ABSTRACT Peach rootstock and scion cultivars are selected in breeding programs considering resistance to pests and diseases, salt tolerance, drought tolerance, and vigor. However, rootstock tolerance to aluminum (Al), which is markedly present in tropical and subtropical soils of the world, is not considered. Thus, it is essential to define potential markers that can contribute to the selection of Al-resistant or Al-tolerant peach rootstocks. The objective of this study was to identify Al-tolerant peach tree rootstock cultivars and clonal selections using physiological and oxidative stress variables. A completely randomized experimental design was used in a 13 (rootstock cultivars and clonal selections) × 2 (with and without Al) factorial arrangement, with three replications. Nursery peach trees of own-rooted ‘BRS Mandinho’ (without rootstock) and nursery trees of ‘BRS Mandinho’ grafted on different rootstock cultivars and clonal selections were grown in a hydroponic system, consisting of two treatments, with and without 100 mg L-1 of Al. Dry biomass, photosynthetic variables, pigment concentration, hydrogen peroxide content, membrane lipid peroxidation, and activity of the antioxidant enzymes were evaluated. The total dry matter production of the own-rooted ‘BRS Mandinho’ trees and the SS-CHI-09-39 and SS-CHI-09-40 selections is affected by the Al presence, representing a decline of 35.4, 37.2, and 24.4 %, respectively, compared to the treatment with Al. The highest total dry matter production in Al presence was observed for the ‘Sharpe’ rootstock. ‘Capdeboscq’, DB-SEN-09-23, FB-ESM-09-43, JB-ESM-09-13, JAH-MAC-09-77, SAS-SAU-09-71, and VEH-GRA-09-55 rootstock selections are tolerant to Al. The use of physiological and biochemical variables shows potential for the selection of clonal rootstocks tolerant or resistant to Al. diseases vigor However Al, , (Al) world considered Thus Alresistant Altolerant 1 arrangement replications ownrooted own rooted BRS Mandinho system treatments 10 L1 L L- biomass concentration content peroxidation evaluated SSCHI0939 SSCHI SS CHI 09 39 SS-CHI-09-3 SSCHI0940 40 SS-CHI-09-4 354 35 4 35.4 372 37 37.2 244 24 24. % respectively ‘Sharpe Sharpe ‘Capdeboscq, Capdeboscq ‘Capdeboscq ‘Capdeboscq’ DBSEN0923, DBSEN0923 DBSEN DB SEN 23, 23 DB-SEN-09-23 FBESM0943, FBESM0943 FBESM FB ESM 43, 43 FB-ESM-09-43 JBESM0913, JBESM0913 JBESM JB 13, JB-ESM-09-13 JAHMAC0977, JAHMAC0977 JAHMAC JAH MAC 77, 77 JAH-MAC-09-77 SASSAU0971, SASSAU0971 SASSAU SAS SAU 71, 71 SAS-SAU-09-71 VEHGRA0955 VEHGRA VEH GRA 55 VEH-GRA-09-5 (Al SSCHI093 0 3 SS-CHI-09- SSCHI094 35. 37. DBSEN092 DB-SEN-09-2 FBESM094 FB-ESM-09-4 JBESM091 JB-ESM-09-1 JAHMAC097 7 JAH-MAC-09-7 SASSAU097 SAS-SAU-09-7 VEHGRA095 5 VEH-GRA-09- SSCHI09 SS-CHI-09 DBSEN09 DB-SEN-09- FBESM09 FB-ESM-09- JBESM09 JB-ESM-09- JAHMAC09 JAH-MAC-09- SASSAU09 SAS-SAU-09- VEHGRA09 VEH-GRA-09 SSCHI0 SS-CHI-0 DBSEN0 DB-SEN-09 FBESM0 FB-ESM-09 JBESM0 JB-ESM-09 JAHMAC0 JAH-MAC-09 SASSAU0 SAS-SAU-09 VEHGRA0 VEH-GRA-0 SS-CHI- DB-SEN-0 FB-ESM-0 JB-ESM-0 JAH-MAC-0 SAS-SAU-0 VEH-GRA- SS-CHI DB-SEN- FB-ESM- JB-ESM- JAH-MAC- SAS-SAU- VEH-GRA DB-SEN FB-ESM JB-ESM JAH-MAC SAS-SAU

