The Epstein-Barr virus is responsible for infectious mononucleosis syndrome and is also closely associated to several types of cancer. The main complication involving Epstein-Barr virus infection, both in recipients of hematopoietic stem cells and solid organs, is post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease. The importance of this disease has increased interest in the development of laboratory tools to improve post-transplant monitoring and to detect the disease before clinical evolution. Viral load analysis for Epstein-Barr virus through real-time polymerase chain reaction is, at present, the best tool to measure viral load. However, there is not a consensus on which sample type is the best for the test and what is its predictive value for therapeutic interventions.

O vírus sincicial respiratório (RSV) é considerado uma causa importante de morbi-mortalidade em pacientes submetidos ao transplante de células-tronco hematopoéticas (TCTH). Mesmo com o uso da ribavirina inalatória (RI), as taxas de mortalidade são de 30% a 40% . O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar o perfil dos pacientes infectados pelo RSV e a eficácia do tratamento com RI. Realizou-se uma análise retrospectiva de 59 pacientes submetidos ao TCTH com infecção confirmada pelo RSV (métodos de IFI ou PCR) entre 02/1991 e 02/2008. A RI foi administrada por 12 horas, na dose de 5 g diluída 200 ml de água destilada, por cinco dias. Quinze pacientes apresentaram infecções (TRI) do trato respiratório inferior e 44 pacientes apresentaram infecções (TRS) de vias aéreas superiores. No grupo tratado (n=50), quarenta apresentaram infecções no TRS versus dez TRI; no grupo não tratado, quatro TRS versus cinco TRI. Foram constatados vinte óbitos (33,8%), sendo que 13 desses pacientes (65% dos óbitos) tiveram suas mortes relacionadas ao RSV. Dentre estes, nove pacientes foram a óbito antes da instituição da RI como terapia padrão. A sobrevida global (SG) de todos os pacientes foi de 8,3 meses, sendo 66% para o grupo que utilizou RI versus 11,1% no grupo não tratado(p=0,001). No entanto, a SG foi inferior nos pacientes que apresentaram infecções no TRI (37,5%) quando comparadas às infecções do TRS (65,1%), p=0,007. No modelo de regressão de Cox, a única variável independente encontrada foi o tratamento com RI (p=0,001).

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes significant mortality in patients submitted to SCT. Despite the use of ribavirin aerosols (RA), mortality rates are still between 30 and 40% in many centers. The objective of this study was to analyze the clinical course and outcome of 59 patients who developed RSV infections after SCT in a single institution. In this retrospective analysis, the diagnosis of RSV infection was confirmed in 59 patients submitted to HSCT. RA was administrated during 12 hours at a dose of 5g diluted in 200 mL of distillated water, for 5 days. Fifteen patients presented with upper respiratory tract (URT) infection and 44 patients presented with lower respiratory tract (LRT) infection. In the group of patients who received RA (n=50), 40 had URT infections and 10 had LRT infections. In patients who did not receive RA, 3 had URT infections and 6 had LRT infections. Twenty patients died (33.8%) with the main cause of death of 13 patients being RSV infection (all these patients required mechanical ventilation). Nine patients died before RA therapy became standard treatment for RSV (before 1992). The overall survival of patients treated with RA was 66%. However, the overall survival was lower in patients who had LRT infections (37.5%) compared with those who had URT infections (67.5% - p=0.007). In the multivariate analysis, only the use of RA affected overall survival (p=0.001).

