Resumen (Introducción): Los estudios de antropización de áreas naturales protegidas generalmente se realizan utilizando estudios de fauna, parcelas y otros indicadores. (Objetivo): Determinar el grado de antropización de un área natural protegida usando el índice de antropización de la cobertura vegetal, que toma como unidad de evaluación el paisaje físico-geográfico. (Metodología): La antropización se calculó a partir del índice de antropización de la cobertura vegetal, que evalúa cuantitativa y cualitativamente la modificación antrópica de los paisajes de un territorio, tomando como caso el área natural protegida Pico Azul-La Escalera, con el soporte de los paisajes físico-geográficos, lo que permite establecer su diferenciación en el territorio. (Resultados): Los paisajes altamente antropizados representan el 2.45% del territorio, son los más planos, y muestran un predominio de la antropización por actividades agrícolas; los paisajes categorizados como antropizados ocupan el 22.36% del territorio, están relacionados con relieves de baja pendiente y suelos óptimos para la agricultura; los paisajes con calificación media cubren el 24.46% del área y sirven de zona de amortiguamiento entre los paisajes más y menos antropizados; los paisajes de valores bajos de antropización representan el 42.13% y los no modificados el 8.60% del área y representan los paisajes menos accesibles con pendientes más pronunciadas y suelos menos fértiles. (Conclusiones): Esta propuesta es una opción confiable para diferenciar el grado de antropización de los paisajes y, en particular, para evaluar la modificación de la cobertura vegetal en un área natural protegida.

Abstract (Introduction): Anthropization studies of protected natural areas are generally carried out using fauna studies, grids, and other indicators. (Objective): To determine the degree of anthropization of a protected natural area using the vegetation cover anthropization index, which takes the physical-geographic landscape as the evaluation unit. (Methodology): Anthropization was calculated using the vegetation cover anthropization index, which quantitatively and qualitatively evaluates the anthropic modification of the landscapes of a territory, taking as a case the natural protected area Pico Azul-La Escalera, with the support of physical-geographic landscapes, which allows establishing their differentiation in the territory. (Results): Highly anthropized landscapes represent 2.45% of the territory, are the flattest, and show a predominance of anthropization by agricultural activities; landscapes categorized as anthropized occupy 22.36% of the territory, are related to low-sloping reliefs and optimal soils for agriculture; landscapes with a medium-level index rating cover 24.46% of the area and serve as a buffer zone between the most and least anthropized landscapes; landscapes showing low anthropization values represent 42.13% of the area, and unmodified landscapes represent 8.60% of the area and are the least accessible landscapes with steeper slopes and less fertile soils. (Conclusions): This proposal is a reliable option for differentiating the degree of anthropization of landscapes and, in particular, for assessing the modification of vegetation cover in a protected natural area.

