acero Dual Phase mediante un proceso de laminación en caliente y bobinado, a partir de un acero al C-Mn-Si AWS 70S-6 producido por la Compañía Siderúrgica Huachipato (CSH), el cual se usa para fabricar electrodos para la industria de la soldadura. Su microestructura consiste en martensita en una matriz ferrítica. Esta información fue complementada con ensayos de tracción y anisotropía. Se determinó que las condiciones óptimas para la obtención de la microestructura Dual Phase, a partir del acero inicial, están dadas por una temperatura de término de laminación seguida por un temple hasta el rango óptimo de temperaturas de bobinado (550 - 600 ºC) y posterior enfriamiento en el horno. Adicionalmente, se tomaron tres muestras del acero para someterlas a distintos tratamientos térmicos con el objetivo de obtener una estructura dual phase en la primera probeta; ferrita, bainita y perlita en la segunda, y perlita en una matriz ferrítica en la tercera. Posteriormente se procedió a soldar las probetas con un proceso de soldadura MIG. En todos los casos, las propiedades mecánicas de la zona afectada térmicamente no se diferenciaron grandemente de sus respectivos metales base. Se puede concluir que este acero dual phase cumple con los requerimientos mecánicos, de embutibilidad y de soldabilidad que se exigen en la norma Chilena NCh 214 de fabricación de cilindros de gas, y posee mayor resistencia que el acero A45 GL usado actualmente, por lo que se presenta como un material alternativo para la fabricación de cilindros más livianos.

Starting with a C-Mn-Si AWS 70S-6 steel produced by Huachipato Steel Company (CSH), usually employed to manufacture electrodes for the welding industry, a Dual Phase steel was obtained at the laboratory facilities of USACH by a process of hot rolling and coiling in order to get martensite in a ferritic matrix. The microstructural characterization was complemented by tensile and anisotropy tests. It was determined that the optimum conditions for obtaining the dual phase microstructure from the initial steel are given by an ending rolling temperature near the austenite to ferrite transformation line, followed by quenching to the optimum temperature range of coiling (550 - 600 º C) and furnace cooling. Additionally, three samples were subjected to different heat treatments in order to obtain a dual phase structure in the first specimen; ferrite, bainite and pearlite in the second specimen; and perlite in a ferritic matrix in the third one. Finally, the specimens were MIG welded. The mechanical properties of all the heat affected zones were similar to those of their respective base metals, and hence the dual phase specimen shows the best results. It may be concluded that this dual phase steel meets the mechanical, drawability and weldability requirements established on the Chilean Standard for fabrication of gas cylinders, while having greater resistance than the A45 GL steel presently at use, which turns it into an alternative material for the fabrication of lighter cylinders.