INTRODUÇÃO: A Leucemia Mielóide Crônica (LMC) é uma doença clonal caracterizada pela presença da translocação entre os cromossomos 9 e 22 (cromossomo Philadelphia). O gene resultante BCR-ABL possui atividade de tirosino-quinase, que estimula o crescimento celular. O mesilato de imatinibe é um inibidor potente e específico de todas as quinases relacionadas ao ABL. PACIENTES E MÉTODOS: Noventa e oito pacientes com LMC foram tratados com mesilato de imatinibe de outubro de 2000 a janeiro de 2003: 28 em fase crônica (FC) resistente ou intolerante ao interferon alfa; 55 em fase acelerada (FA) e 55 em crise blástica (CB). Dose: 400 mg para CP e 600 mg para FA ou CB. OBJETIVOS: Avaliação da eficácia, segurança e sobrevida após tratamento da LMC com mesilato de imatinibe. RESULTADOS: Seguimento mediano: 545 dias (variação: 7-862). Resposta hematológica completa ocorreu em 86% dos pacientes em FC, 47% na FA e 13% na CB. Sessenta e um por cento, 24% e 0% dos pacientes em FC, FA e CB, atingiram resposta citogenética completa, respectivamente. Não foram detectados transcritos BCR-ABL por "nested RT-PCR" em 9% dos pacientes. Toxicidade hematológica grau 3-4: 21% na FC, 74% na FA e em 87% na CB. Toxicidade não hematológica grau 3-4: 11% na FC, 51% na FA e 53% na CB. A sobrevida global em dois anos foi de 64% para todos os pacientes, 96% na FC e 36% na FA. Todos os pacientes em CB faleceram numa mediana de 60 dias. CONCLUSÕES: O mesilato de imatinibe induziu respostas citogenéticas completas em pacientes brasileiros com LMC em fase crônica e acelerada. Os eventos adversos nos nossos pacientes foram semelhantes aos relatados em literatura, exceto pela menor incidência de sintomas gastro-intestinais e câimbras.

Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) is a clonal disease characterized by balanced translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22 (Philadelphia chromosome). The resulting BCR-ABL gene has tyrosine kinase activity which stimulates cellular growth. Imatinib mesylate is a potent and specific inhibitor of all ABL related kinases. Ninety-eight CML patients were treated with imatinib mesylate from October 2000 to January 2003. Disease stage was: late chronic phase resistant or intolerant to alpha-interferon (CP): 28; accelerated phase (AP): 55; blastic phase (BP): 15 patients. Dose: 400 mg for CP and 600 mg for AP or CB. The objectives were to evaluation the efficacy, safety and survival with imatinib mesylate therapy in all phases of CML. The median follow up time was 545 days (range: 7-862), complete hematologic response was 86% in CP, 47% in AP and 13% in BP. Complete cytogenetic response was 61%, 24% and 0% respectively. BCR-ABL was not detected by nested RT-PCR in 9% of patients. Grade 3-4 hematologic toxicity was seen in 21% of CP, 74% of AP and 87% of BP patients. Grade 3-4 non-hematologic toxicity was observed in 11% of CP, 51% of AP and 53% of BP patients. Two-year overall survival was 64% for all patients, 96% for CP and 36% for AP patients. All BP patients died within a median of 60 days. Imatinib mesylate induced cytogenetic responses in Brazilian patients with previously treated CML in chronic and accelerated phase. Adverse events are similar to those reported in the literature, except for lower rates of gastrointestinal symptoms and muscle cramps in our study group.

Anemia Fanconi (AF) é uma síndrome autossômica recessiva, caracterizada por pancitopenia progressiva com hipoplasia de MO, em associação com várias anormalidades constitucionais, tendo como único recurso terapêutico com possibilidade potencial de cura o transplante de medula óssea, e sendo tais pacientes propensos ao desenvolvimento de malignidades hematológicas e carcinoma de células escamosas (CEC) em diversos locais: reto, vagina, cérvice, esôfago, cavidade bucal, faringe ou pele, mas especialmente em cabeça e pescoço. Relatamos aqui três casos de pacientes portadores de AF, que após TMO desenvolveram CEC em língua. Além disso, mencionamos fatores de risco relatados para tal evento, como diagnóstico de AF, condicionamento pré-transplante (quimioterápicos e irradiação), terapia com drogas imunossupressoras para tratamento de doença enxerto contra hospedeiro (DECH) aguda ou crônica, sexo e idade avançada. Além do que, discorremos sobre a existência de três mecanismos postulados que predispõem indivíduos com AF ao desenvolvimento de neoplasia: (1) defeito na reparação do DNA; (2) defeito na detoxificação de radicais de oxigênio; e (3) imunodeficiência.