RESUMO: A região da Campanha Gaúcha recebeu recentemente, em 2020, a Indicação de Procedência ‘IP Campanha Gaúcha’ para vinhos e espumantes. Dados científicos e pesquisas desenvolvidas nas últimas décadas puderam fornecer as informações necessárias para esta primeira caracterização da área. No entanto, faltam dados detalhados sobre a composição dos vinhos da Campanha Gaúcha. Neste estudo, vinhos de cinco variedades de uva branca (Riesling, Gewürztraminer, Semillon, Sauvignon Blanc e Chardonnay), produzidos na Campanha Gaúcha na safra 2018, foram coletados diretamente da vinícola e encaminhados para análises de vários compostos voláteis e fenólicos. Essa safra foi classificada entre as melhores das três décadas anteriores para esta região. Os resultados, oriundos dessa excelente safra, demonstram o potencial qualitativo da região para as castas abrangidas por este estudo. São registros importantes para a construção e ampliação de bancos de dados para pesquisas futuras e também podem fornecer embasamento científico para definição mais detalhada das diferenças e semelhanças intra e inter-regionais quanto às características dos vinhos da Campanha Gaúcha. RESUMO recentemente 2020 IP espumantes área entanto estudo Riesling, Riesling (Riesling Gewürztraminer Semillon Chardonnay, Chardonnay , Chardonnay) 2018 fenólicos resultados interregionais inter regionais 202 201 20 2

ABSTRACT: The Campanha Gaúcha region has recently (2020) received an Indication of Provenance (‘IP Campanha Gaúcha’) for wines and sparkling wines. Scientific data and research developed during the last decades could provide the necessary information for this first characterization of the area. Nevertheless, there is a lack of detailed data about the composition of Campanha Gaúcha wines. In this study, five Campanha Gaúcha white wines of different grape varieties (Riesling, Gewürztraminer, Semillon, Sauvignon Blanc and Chardonnay) produced in the 2018 vintage were collected directly from the winery and followed analyses of several volatile and phenolic compounds. The 2018 vintage was rated among the best of the 3 preceding decades for this region. The results, originated from this excellent vintage, demonstrate the qualitative potential of the region for the wines elaborated with the grape varieties covered by this study. They are important records for the construction and enlargement of databases for future research and can also provide further scientific basis for more detailed definition of intra-regional and inter-regional differences and similarities regarding the characteristics of Campanha Gaúcha wines. ABSTRACT 2020 (2020 ‘IP IP Gaúcha’ area Nevertheless study Riesling, Riesling (Riesling Gewürztraminer Semillon Chardonnay 201 compounds results intraregional intra regional interregional inter 202 (202 20 (20 2 (2 (

RESUMO Embora o zinco (Zn) seja um micronutriente, quantidades excessivas no solo podem causar efeitos tóxicos às plantas. Fertilizantes, materiais calcários, pesticidas e fungicidas adicionados de Zn têm contribuído para aumentar a concentração deste elemento nos solos agrícolas. Dessa forma, é necessário encontrar espécies de plantas tolerantes ao Zn para serem adequadamente utilizadas em programas de restauração de solos degradados. Assim, o presente estudo tem como objetivo investigar a influência de diferentes concentrações de Zn nas variáveis fotossintéticas, na atividade antioxidante e no crescimento de mudas de I. marginata e A. edulis para determinar seu potencial para serem utilizadas como espécies fitorremediadoras. O experimento foi instalado em esquema fatorial 2×5, sendo o primeiro fator duas espécies (Allophylus edulis e Inga marginata), e o segundo fator: cinco concentrações de Zn (2, 75, 150, 225 e 300μM), com três repetições por tratamento. Cada unidade amostral foi constituída por um vaso com cinco plantas. Foram avaliadas variáveis fotossintéticas, morfológicas da parte aérea e do sistema radicular, fluorescência da clorofila a, pigmentos fotossintéticos, atividade de enzimas antioxidantes, peroxidação lipídica, concentração de peróxido de hidrogênio e Zn acumulado nas raízes e na parte aérea. O estresse por Zn ativou um eficiente sistema antioxidante, que reduziu o dano oxidativo nas folhas de ambas as espécies; consequentemente, não diminuiu a produção de biomassa aérea em mudas de Inga marginata e Allophylus edulis. O alto acúmulo de Zn nos tecidos vegetais e a falta de efeitos negativos na parte aérea de Inga marginata e Allophylus edulis sugeriram que essas espécies de plantas são tolerantes ao Zn e podem ser indicadas para fins de fitorremediação de solos poluídos com Zn. (Zn micronutriente Fertilizantes calcários agrícolas forma degradados Assim fotossintéticas I A fitorremediadoras 25 2 5 2×5 marginata, , marginata) 2, (2 75 150 22 300μM, 300μM μM 300μM) tratamento radicular fotossintéticos antioxidantes lipídica consequentemente 2× ( 7 15 1

