BACKGROUND Long lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLINs) may be effective for vector control of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). Their efficacy, however, has not been sufficiently evaluated. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the large-scale efficacy of LLINs on Lutzomyia longiflocosa entomological parameters up to two years post-intervention in the sub-Andean region of Colombia. METHODS A matched-triplet cluster-randomised study of 21 rural settlements, matched by pre-intervention L. longiflocosa indoor density was used to compare three interventions: dip it yourself (DIY) lambda-cyhalothrin LLIN, deltamethrin LLIN, and untreated nets (control). Sand fly indoor density, feeding success, and parity were recorded using CDC light trap collections at 1, 6, 12, and 24 months post-intervention. FINDINGS Both LLINs reduced significantly (74-76%) the indoor density and the proportion of fully engorged sand flies up to two years post-intervention without differences between them. Residual lethal effects of both LLINs and the use of all nets remained high throughout the two-year evaluation period. CONCLUSIONS Both LLINs demonstrated high efficacy against L. longiflocosa indoors. Therefore, the deployment of these LLINs could have a significant impact on the reduction of CL transmission in the sub-Andean region. The DIY lambda-cyhalothrin kit may be used to convert untreated nets to LLINs increasing coverage.

BACKGROUND Behavioural effects of insecticides on endophagic phlebotomine sand fly vectors of Leishmania are poorly understood mainly because of the lack of an experimental hut (EH) in which to study them. OBJECTIVE To build an EH to evaluate the effects of long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLINs) on Lutzomyia longiflocosa. METHODS The study had two phases: (1) Laboratory experiments using tunnel tests to select the traps for the EH; and (2) EH construction and evaluation of the effects of deltamethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin LLINs on L. longiflocosa females inside the EH. FINDINGS Phase 1: The horizontal-slit trap was the best trap. This trap collected the highest percentage of sand flies, and prevented them from escaping. Therefore, this trap was used in the EH. Phase 2: The main effects of LLINs on L. longiflocosa in the EH were: landing inhibition, inhibition from entering the bednet, induced exophily, and high mortality (total and inside exit traps). CONCLUSIONS The EH was effective for evaluating the effects of LLINs on endophagic sand flies. Although both types of LLINs showed high efficacy, the lambda-cyhalothrin-treated LLIN performed better. This is the first report of induced exophily in sand flies.

Resumo: Os estudos de gênero sobre o século XIX cubano têm privilegiado as mulheres escritoras. Para a aproximação a esses discursos, existem várias teorias nos campos literários e feministas. Porém, a incidência da classe, da raça, do sexo nas relações de gênero1 e na formação das subjetividades2 femininas entre setores populares é um tema menos estudado e, sobretudo, a permanência das matrizes africanas na nova situação. Neste trabalho, busco relacionar esses conceitos com o foco nas negras e nas pardas escravas, sem abandonar a interpretação social mais abrangente. As fontes escritas sobre o assunto são fragmentadas, além das distorções sofridas pela interpretação de um terceiro: procurador de justiça, síndico de escravos, escrevente e até historiadores e editores que participaram na organização das mesmas. O estudo aborda os processos de transformação das relações de gênero e das subjetividades femininas, criando formas diferentes dentro do gênero, pela autonomia de negras e mulatas em relação às normativas masculinas brancas dominantes. Tenta-se dar uma orientação mais fluida aos conceitos com o intuito de aprofundar as transformações operadas, tanto na relação entre os sexos como entre os gêneros, assim como nos paradoxos que derivaram das mudanças sociais no século XIX cubano. Interessa conhecer o processo pelo qual as mulheres negras e pardas, ainda na marginalidade social à qual foram lançadas, já livres ou na escravidão, foram capazes de reconstruir relações sociais com um grande peso do acervo cultural africano, embora este fosse rejeitado pelas instituições dominantes: a Igreja, a família branca e o Estado.