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Abstract The management of green areas plays a central role in urban sustainability since vegetation cover has important environmental functions in urban areas. Urban green areas are key elements to improve the well-being of their inhabitants; they are not homogeneous but are differentiated into landscapes with coverages related to historical uses. This article documents the landscapes that are part of green areas in the urban zone of the municipality of Morelia and establish their relationship with the number of inhabitants living in urban areas. The methodology used for the identification and mapping of anthropogenic landscapes as units of analysis and differentiation in the study of vegetation is part of the geoecological approach. To differentiate these landscapes, we started by identifying the physical-geographic landscapes of the territory as the natural background on which the urbanization process takes place, modifying the original land cover and giving rise to different uses. The land uses in the territory are differentiated by establishing the typology of housing and infrastructures introduced in the physical-geographic landscapes where the city was established and by the modified natural covers that remain in a given moment. Then, by superimposing the typology of land uses and covers on the differentiation of the physical-geographic landscapes, geoecological units, i.e., spatial-territorial units, are obtained. They facilitate the classification and identification of the anthropogenic ̶ anthroponatural and anthropic ̶ landscapes of the territory. Certainly, the main transformative process of these landscapes has been urbanization. To determine the extension of green areas, the Normalized Vegetation Index was calculated for the study area, which was contrasted with the anthropogenic landscape layer to estimate this surface area per landscape unit. From this, two indicators were established to achieve the proposed objective: the rate of green areas, which shows the percentage of the landscape covered by green areas, and the density of green areas per inhabitant once the population size has been calculated; both indicators are estimated for each class and type of anthropogenic landscape. The results revealed the presence of two classes, 5 subclasses, and 19 types of anthropogenic landscapes, mapped in 437 polygons in the urban area of the municipality, with the predominance of urban anthropic landscapes. From these results, the main function of the landscapes in the territory studied is housing, which covers 70% of the territory. Infrastructure in productive or service facilities in this urban area shows that the primary economic function is related to services; there is low industrial activity, and vegetation and agriculture occupy less than 8% of the area, which will probably be used for urban growth or services. The rate of green areas in the territory of study is low, and the main issue lies in the type of continuous housing landscapes of different densities. Commercial services and technogenic storage landscapes have a low rate of green areas. Separately, the issues with the density of green areas per inhabitant are concentrated in urban landscapes for housing purposes, which are home to 97.79% of the urban population, in particular in continuous housing landscapes of different densities, housing covering large areas, housing colonial-style landscapes (Historic Center), and buildings. In 2020, 87.6% of the urban inhabitants live in landscapes with a density of green areas per inhabitant of less than 10 m2/inhabitant, that is, below the recommended international standards. The methodology used to study the vegetation in the urban area of interest showed the relationship between the types of urban anthropic landscapes and the density of green areas per inhabitant, identifying and differentiating the main issues in the territory studied. The city of Morelia urgently needs a reforestation program based on the differentiation into the anthropogenic landscape units obtained from these indicators. It is imperative to propose innovative projects and technologies in landscapes with a deficit of tree coverage, particularly in the Historic Center landscape.

Abstract: A spatial geo-ecological understanding of nature-society interaction is comprised of a theoretical development of a systemic approach and modeling, automation, and management of geotechnologies. From interrelationships between natural landscapes and anthropogenic infrastructure, delimitation, classification, and mapping of geo-ecological units of landscape are obtained. In the analysis, 30 units of physical-geographical landscapes are delimited, supported on natural components and shaded terrain model. Subsequently, by overlapping matrix proceedings with the type of land use and land cover, 247 geo-ecological units to describe the urban, peri-urban, and rural areas were determined and characterized.

Resumen: La comprensión geoecológica del espacio en la interacción naturaleza-sociedad demanda el desarrollo teórico del enfoque sistémico, la modelación, la automatización y el manejo de las geotecnologías. La interrelación entre los paisajes naturales y los elementos antropogénicos originan unidades geoecológicas en un espacio geográfico. El análisis delimita 30 unidades de paisajes físico-geográficos, a partir de los componentes naturales y del modelo sombreado del terreno. Posteriormente, mediante procedimiento matricial por superposición con la tipología del uso del suelo y la cobertura, fueron obtenidas y caracterizadas 247 unidades geoecológicas para la descripción del espacio urbano, periurbano y rural.

La heterogeneidad del paisaje varía en el espacio dependiendo de la proporción entre polígonos y unidades tipológicas. La alta variabilidad del espacio geográfico que posee el estado de Michoacán le confiere una elevada connotación ecológica, lo cual sugiere valores importantes de geodiversidad. Para conocer la heterogeneidad de cada geocomplejo se computó el número de polígonos, así como el número de parajes simples que contenía cada uno de estos y se aplicaron indicadores de complejidad tipológica, corológica, diversidad máxima y de Mcintosh, así como riqueza de paisajes. Se calculó un valor único para cada unidad de paisaje con el propósito de elaborar un mapa unificado del potencial natural para la conservación de la geodiversidad. Para ello se calculó un valor promedio entre todos los indicadores por unidades de paisajes y se distinguieron cinco categorías para la conservación de la geodiversidad. Los resultados principales muestran que en la Meseta Purépecha se encuentran potenciales valiosos para la conservación de la geodiversidad.

Landscape heterogeneity varies in the space depending on the ratio between polygons and typological units. The high variability of the geographical area of Michoacan state has conferred a high ecological connotation, suggesting important values of geodiversity. To better understand the landscape heterogeneity, complex polygon count was computed and the number of sites containing each of these polygons. For each polygon the indexes such as typological complexity, chorological, relative richness of ecosystem and maximum diversity were applied. A single value was calculated for each landscape in order to develop a unified map of the natural potential for conservation of geodiversity. To this end an average value among all indicators of the landscapes units was calculated and Ave categories were distinguished. The results show that in the Purepecha Plateau region valuable potentials for the conservation of geodiversity were found.