ABSTRACT Although zinc (Zn) is a micronutrient, excessive amounts in the soil can have toxic effects on plants. Fertilizers, limestone materials, pesticides, and fungicides added with Zn have contributed to increasing the concentration of this element in agricultural soils. Accordingly, it is necessary to find Zn-tolerant plant species to be properly used in degraded soil restoration programs. Thus, the current study aims to investigate the influence of different Zn concentrations on photosynthetic variables, antioxidant activity, and growth of I. marginata and A. edulis seedlings to determine their potential to be used as phytoremediation species. The experiment was installed in a 2×5 factorial scheme, with the first factor being two species (Allophylus edulis and Inga marginata), and the second factor: five concentrations of Zn (2, 75, 150, 225, and 300 μM), with three replications per treatment. Each sampling unit consisted of a pot with five plants. Photosynthetic, morphological variables of the shoot and root systems, chlorophyll a fluorescence, photosynthetic pigments, antioxidant enzyme activity, lipid peroxidation, hydrogen peroxide concentration, and Zn accumulated in the roots and shoot were evaluated. Zn stress has activated an efficient antioxidant system, which reduced oxidative damage in the leaves of both species; consequently, it did not decrease shoot biomass production in Inga marginata and Allophylus edulis seedlings. High Zn accumulation in plant tissues and lack of negative effects on Inga marginata and Allophylus edulis shoot have suggested that these plant species are tolerant to Zn and may be indicated for Zn-polluted soil phytoremediation purposes. (Zn micronutrient plants Fertilizers materials pesticides soils Accordingly Zntolerant programs Thus activity I A 25 2 5 2× scheme marginata, , marginata) 2, (2 75 150 225 30 μM, μM μM) treatment Photosynthetic systems fluorescence pigments peroxidation evaluated system consequently Znpolluted polluted purposes ( 7 15 22 3 1

ABSTRACT Garlic (Allium sativum) is normally grown under conventional tillage (CT) with soil being excessively mixed by plowing and harrowing operations that degrade soil structure, increase production costs, and increase environmental contamination. Alternatively, cover crops can be grown and their residues placed on soil surface, enabling garlic to be grown under no-tillage (NT) system. However, for subtropical climate there is little information on the impacts of tillage systems and cover crop species, particularly of their decomposition process and nutrients release, on garlic nutritional status and yield. This study aimed to evaluate garlic yield, and the decomposition rate and nutrient release from aboveground residues of cover crops cultivated in CT and NT methods, in a subtropical climate. Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum), bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and sunn hemp (Crotalaria ochroleuca) were cultivated as cover crops previous to garlic, under CT or NT, for two consecutive years in the same area. The highest dry matter yield and nutrient release by cover crops were observed for millet and sunn hemp. The highest accumulations of P and K were observed in millet residue. Total garlic yield averaged 16.2 Mg ha-1 yr-1 and was affected neither by tillage method nor by cover crop species. The yield of marketable garlic was higher when soil was covered with bean residue in NT. Yield of non-marketable garlic was higher under CT in the first year, when high precipitation occurred shortly before harvest. The highest residue decomposition and nutrient release rates were observed under CT, in the three cover crop species. No-tillage increases marketable yield of garlic and the residence time of cover crop residues. We recommend cultivation in NT systems using cover crops, thus increasing marketable garlic yield and nutrient cycling. Allium sativum (CT structure costs contamination Alternatively surface notillage no (NT system However species methods Pennisetum glaucum, glaucum , glaucum) Phaseolus vulgaris Crotalaria ochroleuca area 162 16 2 16. ha1 ha 1 ha- yr1 yr yr- nonmarketable non year harvest Notillage No cycling

