ABSTRACT In Colombia, the evidence of rootstock/scion incompatibility in avocado cv. Hass graft union has been increasing, generating concern among farmers. The objective was to evaluate the photosynthetic response of the avocado trees due to rootstock/scion compatibility in three locations. A split plots design with a blocking factor per locality was used. The main plot corresponded to the type of graft union (compatible and incompatible) and the subplots to leaf age during the 2020 and 2021 seasons. Climatic (water balance) and gas exchange variables (photosynthesis, transpiration, stomatal conductance, leaf temperature, and efficiency in instantaneous water use) were measured. The results indicate that the photosynthetic performance was not affected when the water balance was negative. Compatibility did not significantly affect gas exchange variables (A, gs, E, Tl, and WUEi) during the main and secondary harvest period. The leaf age/harvest period interaction shows that during the first months of leaf development, A, gs, E, and Tl are greater and are detrimental over time. It is concluded that the rootstock/scion compatibility does not significantly modify the capacity to assimilate CO2. At the same time, the variation in avocado photosynthetic activity depends on the age of the leaves and the harvest season. Colombia rootstockscion rootstock scion cv increasing farmers locations used compatible incompatible 202 seasons photosynthesis, photosynthesis (photosynthesis transpiration conductance temperature use measured negative (A gs E WUEi ageharvest development time CO2 CO season 20 2

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o efeito de densidades de plantio na produção e na qualidade do abacateiro 'Hass' (Persea americana) no departamento de Antioquia, Colômbia. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso, com três repetições. Os tratamentos foram seis densidades de plantio (204, 278, 333, 400, 625 e 816 árvores por hectare) com cinco colheitas, e cada unidade experimental consistiu em seis árvores com nove anos de idade. O maior rendimento é obtido às densidades de 333 e 400 árvores por hectare. A colheita principal representa 70% (18 Mg ha-1) da produção anual, enquanto a colheita secundária (mitaca) representa 30% (5.25 Mg ha-1). A produção por árvore e o número de frutos de abacate por árvore é afetado negativamente pelo aumento das densidades de plantio. Além disso, os parâmetros de qualidade dos frutos apresentam melhores resultados nas densidades de plantio intermediárias de 333 e 400 árvores por hectare, com as maiores proporções de mesocarpo e a menor de sementes, tanto em massa fresca quanto em seca. Hass 'Hass Persea americana Antioquia Colômbia acaso repetições 204, 204 (204 278 62 81 hectare colheitas idade 33 40 70 18 (1 ha1 ha 1 ha-1 anual mitaca (mitaca 30 5.25 525 5 25 (5.2 ha1. . disso sementes seca 20 (20 27 6 8 3 4 7 ( ha- 5.2 52 2 (5. (2 5. (5

Abstract The objective of this work was to determine the effect of planting densities on the yield and quality of 'Hass' avocado (Persea americana) in the department of Antioquia, Colombia. The experimental design was randomized complete blocks with three replicates. The treatments were six plant densities (204, 278, 333, 400, 625, and 816 trees per hectare) with five harvest seasons, and each experimental unit consisted of six nine-year-old trees. The highest fruit yield is obtained at 333 and 400 trees per hectare. The main harvest represents 70% (18 Mg ha-1) of the annual production, whereas the secondary (mitaca) harvest represents 30% (5.25 Mg ha-1). Yield per tree and number of avocado fruits per tree are negatively affected by the increase in planting densities. In addition, fruit quality parameters show better results at intermediate planting densities of 333 and 400 trees per hectare, with the highest ratios of mesocarp and the lowest of seed, both in fresh and dry weight. Hass 'Hass Persea americana Antioquia Colombia replicates 204, 204 (204 278 625 81 hectare seasons nineyearold nine year old 33 40 70 18 (1 ha1 ha 1 ha-1 production mitaca (mitaca 30 5.25 525 5 25 (5.2 ha1. . addition seed weight 20 (20 27 62 8 3 4 7 ( ha- 5.2 52 2 (5. (2 6 5. (5

RESUMO As alterações morfológicas no porta-enxerto/copa são uma das limitações no uso da enxertia, em frutíferas, sendo definida como uma incompatibilidade entre esses dois tecidos. No entatnto os efeitos das interações porta-enxerto/copa no potencial reprodutivo, frutificação, eficiência de produção e características de qualidade do abacate são complexos e pouco compreendidos. Sendo o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o crescimento do fruto do abacateiro cv. Hass em árvores com incompatibilidades entre o porta-enxerto e o enxerto nas principais regiões produtoras da Colômbia. Foi utilizado um delineamento de parcelas subdivididas com fator de bloqueio de localidade. A parcela principal correspondeu à compatibilidade e fator de colheita e as sub parcelas à idade de desenvolvimento dos frutos. A análise estatística consistiu um modelo linear misto para as variáveis frequência respiratória e crescimento morfológico do fruto, realizando-se um teste de diferenças múltiplas significativas utilizando o ajuste para multiplicidade por família através da correção de Holm. O tratamento de compatibilidade e a época de colheita não afetaram a taxa respiratória dos frutos nem as variáveis de crescimento e desenvolvimento da cv. Hass. No entanto, a idade de desenvolvimento do fruto afetou significativamente tanto a taxa respiratória quanto as variáveis de crescimento dos frutos. portaenxerto/copa portaenxertocopa porta enxerto/copa copa enxertia frutíferas tecidos reprodutivo frutificação compreendidos cv portaenxerto Colômbia localidade realizandose realizando se Holm entanto enxertocopa