Resumo A necessidade de maior análise do processo de urbanização em todo o mundo, exigem o desenvolvimento teórico-metodológicas e sistêmico dos métodos. A compreensão do espaço geoecologica expressa a inter-relação entre paisagens naturais e antropogénicas fatores. É um procedimento metodológico multi - escalar que integra dois níveis de análise do território; paisagem físico-geográficas e formas sociais de ocupação. A análise das unidades de paisagem de fisico-geograficas, é feito com a construção do modelo sombreado do terreno e o estudo de vários componentes naturais. A caracterização a partir de uma imagem espacial estabelece a interpretacion do uso-cobertura terrestre, obtendo as unidades geoecológicas mediante o procedimento matricial e sua descrição. Para finalizar é realizada uma análise qualitativa com base na avaliação da paisagem na área urbana, peri-urbano e rural, para desenvolver a geoecologica de zoneamento paisagem.

Abstract The need to increase the analysis of the urbanization process in all the world, require the development theoretical-methodological and systemic. The comprehension geo-ecological of space expresses the interrelationship between landscapes natural and factors anthropogenic. The proposal contains a methodological procedure multiscalar which integrates two levels of analysis of the territory; landscape physical-geographical and forms social of occupation. The analysis of the landscape units physical-geographic, is performed with the construction of the model of the terrain shading and the study of various natural components. The characterization of the spatial imaging provides the identification of usage and land cover, establishing the geoecological units through the matrix method and its description. To end a qualitative analysis based on the valuation of the landscape in urban, peri-urban and rural areas is carried out to develop the geo-ecological zoning of the landscape.

Resumen La necesidad de aumentar los análisis del proceso de urbanización en todo el mundo, demanda el desarrollo teórico-metodológico y sistémico de los métodos. La comprensión geoecológica del espacio expresa la interrelación entre paisajes naturales y factores antropogénicos. Se plantea un procedimiento metodológico multiescalar que integra dos niveles de análisis del territorio; paisaje físico-geográfico y formas sociales de ocupación. El análisis de las unidades del paisaje físico-geográficas, se realiza con la construcción del modelo sombreado del terreno y el estudio de varios componentes naturales. Luego se realiza una caracterización a partir de la imagen espacial que establece la identificación del uso-cobertura terrestre, obteniendo las unidades geoecológicas mediante el procedimiento matricial y su descripción. Para finalizar se realiza un análisis cualitativo sobre la base de la valoración del paisaje en área urbana, periurbana y rural, para elaborar la zonificación geoecológica del paisaje.

This work deals with the delimitation of physical-geographical landscapes of the territory of the Tourist Circuit Chilpancingo Azul, at Guerrero's State central region, from geo-ecological conception for the physical-geographical synthetic classification of territorial units. This approach obtained territorial units and its hierarchical classification using a taxonomic system of localities, neighborhoods and boroughs (smallest categories). Taking into account the 1:100 000 scale different geographical units were determined: 3 localities, 31 neighborhoods and 177 boroughs. The characterization of these territorial units include lithologic constitution, geomorphological conditions (morphogenesis and morphometrics) and spatial distribution of major types of soils and vegetation and land uses in the territory.

Este trabajo se enfoca en la clasificación de las unidades de paisajes físico-geográficos en el territorio correspondiente al Circuito Turístico Chilpancingo-Azul, en la región central del estado de Guerrero, a partir de la concepción geoecológica para la clasificación físico-geográfica sintética de los geocomponentes, obtención de unidades territoriales, su tipificación y su jerarquización, a través del sistema taxonómico de localidades, comarcas y subcomarcas. Mediante la metodología establecida y el análisis cartográfico del área en estudio, a escala 1:100 000, se delimitaron tres localidades, 31 comarcas y 177 subcomarcas. La caracterización de las unidades territoriales comprende la constitución litológica, las condiciones geomorfológicas (morfogenéticas y morfométricas), así como la distribución espacial de las principales unidades de suelo, formaciones vegetales y usos de suelo.