ABSTRACT The study aimed to propose critical levels (CL) and sufficiency ranges of phosphorus (P) in leaves and soil, and rates of maximum technical (MTE) and economic (MEE) efficiency, to maximize marketable bulb yield in garlic (Allium sativum) cultivars grown in a subtropical climate. Field experiments were conducted for two seasons on clay soils in southern Brazil. The cultivars ‘Chonan’, ‘Ito’, and ‘Roxo Caxiense’ were subjected to the application of P rates (0, 50, 100, 250, and 500 kg P2O5·ha-1·yr-1). Garlic yield, soil P concentrations (Mehlich-1), and total P in leaves were determined. The CL in relation to total yield garlic yield were 3.5, 4.5, and 3.4 g P·kg-1 in leaves and 18, 28, and 14 mg P·dm-3 in soil, for ‘Chonan’, ‘Ito’, and ‘Roxo Caxiense’, respectively. The CL in relation to marketable garlic yield were 4.0, 3.5, and 3.6 g P·kg-1 in leaves and 22, 26, and 13 mg P·dm-3 in soil, for the respective cultivars. The MTE rates were 397 and 336 kg P2O5·ha-1, and the MEE rates were 353 and 297 kg P2O5·ha-1, for total and marketable garlic bulb yield. Based on our results, we recommend that garlic growers use when possible the individual nutritional reference values for specific garlic cultivars. (CL (P (MTE (MEE efficiency Allium sativum climate Brazil ‘Chonan, Chonan ‘Chonan , ‘Chonan’ ‘Ito, Ito ‘Ito ‘Ito’ Roxo Caxiense 0, 0 (0 50 100 250 P2O5·ha1·yr1. P2O5ha1yr1 POhayr P2O5·ha 1·yr 1 . P2O5 ha yr O P2O5·ha-1·yr-1) Mehlich1, Mehlich1 Mehlich (Mehlich-1) determined 35 3 5 3.5 45 4 4.5 34 3. P·kg1 Pkg1 Pkg P·kg P·kg- 18 28 P·dm3 Pdm3 Pdm P·dm dm P·dm- Caxiense, respectively 40 4.0 36 6 22 26 39 33 P2O5·ha1, P2O5ha1 POha 1, P2O5·ha-1 29 results ( 10 25 ha1 yr1 P2O5·ha1·yr1 P2O5ha1yr P2O5ha 1yr PO P2O P2O5·ha-1·yr-1 (Mehlich-1 4. kg1 2 dm3 P2O5·ha1 P2O5·ha- P2O5·ha1·yr P2O5·ha-1·yr- (Mehlich- P2O5·ha-1·yr (Mehlich

ABSTRACT Application of pig manure (PM) in agriculture can influence the amount and composition of soil organic matter (SOM). This study evaluated the changes in contents and stock of C in chemical fractions of SOM and the chemical and spectroscopic composition of humic substances (HS) in a Typic Hapludult (Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo) after ten years of PM application. Experimental area received 90 and 180 kg ha-1 of N in the form of pig slurry (PS90 and PS180) and pig deep litter (DL90 and DL180), in addition to the control, without application (SA). Soil samples were prepared, and the chemical fractioning of SOM, elemental analysis, and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy of HS were performed. Applications of PM favored the accumulation of C in soil (up to 53 %), and PS180 increased humic acids (HA) (up to 185 %), while applications of DL favored the increase of hydrophilic substances extracted with HCl and humin (HU) (up to 10 times and 60 %, respectively). Applications of PS180 and DL180 promoted an increase in the aromatic and carboxylic character of the HS, increasing cationic exchange capacity. Therefore, PM applications, especially with DL, contribute positively to C fixation in the soil and the chemical composition of organic material. (PM SOM. . (SOM) (HS Argissolo VermelhoAmarelo Vermelho Amarelo Vermelho-Amarelo 9 18 ha1 ha 1 ha- PS90 PS (PS9 DL90 (DL9 DL180, , DL180) control SA. SA (SA) prepared analysis performed up 5 % %) PS18 HA (HA HU (HU 6 respectively. respectively respectively) DL18 capacity Therefore material (SOM PS9 (PS DL9 (DL (SA PS1 DL1