Fanconi's Anemia, first described in 1927, is a rare autonomic recessive disease characterized by progressive pancytopenia, congenital malformations, spontaneous or chemically induced chromosome breakage and increased incidence of leukemia and other cancers. The onset of bone marrow hypoplasia and its hematological manifestations is usually in the 3 - 7 year age range. The disease has traditionally been managed clinically through administration of blood products, treatment of infections and prolonged administration of androgens, growth factors and more recently with gene therapy. The value of bone marrow transplantation in correcting the hematological manifestations of Fanconi's anemia has been established. Alkilanting agents and radiation have been utilized as a conditioning regimen in bone marrow transplantation for Fanconi's anemia, but these patients are particularly hypersensitive to these agents and its toxicity is the main cause of mortality and morbidity. Bone marrow transplantation is at the moment the only therapeutic modality able to bring hematological cure. Fanconi's anemia patients are particularly susceptible to the development of hematological malignancies and squamous cell carcinoma in the epithelium of the rectum, vagina, cervix, esophagus, oral cavity, pharynx or skin in general but more frequently on the head and neck; probably not only because the basic cellular defect but also because of the conditioning regimen. We report on three cases of Fanconi's anemia patients developing squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue after bone marrow transplantation. Furthermore, there is mention of the risk factors linked in an event, such as the diagnosis of Fanconi's anemia, pre-transplant conditioning regimen that usually includes alkylating agents and irradiation; immunosuppressive prophylactic therapy for acute and chronic graft-versus-host-disease, gender and age. Additionally, we discussed the existence of three postulated mechanisms that make individuals with Fanconi's anemia susceptible to the development of neoplasias: (1) deficiency in the DNA repair system, (2) deficiency in oxygen radical detoxification; and (3) immunodeficiency.

A síndrome de leucoencefalopatia posterior reversível (SLPR) tem sido descrita em pacientes com insuficiência renal, eclâmpsia, encefalopatia hipertensiva e em pacientes que recebem terapia imunossupressora. O mecanismo pelo qual os agentes imunossupressores podem causar a síndrome ainda não são conhecidos, porém estão provavelmente relacionados aos efeitos citotóxicos destes agentes no endotélio vascular. Relatamos oito pacientes que receberam ciclosporina A (CSA) após transplante de medula óssea alogênico ou para tratamento de anemia aplástica severa e que desenvolveram a SLPR. Os sinais e sintomas mais comuns foram convulsões e cefaléia. A disfunção neurológica ocorreu simultaneamente ou precedida por elevação da pressão arterial sistêmica e disfunção renal aguda em seis pacientes. O exame de tomografia computadorizada do crânio demonstrou a presença de áreas de baixos valores de atenuação na distribuição da substância branca, envolvendo áreas posteriores de ambos os hemisférios cerebrais. O quadro clínico e as anormalidades tomográficas foram reversíveis; a melhora ocorreu em todos os pacientes em que as doses de CSA foram reduzidas ou quando a droga foi retirada. A SLPR pode ser considerada uma expressão de neurotoxicidade da CSA.

Reversible posterior leucoencephalopathy syndrome (RPLS) has previously been described in patients who have renal insufficiency, eclampsia, hypertensive encephalopathy and patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy. The mechanism by which immunosuppressive agents can cause this syndrome is not clear, but it is probably related with cytotoxic effects of these agents on the vascular endothelium. We report eight patients who received cyclosporine A (CSA) after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation or as treatment for severe aplastic anemia (SSA) who developed posterior leucoencephalopathy. The most common signs and symptoms were seizures and headache. Neurological dysfunction occurred preceded by or concomitant with high blood pressure and some degree of acute renal failure in six patients. Computerized tomography studies showed low-density white matter lesions involving the posterior areas of cerebral hemispheres. Symptoms and neuroimaging abnormalities were reversible and improvement occurred in all patients when given lower doses of CSA or when the drug was withdrawn. RPLS may be considered an expression of CSA neurotoxicity.