The Chiapas State territory constitutes one of the Mexican regions with more absence of detailed geomorphological studies. The present work approaches the general geomorphological analysis of the relief, at 1:100 000 scale, with the purpose of reveal the morphometric and morphogenetic regularities, and chronological relative of the northwestern extreme of this region. The principles adopted for their morphogenetic classification were: I- Relief's basic categories; II- Altitudinal level of their subcategories; III-Specific morphogenetic type; IV- Relief's relative dating; and V-Forms of the relief. In the formation of the northwestern Chiapas relief the neotectonic uplifts determined the stepped morphostructural pattern, the energy and the disection of the current relief, and the conditioning of the intensity of the modelling exogenous processes on differentiated geologic substratum, that consolidated the extension and sedimentary thickness of the accumulative plains of the middle-lower thirds of the rivers Grijalva, Pichucalco, Ostuacán, Platanar and others. The quaternary and recent volcanic activity of El Chichón determined covering of piroclastic material of tranquiandesitic composition, that modified the pre-existent relief and built extensive mesiform premountains in Nuevo Xochimilco. In general, in this region exist 19 morphogenetic types (7 of mountains and premountains, 3 of hills, 7 of plains and 2 of depressions).

El territorio chiapaneco constituye una de las regiones mexicanas con mayor ausencia de estudios geomorfológicos detallados. Este trabajo aborda el análisis geomorfológico general del relieve, a escala 1:100 000, con la finalidad de revelar las regularidades morfométricas, morfogenéticas y cronológicas relativas del extremo noroccidental de dicha región. Los principios adoptados para su clasificación morfogenética fueron: I-Categorías básicas del relieve; II-Piso altitudinal de sus subcategorías; III-Tipo morfogenético específico; IV-Datación relativa del relieve; y V-Formas del relieve. En la formación del relieve noroccidental chiapaneco los ascensos neotectónicos determinaron el escalonamiento morfoestructural, la energía y el desmembramiento del relieve actual, y el acondicionamiento de la intensidad de los procesos degradativos del modelado exógeno sobre su substrato geológico diferenciado, lo que consolidó la extensión y potencia sedimentaria de las planicies acumulativas de los tercios medio e inferior de los ríos Grijalva, Pichucalco, Ostuacán, Platanar y otros. La actividad volcánica cuaternaria y reciente de El Chichón ha determinado el desarrollo de coberturas de materiales piroclásticos de composición traquiandesítica, que modificaron el relieve pre-existente y edificaron extensas premontañas mesiformes en la zona Nuevo Xochimilco. En general, se presentan 19 tipos morfogenéticos (siete de montañas y premontañas, tres de lomeríos, siete de planicies y dos de depresiones).

The present work deals with the delimitation of physical geographical landscapes of the northwestern region of the Chiapas State, Mexico, from the geoecological conception for the physical geographical synthetic classification of territorial units. The taxonomy used was the landscape classification system of the Russian academic approach. Taking into account the 1: 100 000 scale, different geographical units were determined: 5 Localities, 11 Neighborhoods and 43 Boroughs (smallest categories). For each one of them there is a description of their biophysical attributes, their spatial and percentage values of the types of vegetation and land use. This classification constitutes the base for the evaluation of the environmental situation, the natural potential of the use and knowledge on the compatibility degree of the land use, key conditions for the establishment of the management units in the ecological planning models.

Este trabajo aborda la distinción y cartografía de las unidades de paisajes físico-geográficos de la región noroeste del estado de Chiapas, a partir de la concepción geoecológica para la clasificación físico-geográfica sintética de unidades territoriales. Se utilizó la taxonomía propuesta por el sistema de clasificación de los paisajes de la escuela académica rusa. Teniendo en cuenta la escala 1: 100 000 de representación, se distinguieron cinco localidades, 11 comarcas y 43 subcomarcas físico-geográficas. Para cada una de ellas se describen sus atributos biofísicos, así como los valores espaciales y porcentuales de cada uno de los tipos de vegetación y uso de suelo. Este trabajo constituyó la base para la valoración de la situación ambiental territorial, de la vocación natural de uso y del conocimiento sobre el grado de compatibilidad de uso del suelo del territorio en cuestión, condiciones claves para el establecimiento de las unidades de gestión en el modelo de ordenamiento ecológico territorial.