RESUMO Solos contaminados com cobre (Cu) são um problema crescente, e o uso da fitorremediação tem evidenciado resultados positivos na redução dos efeitos nocivos desse elemento nos solos. Espécies arbóreas têm sido amplamente utilizadas para esta técnica, pois funcionam como barreira a esse tipo de contaminação. Portanto, é necessário avaliar os limites de tolerância/toxicidade ao Cu, bem como os danos causados por este metal nas plantas. Assim, o presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar a tolerância de plantas de Handroanthus heptaphyllus ao Cu através de análises morfofisiológicas e bioquímicas, bem como a concentração de Cu nos tecidos. Mudas de H. heptaphyllus foram submetidas a diferentes concentrações de Cu adicionadas na solução nutritiva: 0,5, 32, 64, 96 e 128 μM Cu em sistema hidropônico. Foram analisados atributos morfofisiológicos, como altura da parte aérea e comprimento da raiz, massa seca, variáveis morfológicas do sistema radicular, área foliar e variáveis fotossintéticas. Além disso, foram investigados pigmentos fotossintéticos, enzimas antioxidantes, peroxidação lipídica, concentração de peróxido de hidrogênio e Cu acumulado nos tecidos. Os valores registrados para variáveis como massa seca e pigmentos não apresentaram diferença significativa, independentemente das concentrações de Cu. Além disso, as taxas fotossintéticas e transpiratórias foram afetadas negativamente apenas na maior concentração de Cu (128 μM). No geral, a espécie Handroanthus heptaphyllus foi afetada pelo excesso de Cu apenas em 128 μM. O Cu se acumulou principalmente nas raízes, sem registrar diminuição da biomassa, o que pode indicar a tolerância da espécie a esse metal, bem como seu grande potencial para ser utilizado na fitoestabilização de Cu em solos contaminados com este metal. (Cu crescente técnica contaminação Portanto tolerânciatoxicidade toxicidade Assim bioquímicas tecidos H nutritiva 05 0 5 0,5 32 64 9 12 hidropônico morfofisiológicos raiz radicular disso fotossintéticos antioxidantes lipídica significativa (12 . μM) geral raízes biomassa 0, 3 6 1 (1 (

ABSTRACT Copper (Cu)-contaminated soils are becoming more common, and phytoremediation is an effective strategy for reducing the negative effects of Cu on soils. Tree species are commonly used for this technique because they act as a barrier to this type of contamination. It is necessary to evaluate Cu tolerance and toxicity thresholds together with the harm this metal causes to plants. The objective of the current study was to investigate the tolerance of Handroanthus heptaphyllus plants to Cu through morpho-physiological, biochemical, and tissue Cu concentration analyses. H. heptaphyllus seedlings were subjected to nutrient solutions with varying concentrations of copper: 0, 5, 32, 64, 96, and 128 µM Cu in a hydroponic system. We conducted a morpho-physiological trait analysis on shoot height, root length, dry weight, morphological variables of the root system, leaf area, and photosynthetic variables. In addition, we also looked into photosynthetic pigments, antioxidant enzymes, lipid peroxidation, hydrogen peroxide concentration, and Cu accumulation in tissues. The values obtained for variables such as dry weight and pigments did not show significant differences, regardless of Cu concentration. Moreover, photosynthetic and transpiration rates were negatively affected only at the highest Cu concentration (128 µM). Overall, excess Cu had no effect on Handroanthus heptaphyllus below 128 µM. Cu accumulated mainly in the roots without a decrease in biomass, which could indicate the tolerance of the species to this metal as well as its great potential in the phytostabilization of Cu in contaminated soils. Cucontaminated common contamination morphophysiological, morphophysiological morpho physiological, physiological biochemical analyses H copper 0 5 32 64 96 12 system height length area addition enzymes peroxidation tissues differences Moreover (12 . µM) Overall biomass 3 6 9 1 (1 (

