ABSTRACT Introduction: health, as a goal to be achieved, has been conceptualized in terms of different countries, socio-historical contexts and moments, economic conditions and criteria of organizations and authors. Objective: to establish a consensus in line with the current state of the art, based on the most widespread and accepted health concepts. Methods: an analysis of different published articles, journals and books related to the topic was carried out, in addition to a review of printed literature and an Internet search using Google and Infomed. The review process lasted from October 2019 to January 2020. Each concept was analyzed and authors' experiences in different moments of their personal and professional lives, inside and outside the country, were taken into account. Conclusions: shortcomings of each enunciated concept were demonstrated in this research. After its evaluation, a health concept was proposed for Cuban standards related to the current reality and the Integrated Health System (without limiting its application outside the country's borders).

RESUMEN Introducción: La salud, como meta a lograr, se ha conceptualizado en cuanto a los diferentes países, momentos y contextos socio-históricos, condiciones económicas y criterios de organizaciones y autores. Objetivo: Establecer un consenso ajustado a la actualidad, con punto de partida en los conceptos de salud más difundidos y aceptados. Métodos: Se realizó un análisis de diferentes artículos, revistas y libros publicados relacionados con el tema, además de una revisión de bibliografía impresa y una búsqueda en Internet a través de Google e Infomed. El proceso de revisión se extendió entre octubre de 2019 y enero de 2020. Se analizó cada concepto enunciado y se tuvieron en cuenta las experiencias de los autores en diferentes momentos de su vida personal y profesional, dentro y fuera del país. Conclusiones: En esta investigación se demostraron las carencias de cada concepto enunciado. Luego de su valoración, se propuso un concepto de salud propio para los estándares de Cuba (sin limitar su aplicación fuera de las fronteras del país) relacionado con la realidad actual y el Sistema Integral de Salud.

ABSTRACT Introduction: health promotion constitutes a fundamental tool in medical practice since it goes beyond mere information to patients about their disease and treatment. Objective: to analyze the selected bibliography on health promotion and prevention. Methods: various personal criteria and a group of concepts and definitions on health promotion and prevention were taken as a basis in order to provoke debate and controversy among professionals. A review of dissimilar Cuban and foreign bibliographies related to this topic and related topics was carried out; different criteria were analyzed on what it really means to promote health in its three biological, psychological and social dimensions. This constitutes a tool for health personnel without distinction of profiles or levels of care depending on their work. Conclusions: we concluded that promotion and treatment are an inseparable part of current medical practice.

RESUMEN Introducción: la promoción de salud constituye una herramienta fundamental en la práctica médica ya que va más allá de la mera información al paciente sobre su dolencia y tratamiento. Objetivos: analizar la bibliografía seleccionada sobre la promoción y prevención de salud. Métodos: se tomaron como base criterios personales y un grupo de conceptos y definiciones sobre promoción y prevención de salud con la finalidad de provocar el debate y la polémica entre los profesionales. Se realizó la revisión de disímiles bibliografías cubanas y extranjeras, relacionadas con este tema y con temas afines. Se analizaron diferentes criterios sobre lo que realmente significa promover salud en sus tres dimensiones: biológica, psicológica y social. Esto constituye una herramienta para el personal sanitario sin distinción de perfiles ni niveles de atención en dependencia de su trabajo. Conclusiones: se concluyó que la promoción y el tratamiento forman parte indisoluble de la práctica médica actual.

A retrospective look at the social dimension of development management in Ecuador", aims to analyze the social dynamics that has characterized development management in Ecuador. On the foundations of the call made about the need to increase the participation of the agricultural sector in the national economy, the search for social equity and the increase of the universities participation in the development management, it is necessary to assess the interiorities that explain this process current reality. In order to meet the objective, documentary analysis was used as a fundamental research method. It also takes as reference the objectives of the National Plan for Good Living in Ecuador, It covers a historical view on different aspects of this problem in the country, and it supports the statistical information offered by the main agro-productive sectors of the national economy and the verification of information revealed from different areas. It is concluded that the country's economic and social development, inequality in land possession, the potential of this sector to increase the employment of women and their social emancipation play an important role in the social and economic development of the country, as well as the articulation of actors, in the management of sustainable development of the country.

Una mirada retrospectiva a la dimensión social de la gestión del desarrollo en Ecuador tiene como objetivo realizar un análisis sobre la dinámica social que ha caracterizado la gestión del desarrollo en Ecuador. Sustentado en la convocatoria hecha acerca de la necesidad de elevar la participación del sector agropecuario en la economía nacional, la búsqueda de una equidad social y la elevación de la participación de las universidades en la gestión del desarrollo, resulta necesario valorar las interioridades que matizan la realidad actual de este proceso. Para dar respuesta al objetivo trazado se utilizó como método fundamental de investigación, el análisis documental, toma además como referentes, los objetivos del Plan Nacional para el Buen Vivir en Ecuador, abarca una visión histórica sobre diferentes aspectos de esta problemática en el país, se apoya en la información estadística ofrecidas por los principales sectores agro-productivos de la economía nacional y de la constatación de la información develada desde diferentes espacios. Se arriba a la valoración del papel que está jugando en el desarrollo económico y social del país, la desigualdad en la tenencia de la tierra, las potencialidades de este sector para lograr incrementar el empleo de la mujer y su emancipación social y el papel que debe jugar la articulación de actores en la gestión del desarrollo sostenible del país.

