Abstract Objective: To verify the relationship between the types of feeding and presence of harmful oral habits (HOH) in children with cleft lip (CL), palate (CP) and cleft lip and palate (CLP), as well as to compare the different types of cleft to each other. Material and Methods: A form was applied to the parents of 162 children (3-5 years old), addressing the following variables: gender, cleft type, age, socioeconomic conditions, type of breastfeeding, presence of HOH, and the parents' knowledge about the consequences of oral habits. The data obtained were analyzed by chi-square test (p<0.05). Results: The majority of children (83.3%) were bottle-fed and 12.3% were exclusively maternal breastfed. The main reason for weaning was the presence of cleft (59.9%). Breastfeeding was significantly higher in children with CL (75%) in comparison with CP (20%) and CLP (5%) (p<0.001). Children with CLP were 12 times more likely to be bottle-fed than children with CL (OR=12.21; CI=4.09-36.45). The prevalence of HOH was 37%. Sociodemographic characteristics were not associated with the presence of HOH (p>0.05). The type of feeding and cleft were not decisive to present some type of HOH (p>0.05) and 87% of parents stated that HOH could lead to serious complications of tooth misalignment. Conclusion: The type of feeding and fissure did not determine the acquisition of harmful oral habits in children with cleft. However, the greater the fissure's complexity, the lesser the chance of children receiving exclusive breastfeeding.

Abstract Objectives This study analyzed the capacity of Candida spp. from dental biofilm of HIV infected (HIV+) children to demineralize primary molar enamel in vitro by Transversal Microhardness (TMH), Polarized Light Microscopy (PLM) and the quantity of calcium ions (Ca2+) released from the enamel. Material and Methods Candida spp. samples were isolated from the supragingival biofilm of HIV+ children. A hundred and forty (140) enamel blocks were randomly assigned to six groups: biofilm formed by C. albicans (Group 1); mixed biofilm formed by C. albicans and C. tropicalis (Group 2); mixed biofilm formed by C. albicans and C. parapsilosis (Group 3); mixed biofilm formed by C. albicans, C. parapsilosis and C. glabrata (Group 4); biofilm formed by C. albicans ATCC (Group 5) and medium without Candida (Group 6). Enamel blocks from each group were removed on days 3, 5, 8 and 15 after biofilm formation to evaluate the TMH and images of enamel were analyzed by PLM. The quantity of Ca2+ released, from Groups 1 and 6, was determined using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The SPSS program was used for statistical analysis and the significance level was 5%. Results TMH showed a gradual reduction in enamel hardness (p<0.05) from the 1st to 15th day, but mainly five days after biofilm formation in all groups. The PLM showed superficial lesions indicating an increase in porosity. C. albicans caused the release of Ca2+ into suspension during biofilm formation. Conclusion Candida species from dental biofilm of HIV+ children can cause demineralization of primary enamel in vitro.

INTRODUCTION: Some viruses of the Herpesviridae family are frequently the etiologic agents of oral lesions associated with HIV. The aim of this study was to identify the presence of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (HSV-1, HSV-2), Varicella Zoster virus (VZV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), human herpesvirus type 6, type 7 and type 8 (HHV-6, HHV-7 and HHV-8) in the oral cavity of HIV-infected children/adolescents and verify the association between viral subtypes and clinical factors. METHODS: The cells of oral mucosa were collected from 50 HIV infected children/adolescents, 3-13 years old (mean age 8.66). The majority (66%) of selected were girls, and they were all outpatients at the pediatric AIDS clinic of a public hospital in Rio de Janeiro. Nested-PCR was used to identify the viral types. RESULTS: Absence of immunosuppression was observed in 66% of the children. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) was used by 72.1% of selected and moderate viral load was observed in 56% of the children/adolescents. Viral types were found in 86% of the children and the subtypes were: HSV-1 (4%), HSV-2 (2%), VZV (4%), EBV (0%), HCMV (24%), HHV6 (18%), HHV-7 (68%), HHV8 (0%). CONCLUSIONS: The use of HAART has helped to reduce oral lesions, especially with herpes virus infections. The health professionals who work with these patients should be aware of such lesions because of their predictive value and the herpes virus can be found circulating in the oral cavity without causing lesions.