ABSTRACT Soils with low potassium (K) availability require corrective fertilization for grain crops. The recommended rate to increase K availability up to the critical level depends on the soil K buffering capacity (KBC). This study aimed to quantify the KBC and recalculate the rates necessary to reach the K critical level in 23 soils from Southern Brazil. Soil samples were incubated with six K rates, that were thus grouped according to CECpH7.0: below 7.5 cmolc dm-3 (0, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 180 kg K2O ha-1); from 7.6 to 15 cmolc dm-3 (0, 30, 60, 120, 180 and 240 kg K2O ha-1) and from 15.1 to 30 cmolc dm-3 (0, 30, 60, 120, 240 and 360 kg K2O ha-1). The soil test K (STK) was extracted by Mehlich-1 and the fertilizer rates necessary to increase the STK by 1 mg dm-3 were quantified. The KBC values were correlated with a suite of soil testing metrics. The relationship between the cation exchange capacity (CECpH7.0) and KBC was modeled, and a linear-plateau equation presented the best fit. The K rates were calculated using the following equation: K rate = ( Critical Level − S T K ) × K B C and were compared with the current rate indicated by the Local Soil Fertility Committee. The K fertilizer rates by KBC were about 2.5 times higher than the values currently indicated, and the largest differences were observed in soils with low STK and high CECpH7.0.

ABSTRACT Bases are chemical species that donate electrons, accept protons, or release hydroxyls (OH–) in aqueous solution. In Soil Science, “base saturation”, “exchangeable bases” or “basic cations” has been widely used to distinguish Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, and K+ from H+ and Al3+ cations. This terminology is confusing since none of these cations are truly a base in chemistry sense. However, in the absence of the proposition of a correct term, the term “base saturation” remains in use nowadays, causing confusion among students, professionals, and even among professors and researchers in Soil Science, as it leads to the erroneous interpretation that the soil acidity can be corrected by adding these cations to the soil. Here, we present the historical background of this nomenclature and a theoretical foundation that justifies the abolition of the use of these terms in Soil Science. We consider that the most correct is to call it “Ca-Mg-K-Na saturation”, which, despite being long, would refer directly and without any misinterpretation of the terminology. In Soil Fertility, the “base saturation” is often calculated only as a function of the sum of Ca, Mg, and K, since the Na content is negligible in most tropical and subtropical soils. Thus, one could use the term “Ca-Mg-K saturation”. Likewise, it is also suggested to abolish the use of the term “sum of bases” and use the term “sum of Ca-Mg-K” or “sum of Ca-Mg-K-Na” instead when necessary.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of new Ca sources sprayed on ‘Fuji Suprema’ and ‘Maxi Gala’ apple trees on nutrient levels in leaves and fruit, as well as on fruit ripening features and quality at harvest time and after cold storage. Experiments were carried out in a commercial orchard planted with ‘Fuji Suprema’ and ‘Maxi Gala’ apple trees in Caçador, Santa Catarina state, Brazil. Application of different Ca sources and untreated trees were evaluated in each experiment. Fruit were harvested at two different ripening stages and analyzed based on the following variables: fruit ripening at harvest time, as well as fruit quality and incidence of physiological disorders after 210-day storage at 1 °C. Calcium applications did not change Ca levels in the leaves and of the whole fruit. Calcium levels in fruit peel increased in cultivars Maxi Gala and Fuji Suprema due to leaf Ca applications. ‘Maxi Gala’ apples recorded higher postharvest incidence of physiological disorders, such as greater loss of fruit firmness than ‘Fuji Suprema’ apples (Due to 1-methylcyclopropene [1-MCP] application on ‘Fuji Suprema’ apples). Calcium applications did not change fruit maturation (starch index and pulp firmness) or apple pulp firmness preservation in both cultivars, although they reduced the incidence of bitter pit disorder in ‘Maxi Gala’ apples. The new sources of Ca tested did not increase Ca contents, nor did they reduced the risk for physiological disorder compared to the standard CaCl2 treatment that has been commercially used for decades as the main Ca fertilizer.

RESUMO: O estudo quantificou os parâmetros cinéticos de captação de K nas gramíneas Paspalum notatum, Paspalum urvillei e Axonopus affinis associados com o crescimento. Dez mililitros (10 ml) de solução nutritiva foram coletados em vasos de dois litros - com cinco repetições em 24 horas - para determinação das concentrações de K nas amostras. A matéria seca da parte aérea e raízes; comprimento, volume, diâmetro e área superficial radicular, bem como parâmetros cinéticos associados à absorção de nutrientes (Vmax, Km, Cmin e I) foram avaliados. A espécie P. notatum apresentou a maior produção de raiz, parte aérea e MS total, bem como o maior volume de raiz. P. urvillei apresentou o maior teor de K, que pode ser associado a raízes mais finas e resultando em maior área superficial. A. affinis registrou o maior valor de Vmax, o que levou a uma maior eficiência de absorção de K.