Abstract: Studies of gender in the XIX century have privileged women writers. To approach these discourses there are several theories in the literary and feminist fields. However, this incidence of class, race, sex in gender relations and in the formation of feminine subjectivities is a theme which has been less studied. In this article I aim to relate these concepts with a focus on Black and Brown-skinned slaves, without abandoning the wider social interpretation. The written sources on this issue are fragmentary, in addition to distortions suffered by the interpretation of a third person: public prosecutor, liquidator of slaves, scribe and even historians and editors who participated in the organization of these written sources. The study presented deals with the processes of transformation of gender relations and feminine subjectivities with the unusual increase in the number of slaves in the nineteenth century Cuban.

The present study identified the entering and exiting sites for Lutzomyia longiflocosa in rural houses of the sub-Andean region in Colombia. Entering sites were identified with sticky traps set up outside the bedrooms, around the eave openings, and with cage traps enclosing the slits in the doors and windows inside the bedrooms. Exiting sites were identified by releasing groups of females indoors. These females were blood fed and marked with fluorescent powders. Females were recaptured with the trap placement described above but set up on the opposite sides of the openings. In the entering experiment, a significantly higher number of females were captured in the sticky traps at the zone nearest the eave openings (n = 142) than those captured in the other zones of the trap (n = 52); similarly, a higher number of females were captured on the front side of the house (n = 105) than at the rear side (n = 37). Only two females were collected in the cage trap. In the exiting experiment, at the ceiling, the highest percentage (86.2%) of females was recaptured with sticky traps nearest the eave openings and on the front side of the house (70.0%). Seven females were collected in the cage trap. Lu. longiflocosa entered and exited houses primarily through the eave openings in a non-random pattern in relation to the sides of the house.

Introducción. En Colombia, las poblaciones periurbanas de Lutzomyia longipalpis , vector del agente causal de la leishmaniasis visceral en el valle alto y medio del río Magdalena, pueden estar expuestas a aplicaciones de insecticidas con diferentes propósitos, por lo que es importante iniciar una vigilancia de la sensibilidad de esta especie a los insecticidas. Objetivo. Determinar en una cepa experimental de L. longipalpis los indicadores de sensibilidad (concentraciones y tiempos diagnósticos) para tres insecticidas de uso común en salud pública: el malatión, la deltametrina y la lambdacialotrina. Materiales y métodos. Se utilizó el método propuesto por los Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Grupos de 10 a 15 hembras se expusieron a diferentes concentraciones de los insecticidas, utilizando botellas de vidrio de 250 ml como cámaras de prueba. La mortalidad se registró cada cinco minutos durante una hora. Se calcularon las concentraciones y los tiempos diagnósticos para cada insecticida. Resultados. En la cepa evaluada de L. longipalpis , las concentraciones y los tiempos diagnósticos fueron de 75 µg/ml y 25 minutos para el malatión, de 10 µg/ml y 35 minutos para la deltametrina y de 15 µg/ml y 30 minutos para la lambdacialotrina. Conclusión. Se estableció la línea base de la mortalidad frente a tres insecticidas en una cepa sensible del vector L. longipalpis. Estos indicadores permitirán establecer comparaciones con poblaciones del vector expuestas regular o esporádicamente a medidas de control químico y detectar, así, cambios en la sensibilidad de esta especie a los insecticidas.

Introduction: In Colombia, periurban populations of Lutzomyia longipalpis , vector of the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis in the upper and middle valley of the Magdalena River, may be exposed to insecticide applications with different purposes. Thus, it is important to begin a susceptibility surveillance of this species to insecticides. Objective: To determine indicators of susceptibility to three insecticides habitually used in public health, such as malathion, deltamethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin in an experimental strain of L. longipalpis . Materials and methods: We used the method proposed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Groups of 10 to 15 unfed females were exposed to different concentrations of the insecticides using 250 ml glass bottles as test chambers. Mortality was registered every five minutes for an hour. Diagnostic concentrations and lethal times for each insecticide were calculated. Results: In the evaluated L. longipalpis strain, the diagnostic concentrations and times were 75 µg/ml and 25 minutes for malathion, 10 µg/ml and 35 minutes for deltamethrin, and 15 µg/ml during 30 minutes for lambda-cyhalothrin. Conclusions: Baseline data over mortality response to three insecticides were established in a susceptibility strain of L. longipalpis vector. These indicators will allow establishing comparisons with populations of L. longipalpis exposed regularly or sporadically to chemical control measures to detect changes in their resistance to these insecticides.