The objective of this paper is to analyze the current reality of the university-society link in the context of Ecuador. Due to its significance as a factor of change in the dynamics of the country's development and in the fulfillment of the objectives of the National Plan for the Good Living in Ecuador The method of documentary analysis is used with emphasis in the period 2000-2016. It shows from a logical historical perspective, it’s real and potential interiorities to materialize the process of linking universities with its context and, in addition, the necessary capacity for dialogue to effectively and efficiently enable such linkage. The main result is a general assessment of the socio-productive scenarios reality and the requirements which are imposed for education in general and universities in particular, to articulate the process of change, in accordance with political will declared in the Program documents of Ecuador and their current social and environmental peculiarities.

El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar la realidad actual del vínculo universidad-sociedad en el contexto del Ecuador. Por su significación como factor de cambio en la dinámica del desarrollo del país y en el cumplimiento de los objetivos del Plan Nacional para el Buen Vivir en Ecuador. Se utiliza el método de análisis documental enmarcado con énfasis en el período 2000-2016. Este análisis debela desde una perspectiva históricp-lógica, las interioridades que presenta real y potencialmente la materialización del proceso de vinculación de las universidades con su contexto, y además, la capacidad de diálogo necesaria para posibilitar eficaz y eficientemente dicha vinculación. Como principal resultado se logra una valoración general de la realidad de los escenarios socio-productivos y los requerimientos que se imponen para la educación en general, y las universidades en particular, para articular los procesos de cambio, en arreglo con la voluntad política declarada en los documentos programáticos del Ecuador y sus peculiaridades sociales y ambientales actuales.

The prevention of Chagas disease is based primarily on the chemical control of Triatoma infestans (Klug) using pyrethroid insecticides. However, high resistance levels, correlated with control failures, have been detected in Argentina and Bolivia. A previous study at our laboratory found that imidacloprid could serve as an alternative to pyrethroid insecticides. We studied the delayed toxicity of imidacloprid and the influence of the blood feeding condition of the insect on the toxicity of this insecticide; we also studied the effectiveness of various commercial imidacloprid formulations against a pyrethroid-resistant T. infestans population from the Gran Chaco ecoregion. Variations in the toxic effects of imidacloprid were not observed up to 72 h after exposure and were not found to depend on the blood feeding condition of susceptible and resistant individuals. Of the three different studied formulations of imidacloprid on glass and filter paper, only the spot-on formulation was effective. This formulation was applied to pigeons at doses of 1, 5, 20 and 40 mg/bird. The nymphs that fed on pigeons treated with 20 mg or 40 mg of the formulation showed a higher mortality rate than the control group one day and seven days post-treatment (p < 0.01). A spot-on formulation of imidacloprid was effective against pyrethroid-resistant T. infestans populations at the laboratory level.

The aim of the present work was to study the deltamethrin susceptibility of eggs from Triatoma infestans populations and the contribution of pyrethroid esterases to deltamethrin degradation. Insects were collected from sylvatic areas, including Veinte de Octubre and Kirus-Mayu (Bolivia) and from domiciliary areas, including El Palmar (Bolivia) and La Pista (Argentina). Deltamethrin susceptibility was determined by dose-response bioassays. Serial dilutions of deltamethrin (0.0005-1 mg/mL) were topically applied to 12-day-old eggs. Samples from El Palmar had the highest lethal dose ratio (LDR) value (44.90) compared to the susceptible reference strain (NFS), whereas the Veinte de Octubre samples had the lowest value (0.50). Pyrethroid esterases were evaluated using 7-coumaryl permethrate (7-CP) on individually homogenised eggs from each population and from NFS. The El Palmar and La Pista samples contained 40.11 and 36.64 pmol/min/mg protein, respectively, and these values were statistically similar to NFS (34.92 pmol/min/mg protein) and different from Kirus-Mayu and Veinte de Octubre (27.49 and 22.69 pmol/min/mg protein, respectively). The toxicological data indicate that the domestic populations were resistant to deltamethrin, but no statistical contribution of 7-CP esterases was observed. The sylvatic populations had similar LDR values to NFS, but lower 7-CP esterase activities. Moreover, this is the first study of the pyrethroid esterases on T. infestans eggs employing a specific substrate (7-CP).