ABSTRACT: This study quantified K uptake kinetic parameters in grass species Paspalum notatum, Paspalum urvillei and Axonopus affinis to associate them with growth. Ten milliliters (10 ml) of nutrient solution were collected in two-liter pots - with five repetitions in 24 hours - in order to determine K concentrations in the samples. Shoot and root dry matter, root length, volume, diameter and surface area, as well as kinetic parameters associated with nutrient uptake (Vmax, Km, Cmin and I) were determined. Species P. notatum was the one presenting the highest root, shoot and total dry matter production, as well as the highest root volume. P. urvillei recorded the highest K content, which may be associated with thinner roots and greater root surface area. A. affinis recorded the highest Vmax value, which led to greater K uptake efficiency.

Resumo A seleção de porta-enxertos com características de interesse, como resistência a pragas e doenças, e compatibilidade com copa capaz de produzir frutos atrativos ao mercado, revolucionou as frutíferas em todo o mundo. No entanto, o enorme potencial das plantas de serem selecionadas com base em sua eficiência de absorção de nutrientes ainda não foi devidamente explorado; isso pode ser feito com base no conhecimento dos parâmetros cinéticos, como influxo, velocidade máxima de absorção, constante de afinidade do íon com o transportador e concentração mínima. A adaptação de uma metodologia elaborada para safras anuais, para definição de parâmetros cinéticos, bem como o desenvolvimento brasileiro do software Influx possibilitaram não só selecionar porta-enxertos de pessegueiro com diferentes capacidades de absorção de nutrientes, mas também observar a influência da enxertia de uma determinada cultivar copa na capacidade do porta-enxerto de absorver determinado nutriente do solo. Assim, porta-enxertos e cultivares de árvores frutíferas sempre podem ser selecionados com base em características desejadas pelos fruticultores e consumidores, com ênfase na produtividade e na qualidade dos frutos. Eles também podem ser mais eficientes na absorção de nutrientes de solos de baixa fertilidade natural que requerem maiores quantidades de nutrientes, fato que pode aumentar a racionalização do uso de fertilizantes e reduzir os processos de contaminação ambiental resultantes de aplicações excessivas de nutrientes.

Abstract The selection of rootstocks presenting traits of interest, such as resistance to pests and diseases, and compatibility with scion capable of producing fruits attractive to the market, has revolutionized fruit crops worldwide. However, the enormous potential of plants to be selected based on their nutrient uptake efficiency is yet to be properly explored; it can be done based on knowledge about kinetic parameters such as Influx, Maximum uptake velocity, Constant ion affinity with the carrier, and Minimum concentration. The adaptation of a methodology elaborated for annual crops to set kinetic parameters, as well as the Brazilian development of the Influx software, enabled selecting not only peach rootstocks with different nutrient uptake capacities, but also observing the influence the grafting of a particular cultivar crown has on rootstock’s ability to uptake a given nutrient from the soil. Thus, fruit tree rootstocks and cultivars can always be selected based on traits desired by fruit growers and consumers, with emphasis on yield and quality of fruits. They can also be more efficient in taking up nutrients from low natural-fertility soils that require lower nutrient amounts, a fact that increases fertilizer use rationalization and reduces environmental contamination processes resulting from excessive nutrient applications.