Introducción. Culicoides pachymerus,por sus picaduras, ocasiona una grave molestia sanitaria en la población del occidente del departamento de Boyacá (Colombia). Objetivo. Evaluar de forma preliminar en campo el efecto de una loción repelente con ingredientes activos de origen natural (p-mentano-3,8-diol 16 % y aceite de limonaria 2 %) contra las picaduras de C. pachymerus.. Materiales y métodos. En parejas de voluntarios ubicadas en el peridomicilio, se comparó simultáneamente la loción repelente con un control (sin aplicación de repelente) mediante la tasa de picadura de C. pachymerus en el antebrazo, el porcentaje de protección y el tiempo de protección durante un periodo entre tres y seis horas después de la aplicación. La prueba se repitió 10 veces. Resultados. Solo dos hembras de C. pachymerus se recolectaron en el tratamiento con la loción repelente, mientras que, en el control, la tasa promedio de picadura fue de 47,7 hembras por persona en 10 minutos. El porcentaje de protección promedio del repelente fue de 100 % hasta cuatro horas después de la aplicación y se mantuvo alto (99,5 %) hasta cinco horas después. Solo en dos pruebas se registró picadura confirmada de C. pachymerus, con un tiempo de protección de 332,2 y 338,2 minutos. En las ocho pruebas restantes el tiempo de protección superó la duración de la prueba. Conclusión. El repelente evaluado demostró una gran eficacia en la prevención de las picaduras de C. pachymerus, hasta cinco horas después de su aplicación.

Introduction. Culicoides pachymerus is a major pest species for the inhabitants of the western Boyacá province of Colombia. Objective. The effect of a repellent lotion based on p-menthane-3,8-diol (16%) and lemongrass oil (2%) was evaluated against the bites of C. pachymerus. Materials and methods. The repellent lotion was compared simultaneously with a control (no treatment) by human landing catches of C. pachymerus on the forearms of paired volunteers situated near human dwellings. Protection percentage and protection time for 3 to 6 h after repellent application was calculated. The test was repeated ten times. Results. Only two females of C. pachymerus were collected on arms with the repellent treatment. In contrast, the mean biting rate in the untreated control was 47.7 midges/person/10 min. Mean protection percentage of the repellent was 100% up to 4 h and 99.5% up to 5 h. Protection time was 332.2 and 338.2 min in the two replicates where bites of C. pachymerus were confirmed. In the remaining eight replicates protection time exceeded the test duration. Conclusion. The repellent showed high efficacy against C. pachymerus, up to 5 h post-application.

Insect cell cultures are an important biotechnological tool for basic and applied studies. The objective of this work was to establish and characterise a new cell line from Culex quinquefasciatus embryonic tissues. Embryonated eggs were taken as a source of tissue to make explants that were seeded in L-15, Grace's, Grace's/L-15, MM/VP12, Schneider's and DMEM culture media with a pH range from 6.7-6.9 and incubated at 28ºC. The morphological, cytogenetic, biochemical and molecular characteristics of the cell cultures were examined by observing the cell shapes, obtaining the karyotypes, using a cellulose-acetate electrophoretic system and performing random amplified polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction analysis, respectively. The Grace's/L-15 medium provided the optimal nutritional conditions for cell adhesion and proliferation. Approximately 40-60 days following the explant procedure, a confluent monolayer was formed. Cellular morphology in the primary cultures and the subcultures was heterogeneous, but in the monolayer the epithelioid morphology type predominated. A karyotype with a diploid number of six chromosomes (2n = 6) was observed. Isoenzymatic and molecular patterns of the mosquito cell cultures matched those obtained from the immature and adult forms of the same species. Eighteen subcultures were generated. These cell cultures potentially constitute a useful tool for use in biomedical applications.