El presente estudio tuvo por objetivo analizar el perfil odontológico de los pacientes atendidos en la Clínica de Bebés de una institución de enseñanza superior de Río de Janeiro, Brasil, y la influencia del consumo de azúcar, uso frecuente de medicamentos e higiene oral en la prevalencia de caries de aparición temprana en bebés de 0 a 36 meses de edad. Se utilizó la documentación indirecta a través de investigación en las historias clínicas de los pacientes. Fueron seleccionadas 525 historias clínicas válidas y los datos obtenidos fueron tabulados y analizados en el  programa Epi Info 6.04. La media de edad fue de 21,4 ± 8,3  meses, 53% género masculino. Un 35% de los pacientes poseían bajo consumo de azúcar, un 81 % acostumbraba a endulzar alimentos, especialmente con sacarosa (94%). El uso frecuente de medicamentos  relatado en 29%, especialmente vitaminas (74%) y un total de 84% higienizaban sus dientes. Presencia de caries en 38% de los casos con un ceo-d medio de 3,21. Se observó un consumo de azúcar directamente relacionado a la presencia de caries (p<0,05Qui-cuadrado). Hubo una relación proporcional entre edad de los pacientes y caries (p<0,05). No hubo relación entre uso de medicamentos y caries (p>0,05). Se observó que el hábito de higiene dental tuvo relación inversamente proporcional a la prevalencia de caries (p<0,05). Se concluyó que el uso de medicamentos no tiene relación con caries en la población estudiada, en cuanto el consumo de azúcar e higiene ejercen un papel preponderante en sus índices en bebés.

The prevalence of early childhood caries in children from 0-36 months and its relationship with sugar consumption, medicines uses and oral hygiene, has been study in this research. We used non direct documentation through patient records research from a baby clinic of Rio de Janeiro higher education institution. From a total of 1066 records, we selected 525 valid records and the results were listed and analyzed using Epi Info 6.04 software. We found an average age of 21.4 ± 8.3 month, where 53 % were male. Approximately 1/3 of the babies (35%) had low sugar consumption; moreover 81% of the babies were used to sweeten their food, especially with sucrose (94%). The frequently use of medicine were found in 29%, especially vitamins with a value of 74%; and a total of 84% did oral hygiene where 77% used tooth brush and 51% used past tooth. Caries were present in 38% of the babies, and an average dmf-t found was 3.208. We observed that the sugar consumption was directly related to the presence of dental carie (p<0.05 Chi-square test). We also found a proportional relationship between patient age and the presence of dental caries (p<0.05). There were not relationship between medicine uses and the presence of dental caries (p>0.05). We observed that the dental hygienic had a proportional inverse relationship to the presence of dental caries (p<0.05). We concluded that the medicine uses had not relationship with dental carie considering our patient records. However, sugar consumption and the dental hygienic habit play a fundamental role in the babies carie prevalence.

Este estudo tem como objetivo determinar a experiência de cárie em crianças infectadas pelo HIV, correlacionada com a classificação clínica e imunológica (CDC³, 1994). Participaram da pesquisa 92 crianças (50 meninas e 42 meninos), com média de idade de 5,77 ± 3,31 anos (6 meses a 13 anos), com diagnóstico definitivo para o HIV, todos pacientes com atendimento ambulatorial. Foi realizado exame bucal para determinar os índices ceo/CPOD e os dados de história médica foram coletados dos prontuários médicos. Na dentição decídua de crianças mais jovens (até 5 anos), apesar de a prevalência de cárie ter apresentado valores maiores naquelas mais comprometidas clínica e imunologicamente, não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre as diversas categorias de classificação. Nas crianças de maior idade, isto também foi observado, apesar de terem sido encontrados valores de CPOD maiores nas crianças mais doentes.

This research aims to determine the relationship between the prevalence of caries and clinical and immunological classification in HIV-infected children. Ninety-two outpatients (42 male and 50 female subjects) with definitive diagnosis of HIV infection took part in this research. The patients were examined in order to determine the prevalence of caries (dmf and DMFT indexes), and medical data were collected from their medical records. The mean age of the subjects was 5.77 years. Although no statistical differences were found, young patients (up to 5 years old) had more caries when they were more clinically and immunologically compromised. The same fact was observed regarding older children.