La adopción tecnológica se ha planteado como una alternativa de fortalecimiento del desarrollo rural y de solución a los problemas de producción de alimentos en el mundo; sin embargo, es una decisión enmarcada por múltiples factores que favorecen o no su implementación. El objetivo de esta investigación fue conocer cuáles aspectos del capital social y del capital financiero influyen en la adopción de tecnologías en zonas rurales, donde productores campesinos desarrollan el sistema productivo ganadero de doble propósito. Se utilizó un modelo metodológico mixto que integra el enfoque cuantitativo y cualitativo y herramientas para la obtención de información: encuestas, entrevistas semiestructuradas y grupos focales, en una comunidad de pequeños productores de Bogotá, Colombia. Se determinó la tasa de adopción tecnológica a través de índices de ponderación estimados para las subdimensiones: conservación, alimentación, agrosilvopastoriles, ordeño, reproducción y sanidad. Se realizaron índices de ponderación para los componentes del capital social (nivel de capacitación, organización comunitaria, confianza comunitaria, confianza institucional y reciprocidad) y del capital financiero (ahorros e ingresos). Se realizó un análisis de correspondencia múltiple que estableció tres grupos de productores denominados según el nivel de adopción: innovadores, tempranos y escépticos. Luego, con modelos de regresión lineal múltiple se establecieron los componentes del capital social y capital financiero con mayor significancia o influencia sobre la adopción de tecnologías ganaderas. Los factores que más influyen sobre la adopción son la capacitación, la reciprocidad y la organización comunitaria (capital social) y el índice de planificación (capital financiero).

Technology adoption has been discussed as an alternative to strengthen rural development and solving the problems of food production in the world. However, is a decision influenced by multiple factors, which promote or not its implementation. The objective of this investigation was to establish which aspects of social and financial capital influence the adoption of technologies in rural areas where farmers practice the dual-purpose cattle production system. Methodologically, a mixed model that integrates a quantitative and qualitative approach and tools to obtain information: surveys, semi-structured interviews and focus groups, were used in a small farmers' community in Bogotá, Colombia. The rate of technology adoption was determined by estimating weighted indices for the following subdomains: conservation, feeding, agroforestry, milking, reproduction, and health. We performed weighted indices for the components of social capital (level training, community organization, community trust, institutional trust and reciprocity) and financial capital (savings and income). Hierarchical clustering of data using multiple correspondence analyses allowed the identification of three groups of producers according to their level of adoption: innovators, early adopters and skeptics. Linear regression models established the components of social capital and financial capital with greater significance or influence on the adoption of livestock technologies. The level of training, reciprocity and community organization from the social capital, and the planning index from the financial capital are the factors that have more influence in the adoption.

To increase our knowledge of the natural susceptibility of Triatoma infestans to an organophosphate insecticide, we performed toxicological and biochemical studies on three sylvatic populations from Bolivia and two populations from domestic dwellings from Bolivia and Argentina. Fifty-per-cent lethal doses (LD50) were determined based on the topical application of fenitrothion on first instar nymphs and mortality was assessed at 24 h. Both type of populations exhibited LD50ratios significantly higher than 1 with a range of the values (1.42-2.47); the maximum value were found in a sylvatic (-S) population, Veinte de Octubre-S. Samples were biochemically analysed using a glutathione S-transferase activity assay. The highest significant activity was obtained for Veinte de Octubre-S and the lowest activity was obtained for the reference population (102.69 and 54.23 pmol per minute per mg of protein respectively). Two out of the three sylvatic populations (Veinte de Octubre-S and Kirus Mayu-S) exhibited significantly higher glutathione S-transferase activity than that of the reference population. Based on this analysis of the natural susceptibility of this organism to organophosphate insecticides, continental and focal surveys of organophosphate susceptibility should be conducted to evaluate the evolution and distribution of this phenomenon.

Triatoma infestans (Klug) is the main vector of Chagas disease, which is a public health concern in most Latin American countries. The prevention of Chagas disease is based on the chemical control of the vector using pyrethroid insecticides. In the last decade, different levels of deltamethrin resistance have been detected in certain areas of Argentina and Bolivia. Because of this, alternative non-pyrethroid insecticides from different chemical groups were evaluated against two T. infestans populations, NFS and El Malá, with the objective of finding new insecticides to control resistant insect populations. Toxicity to different insecticides was evaluated in a deltamethrin-susceptible and a deltamethrin-resistant population. Topical application of the insecticides fenitrothion and imidacloprid to first nymphs had lethal effects on both populations, producing 50% lethal dose (LD50) values that ranged from 5.2-28 ng/insect. However, amitraz, flubendiamide, ivermectin, indoxacarb and spinosad showed no insecticidal activity in first instars at the applied doses (LD50 > 200 ng/insect). Fenitrothion and imidacloprid were effective against both deltamethrin-susceptible and deltamethrin-resistant populations of T. infestans. Therefore, they may be considered alternative non-pyrethroid insecticides for the control of Chagas disease.