Abstract Background and objectives: Anesthesiologists and hospitals are increasingly confronted with costs associated with the complications of Peripheral Nerve Blocks (PNB) procedures. The objective of our study was to identify the incidence of the main adverse events associated with regional anesthesia, particularly during anesthetic PNB, and to evaluate the associated healthcare and social costs. Methods: According to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, we conducted a systematic search on EMBASE and PubMed with the following search strategy: (‟regional anesthesia” OR ‟nerve block”) AND (‟complications” OR ‟nerve lesion” OR ‟nerve damage” OR ‟nerve injury”). Studies on patients undergoing a regional anesthesia procedure other than spinal or epidural were included. Targeted data of the selected studies were extracted and further analyzed. Results: Literature search revealed 487 articles, 21 of which met the criteria to be included in our analysis. Ten of them were included in the qualitative and 11 articles in the quantitative synthesis. The analysis of costs included data from four studies and 2,034 claims over 51,242 cases. The median claim consisted in 39,524 dollars in the United States and 22,750 pounds in the United Kingdom. The analysis of incidence included data from seven studies involving 424,169 patients with an overall estimated incidence of 137/10,000. Conclusion: Despite limitations, we proposed a simple model of cost calculation. We found that, despite the relatively low incidence of adverse events following PNB, their associated costs were relevant and should be carefully considered by healthcare managers and decision makers. objectives PNB (PNB procedures Methods MetaAnalyses Meta Analyses PRISMA (PRISMA guidelines strategy ‟regional nerve block block” ‟complications (‟complications lesion damage injury. injury . injury”) analyzed Results 48 2 1 synthesis 2034 034 2,03 51242 51 242 51,24 cases 39524 39 524 39,52 22750 22 750 22,75 Kingdom 424169 424 169 424,16 13710000 137 10 000 137/10,000 Conclusion limitations calculation that makers injury” 4 203 03 2,0 5124 5 24 51,2 3952 3 52 39,5 2275 75 22,7 42416 42 16 424,1 1371000 13 00 137/10,00 20 0 2, 512 51, 395 39, 227 7 22, 4241 424, 137100 137/10,0 13710 137/10, 1371 137/10 137/1 137/