The breeding sites of Culicoides pachymerus are described for the first time in western Boyacá Province, Colombia, where this species is a public health problem. In addition to being a nuisance due to its enormous density and its high biting rates, C. pachymerus cause dermatological problems in the human population. Analysis of microhabitats by the sugar flotation technique and the use of emergence traps allowed us to recover 155 larvae of Culicoides spp and 65 adults of C. pachymerus from peridomiciliary muddy substrates formed by springs of water and constant rainwater accumulation. These important findings could aid in the design of integrated control meas-ures against this pest.

En Colombia, el uso de mosquiteros es promovido por el Programa nacional de prevención y control de enfermedades transmitidas por vectores en áreas endémicas para malaria. A pesar de esto, son pocos los estudios realizados para evaluar su efectividad y en particular el grado de aceptabilidad por los usuarios lo cual es fundamental para mantener la adherencia a esta medida de control. En el presente estudio se evaluó, a pequeña escala, la aceptación de mosquiteros impregnados con insecticida de larga duración (Olyset®) y su efecto biológico en mosquitos, en una localidad de la región pacífica colombiana. Se instalaron 100 mosquiteros Olyset® en 30 viviendas con la recomendación, basados en una encuesta previa, de lavarlos mensualmente. Cuatro, ocho y doce meses después, se aplicó una encuesta en donde se determinó la aceptación teniendo en cuenta: el porcentaje de mosquiteros Olyset® en uso y la percepción de protección de los habitantes contra las picaduras de los mosquitos. Además, en la primera encuesta se indagó sobre los posibles efectos secundarios en la salud de los usuarios por el uso de estos mosquiteros. Grupos de hembras criadas en laboratorio de Anopheles albimanus Wiedemann y Culex quinquefasciatus Say fueron expuestos a los mosquiteros cada cuatro meses para determinar el efecto letal. La proporción de mosquiteros Olyset® en uso fue disminuyendo en cada evaluación: 77,5%, 51,1% y 46,6% a los cuatro, ocho y doce meses, respectivamente. La misma tendencia fue observada en la percepción de protección contra la picadura de los mosquitos: 82,7%, 62% y 46%, respectivamente. La mortalidad de A. albimanus fue de 100%, 77,8%, 78,6% y 43,7% y la de C. quinquefasciatus de 100%, 42,3%, 74,1% y 5,7% a los cero, cuatro, ocho y doce meses de uso de los mosquiteros, respectivamente. Sólo un 5% de los usuarios manifestó irritación de la piel en los primeros días de uso de estos mosquiteros. En conclusión, durante el año de seguimiento se evidenció una disminución gradual en la aceptación de los mosquiteros Olyset®. Esto probablemente debido a que la notable reducción del efecto letal de los mosquiteros permitió un aumento en las tasas de picadura de los mosquitos que ocasionó la deserción de varios de los usuarios. Sin embargo, no se puede descartar que otras causas hayan contribuido a la reducción en la aceptación.

The use of bednets is promoted by the National Program of Promotion and Prevention of Diseases Transmitted by Vectors in malaria endemic areas of Colombia. This study estimated the acceptance and retention of long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (Olyset®). The study also measured the efficacy of the bednets after being washed once a month. Thirty dwellings were chosen in the village of Beté (Chocó department) to receive bednets. Interviews were administered in four month intervals to determine the frequency of bednet use and to assess the health outcomes. Among the recipients, nets were readily accepted and used at the beginning. However, usage began to decline: 77.5%, 51.1% and 46.6% after 4, 8 and 12 months of use respectively. In addition, 5% of recipients reported skin irritation after 15 days of continuous use. Anopheles albimanus and Culex quinquefasciatus females were exposed to used bednets every four months to estimate mortality and knock down rates. Bioassays revealed a decrease in efficacy over time. A. albimanus mortality was 77.8%, 78.6% and 43.7% after 4, 8 and 12 months of use, respectively. Mortality for C. quinquefasciatus was variable. A. albimanus mean knock down percent was above 80% at each sampling period. C. quinquefasciatus mean knock down percent was at a similar >80% at the 4 and 8 month sampling times, however, declined to 5.7% after 12 months of use. One year of use and monthly washings of bednets results in significantly less acceptance among recipients and a decrease in efficacy.