ABSTRACT: This study evaluated P pools after nine years of successive application of either pig slurry (PS) or deep pig litter (DL) in a no-till Ultisol from southern Brazil. The experiment was established in Dec 2002 with the treatments control, application of 90 and 180 kg N ha−1 N as PS and as DL. In Mar 2010, soil samples were taken at six layers up to 30 cm deep. Total organic and inorganic P were assessed by the ignition method, and P compounds classes were evaluated by 31P-NMR spectroscopy. Total soil P increased proportionally with the P amount applied via DL and PS. Only DL application increased soil organic P, mainly at the highest dose and in the uppermost soil layers. The application of high doses of manure to these soils under no-till to meet crop N demands significantly increased P accumulation at the soil surface, especially with DL. This, in turn, increases the risk of contamination of water bodies due to P transfer from soil to rivers via runoff. The ignition method overestimates organic P compared to P-NMR. The highest proportion of organic P estimated by the ignition and P-NMR methods, at surface layers in the control suggests that inorganic P is added to the plots treated, increasing inorganic P and decreasing organic P. Moreover, with no P additions to the control, inorganic soil P is removed by plants, causing an apparent increase in the organic P proportion.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar alterações nas propriedades químicas do solo e o limite crítico ambiental para o fósforo (LCA-P), em vinhedos da região sul do estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil. Amostras de solo foram coletadas às profundidades do solo 0-5, 5-10, 10-20 e 20-40 cm, em vinhedos com 22, 36 e 60 anos de idade, e em uma área de mata nativa adjacente utilizada como referência. Os seguintes parâmetros foram analisados: granulometria, pH em água, e teores trocáveis de Al, para cálculo de acidez potencial e saturação por Al; e teores disponíveis de P e K e teores trocáveis de Ca e Mg, para determinação de saturação por bases, capacidade de troca de cátions e matéria orgânica do solo (MOS). Em comparação ao solo da mata, os solos dos vinhedos apresentaram aumento nos valores de pH, nos níveis de P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn e MOS, e na saturação por bases, além de redução na saturação de Al, com efeitos mais acentuados nas áreas com maior tempo de cultivo. Os vinhedos da região sul de Santa Catarina apresentam alterações nas propriedades químicas do solo, com o tempo, e teores de P acima do LCA-P, pelo menos em uma das camadas do solo.

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate changes in the soil chemical properties and the critical environmental limit for phosphorus (CEL-P) in vineyards, in the southern region of the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil. Soil samples were collected at 0-5, 5-10, 10-20, and 20-40 cm soil depths, in vineyards aged 22, 36, and 60 years, and in the area of an adjacent native forest. The following parameters were analyzed: granulometry, pH in water, and exchangeable Al levels, to obtain potential acidity and Al saturation; and available levels of P and K, and exchangeable levels of Ca and Mg, to determine base saturation, cation exchange capacity; and soil organic matter (SOM). In comparison with the forest soil, the vineyard soils showed increased pH values, P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn, and SOM levels, and base saturation, as well reduced Al saturation, with more accentuated effects in areas with the longest cultivation time. The vineyards show changes in soil chemical properties with time and P levels above the CEL-P, at least in one of the soil layers.

Resumo A adubação potássica pode modificar as formas de K no solo, influenciando a absorção pela planta e a produtividade, mas principalmente a composição da uva. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o impacto da fertilização com potássio (K) na uva, a produção e a composição do mosto de uva da cultivar ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’. As videiras foram tratadas com 0; 50; 100; 150 e 200 kg ha-1 ano-1 de K2O. Foram avaliados os teores de K na folha, a produção de uva por planta e por área, os sólidos solúveis totais (SST), o pH do mosto e a acidez titulável no mosto, e o K disponível no solo. Amostras de solo coletadas na camada superficial de 20 cm foram analisadas para medir a disponibilidade de K e o K não trocável, com base em estudos conduzidos ao longo de 3 safras. Os resultados mostraram, pela análise das três safras da videira, que a aplicação de K não afetou a produção e a composição do mosto, embora tenha aumentado o teor de K na folha. No entanto, o fracionamento anual de K do solo sugere que 100 kg ha-1 ano-1 de K2O é a dose de K capaz de manter a disponibilidade do nutriente para as plantas em teores mais adequados ao longo das estações de cultivo.

Abstract Potassium fertilization can change K forms available in the soil, as well as influence plant absorption of it and yield but, mainly, it can affect grape composition. The aim of the current study was to investigate the impact of potassium (K) fertilization on grape production and juice (must) composition of a Cabernet Sauvignon cultivar. Grapevines were treated with 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg ha-1 year-1 K2O. Leaf K contents, grape yield per plant and area, total soluble solids (TSS), must pH and titratable acidity, and K available in the soil were assessed. Soil samples collected at the 20-cm layer were analyzed to measure K availability and nonexchangeable K in them, based on studies conducted over 3 growing seasons. Results have shown that K application did not have effect on grape production and must composition, although it increased K contents in leaf blade and petiole. However, annual K fractionation in the soil has suggested that 100 kg ha-1 year-1 K2O is the K dose capable of maintaining K availability to plants at more appropriate contents throughout the growing seasons.