ABSTRACT The rootstock/scion morphological alterations are one of the limitations in the use of grafting, which has been defined as an incompatibility between these two tissues. However the effect of rootstock-scion interactions on reproductive potential, fruit set, yield efficiency, and avocado fruit quality characteristics are complex and poorly understood. This research aimed to evaluate the fruit growth of avocado cv. Hass in trees with incompatibilities between the rootstock and the graft in the main producing regions in Colombia. The split-plot design with a locality-blocking factor was used. The main plot corresponded to the compatibility and harvest factor, and the subplots to the age of fruit development. The statistical analysis consisted of a mixed linear model for the variables of respiratory rate and morphological growth of the fruit, performing a significant multiple difference test using the adjustment for multiplicity by family through Holm’s correction. The compatibility treatment and the harvest season did not affect the fruit respiratory rate nor the variables of growth and development of cv. Hass. However, the age of development significantly affected both the respiratory rate and the variables of fruit growth. rootstockscion scion grafting tissues potential set efficiency understood cv Colombia splitplot split localityblocking locality blocking used Holms Holm s correction

Abstract Jagua (Genipa americana L.) is widely distributed throughout the Americas. It has been used since ancient times due to the pigments extracted from its fruit. This study aimed to evaluate the vegetative growth of five Jagua accessions by adjusting non-linear models to dasometric growth variables. The accessions (Porce, Chigorodó, San Carlos, San Luis, and Vigía del Fuerte in Antioquia) were collected in the central-western region of Colombia. The growth, determined through plant height and stem diameter (at 0.10 and 1.30 m), was evaluated for 262 weeks in the municipality of Amalfi. A descriptive analysis of the growth behavior of each accession was performed, and the fit of four nonlinear functional models was evaluated. An influence of the accession factor on growth was found due the different growth rates. The Weibull model was the one with the best fit and predictive capacity, which confirmed the differences between accessions.

Resumen La Jagua (Genipa americana L.) se encuentra ampliamente distribuida en las Américas. Se ha utilizado desde tiempos ancestrales por la calidad del pigmento extraído de su fruto. Este estudio pretendió evaluar el crecimiento vegetativo de cinco accesiones de Jagua mediante el ajuste de modelos no lineales a variables dasométricas de crecimiento. Las accesiones (Porce, Chigorodó, San Carlos, San Luis y Vigía del Fuerte en Antioquia) fueron recolectadas en la región centro-occidental de Colombia. El crecimiento, determinado a través de la altura total y diámetro estimado a 0.10 y 1.30 m del suelo, fue evaluado durante 262 semanas en el municipio de Amalfi. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo del comportamiento del crecimiento de cada accesión y se evaluó el ajuste de cuatro modelos funcionales no lineales. Se constató una influencia del factor de adhesión sobre el crecimiento como consecuencia de las diferentes tasas de crecimiento. El modelo de Weibull fue el de mejor ajuste y capacidad predictiva, lo cual confirmó las diferencias entre accesiones.

RESUMEN La producción de menta con calidad de exportación es limitada en Colombia, debido a los bajos volúmenes de producción, el poco cumplimiento de buenas prácticas agrícolas, la disponibilidad de nutrientes y el manejo de la fertilización. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo identificar cómo la fertilización NPK influye en la fotosíntesis y la fotoquímica de la menta, durante el crecimiento vegetativo. En casa malla, se evaluaron dosis crecientes de una fertilización química a partir de la fórmula 10-30-10 (N-P-K) en las cantidades de 0, 60, 90, 120 y 180 kg ha-1. Las variables estimadas fueron fotosíntesis neta (A), transpiración (E), conductancia estomática (g s ), temperatura de la hoja (T hoja ), rendimiento cuántico (Qy), desactivación no fotoquímica (NPQ), desactivación química (qP) y materia seca (Dm). Los mayores valores A, Qy, E y g s se presentaron en plantas tratadas con altas dosis de NPK; mientras que el NPQ y el qP aumentaron en las plantas con bajas dosis de NPK. Nuestros hallazgos proveen bases a cerca de la influencia del NPK sobre la fotosíntesis y otros parámetros fisiológicos, con relación al crecimiento y desarrollo de la menta.

ABSTRACT The production of export-quality spearmint is limited in Colombia because of low production volumes, poor compliance with good agricultural practices, nutrient availability, and fertilization management. This study aimed to identify how NPK fertilization influences photosynthesis and photochemistry in Mentha plants during vegetative growth in a mesh house. Increasing doses of chemical fertilization were evaluated with a 10-30-10 (N-P-K) formula at 0, 60, 90, 120, and 180 kg ha-1. The evaluated variables were net photosynthesis (A), transpiration (E), stomatal conductance (g s ), leaf temperature (T leaf ), quantum yield (Qy), Non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), photochemical quenching (qP), and dry matter (Dm). The highest A, Qy, E, and g s values were in the plants treated with high NPK doses; the NPQ and qP increased in the plants with low NPK doses. These findings elucidated the influence of NPK on photosynthesis and other physiological parameters in the growth and development of spearmint.

Abstract Zethus schadei Bohart & Stange is reported for the first time for Colombia and as a natural enemy of Hypsipyla grandella. The specimens were obtained from terminal shoots of Cedrela odorata L. (Meliaceae) in a plantation in the municipality of San Roque, Antioquia, Colombia.

Resumen Se reporta por primera vez para Colombia a Zethus schadei Bohart & Stange, y como enemigo natural de Hypsipyla grandella. Los especímenes fueron obtenidos de brotes terminales de Cedrela odorata L. (Meliaceae) en una plantación del municipio de San Roque, Antioquia, Colombia.