Introducción. El registro de casos de leishmaniasis en el departamento de Guaviare evidenció la ausencia de estudios entomológicos dirigidos a identificar las especies de Lutzomyia de esa región del país. Objetivo. Determinar las especies del género Lutzomyia en los cuatro municipios del departamento del Guaviare y señalar por antecedentes vectoriales las especies con posible compromiso en la transmisión de la leishmaniasis. Materiales y métodos. El muestreo se realizó con trampas CDC colgadas entre 1,5 m y 9 m de altura. Además, se recolectaron flebótomos con trampa Shannon y en sitios de reposo. Resultados. Se recolectaron flebótomos pertenecientes a 37 especies; 35 de ellas se registran por primera vez para el departamento del Guaviare y cuatro para el país: L. begonae, L. campbelli, L. sericea y L. nematoducta. Las especies más abundantes fueron L. hirsuta 24,3% (148/610), L. yuilli 15,2% (93/610) y L. davisi 10,3% (63/610), seguidas por L. fartigi, L. carrerai, L. antunesi, L. flaviscutellata y L. olmeca bicolor. Conclusión. Se identificaron siete especies de Lutzomyia como posibles vectores de leishmaniasis.

Introduction. Although cases of leishmaniasis have been reported in the province of Guaviare, Colombia, no entomological studies were included to identify the Lutzomyia sand fly vector species in that area. Objective. Lutzomyia species were identified from four townships of Guaviare. Probable vectors were named based on those species involved in transmission in other areas. Materials and methods. Sampling was undertaken with CDC light traps suspended at heights between 1.5 m and 9 m. Additional sand flies were collected with Shannon traps and by aspiration of adult flies from daytime resting sites. Results. Sand flies belonging to 37 different species were collected. 35 of them were recorded for the first time in Guaviare Province. Four species were new records for Colombia: Lutzomyia begonae, L. campbelli, L. sericea and L. nematoducta. The most abundant species were L. hirsuta 24.3% (148/610), L. yuilli 15.2% (93/610), L. davisi 10.3% (63/610), followed by L. fartigi, L. carrerai, L. antunesi, L. flaviscutellata and L. olmeca bicolor. Conclusion. Seven of these species of have been associated previously with endemic or epidemic transmission of leishmaniasis.

The following five new species of Culicoides from Colombia are described, illustrated and placed to subgenus or species group: Culicoides antioquiensis, Culicoides gabrieli, Culicoides inermis, Culicoides micayensis and Culicoides nigrifemur. C. gabrieli is also known from Peru. When possible, their position in previously published keys is indicated and their features discussed in light of the most recent revisions. A list of 180 Culicoides species known (114) or suspected of being in Colombia (66) is given in a Table. Of these, 12 including the new species are recorded from Colombia for the first time.

Introducción. Los habitantes del occidente del departamento de Boyacá han reportado molestia sanitaria y problemas dermatológicos ocasionados por la constante picadura de insectos del género Culicoides. Objetivo. Identificar el área de Boyacá afectada por Culicoides, determinar las especies antropofílicas involucradas y su abundancia. Materiales y métodos. Se solicitó información sobre la molestia sanitaria y el registro de casos dermatológicos asociados a la picadura de Culicoides a las autoridades de salud de los municipios que por sus reportes previos o por sus características geográficas se consideraron como potencialmente afectados. En los municipios que informaron sufrir la problemática, se realizó un muestreo entomológico con atrayente humano afuera de las viviendas. Resultados. Se confirmó la gravedad de la molestia en el área rural de nueve municipios ubicados en el flanco occidental de la Cordillera Oriental. Aunque los registros epidemiológicos fueron fragmentados, se estableció que en seis municipios el 11,4% de los casos (n=2.472) de dermatitis reportados entre el 2003 y el 2005 fueron atribuidos a la picadura de Culicoides. Los resultados entomológicos mostraron que la especie dominante fue Culicoides pachymerus, 99,3% de las 3.389 hembras recolectadas, con tasas de picadura (promedios geométricos) por municipio de hasta 52 hembras/persona en 5 minutos. Mediante análisis multivariado, se encontró que la abundancia de esta especie se relaciona negativamente con la altitud. Conclusiones. Por su dominancia y altas tasas de picadura, C. pachymerus es muy probablemente la especie responsable de la molestia sanitaria y los problemas dermatológicos causados por Culicoides en el departamento de Boyacá.

Introduction. Inhabitants in the western border of Boyacá province have reported high nuisance levels and dermatologic problems caused by the intensely irritating bites of the very small flies of the genus Culicoides. Objective. A survey was carried out to locate the affected area, identify the anthropophylic Culicoides species and estimate its abundance in Boyacá. Materials and methods. Nuisance reports and clinical records of dermatologic cases associated with Culicoides bites were requested from health authorities in counties where nuisance reports had been received or which had geographical features apparently favorable for Culicoides infestations. An outdoors entomological survey using human landing catches was undertaken in areas reporting a pest problem. Results. Culicoides infestations were confirmed as a serious nuisance problem in the rural areas of nine counties located in the western foothills of the Eastern Range of the Colombian Andes. Although available epidemiological records were fragmented, it was established that in six counties 11.4% of the dermatitis cases (total=2,472 cases) reported between 2003 and 2005 were attributed to the Culicoides bites. The entomological survey identified Culicoides pachymerus as the dominant species, 99.3% of 3,389 caught females. Biting rates in the most intensely affected areas reach a geometric mean of 52 females/person per 5 minutes. Multivariate analysis indicated that abundance of C. pachymerus had a negative relationship with altitude. Conclusions. Based on its dominance and high biting rates, C. pachymerus is probably the species responsible for the high nuisance levels caused by Culicoides bites and the associated dermatological pathology, within the study area.

A study that deals with the relations between the Cuban and Brazilian social histories, as well as the creation and use of explanatory concepts in the anthropological and sociological approaches can help to break away with the vision of essentiality that the concepts are granted in Brazil. Both Cuba and Brazil during the last years of the 19th Century and the early years of the 20th Century, revealed the profound contradictions and the complexity of their societies in the development of the sociological and anthropological studies. In both countries the predominance of the slavery had been supported only a few years earlier. The binomial nation / race presided over the identity constructions in the 19th Century and even in the first years of the 20th Century. In both countries. The conceptual debate along with the analysis of the events of the period can contribute to revealing the history darkened by the preeminence of the approaches subordinated to the hierarchic Western theories that adapted to the identity constructions of the white elites.

Un estudio que aborde las relaciones entre las historias sociales cubana y brasileña, así como la creación y uso de conceptos explicativos en los abordajes antropológicos y sociológicos, puede ayudar a romper con la visión de esencialidad que se le otorga a los conceptos en Brasil. Tanto en Cuba como en Brasil, durante los últimos años del siglo XIX y los primeros del siglo XX, el desarrollo de los estudios sociológicos y antropológicos reveló las profundas contradicciones y la complejidad de sus sociedades. En ellas, apenas unos años antes, se había mantenido el predominio de la esclavitud. El binomio nación/raza presidió las construcciones identitarias en el siglo XIX y aún en los primeros años del siglo XX. En ambos países. El debate conceptual unido al análisis de los acontecimientos del periodo puede contribuir a la revelación de la historia oscurecida por la preeminencia de los enfoques subordinados a las teorías jerárquicas occidentales que se acomodaron a las construcciones identitarias de las élites blancas.