Abstract The effect of high dietary lipid on the meat quality parameters of shoulder meat adult goats in raw meat and during curing and smoking was evaluated by classical and multivariate approaches. The animals were divided into two groups of different finishing strategies: without whole full-fat linseed (WFFLG, n = 9) and whole full-fat linseed (FFLG, n = 9), with diets containing an ether extract content of 2.7% and 6.9%, respectively. The physicochemical attributes did not vary according to the experimental diets in raw meat. The colorimetric parameters and pH varied during curing and smoking. Through multivariate analysis the first two principal components (PC), it was possible to identified variables were highly importance the total variation (L*, a*, b*, C*, h*, and fat content) in raw meat and smoking. The fat content and color b* presented the highest scores for importance of the variable in the projection. Lipid supplementation of adult goats did not influence the quality parameters physicochemical of the raw shoulder meat. However, after curing and smoking there was a significant effect of diet on Hue angle (h*).

RESUMO: Sobremesas lácteas contendo galactomanana de semente de Caesalpinia pulcherrima tiveram suas propriedades reológicas estáticas e dinâmicas avaliadas. As variações nos índices de consistência (K) e comportamento de fluxo (n), assim como na tensão inicial de fluxo e na tixotropia das sobremesas mostraram o efeito da galactomanana sobre a tensão de cisalhamento e viscosidade aparente dos sistemas lácteos. Todas as sobremesas exibiram comportamento pseudoplástico, com índices de comportamento de fluxo (n) variando entre 0,06 e 0,37. A reologia dinâmica dos grupos MD (alto teor de sólidos) e MD/2 (metade do teor de sólidos), mostrou G’ > G’’ e módulos dependentes da frequência e da temperatura. Alterações químicas nos componentes das sobremesas foram observadas a 50° C em virtude da maior sensibilidade dos valores de G’ e G” a partir dessa temperatura. A galactomanana de C. pulcherrima contribuiu para o desenvolvimento de géis mais fortes e resistentes nas sobremesas lácteas, bem como mostrou sinergismo com amido, proteína do leite e sacarose.

ABSTRACT: Dairy desserts containing Caesalpinia pulcherrima seed galactomannan were evaluated to determine their static and dynamic rheological behaviors. Variations in consistency index (k), flow behavior (n), yield stress and thixotropy of the desserts indicated that the galactomannan caused an increase in the shear stress and apparent viscosity of the system. All samples exhibited shear-thinning behavior with flow behavior index values (n) between 0.06 and 0.37. Dynamic rheological behavior was evaluated for MD (high solid levels) and MD/2 (half the amount of solids) groups, and both G’ and G’’ moduli were depended on the frequency. The MD and MD/2 groups showed variations in the elastic modulus (G’) throughout the temperature range (mainly at 50 °C), showing greater sensitivity at high temperatures. C. pulcherrima galactomannan was able to promote synergism with starch, milk protein and sucrose and to improve the development of stronger and more resistant gels.

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of supplementation with detoxified castor meal (DCM) in the diet of ewes during pregnancy, partum, and post-partum on the weight development of their offspring and at slaughter. The study included 56 ewes with synchronized estrus that were naturally mated. At the beginning of pregnancy and in post-partum, hepatic and renal function-related parameters and progesterone levels were measured. At slaughter, the proximate composition and fatty acid profile were determined in the loin of ewes. There was no effect of diet on reproductive response after estrus synchronization. At the beginning of pregnancy, albumin and creatinine levels were lower in the DCM group. Supplementation with DCM did not alter the weight or body condition of ewes at partum. However, at weaning, the DCM group showed a higher loin-eye area (LEA) in relation to the group fed diets without detoxified castor meal (WDCM). At partum, as well as at weaning, the offspring of the ewes supplemented with DCM had a larger LEA than the WDCM group. In post-partum, levels of glucose, urea, protein, and cholesterol were lower in the DCM group. The return to cyclicity was similar in both groups, with an average of 47 days after partum. At slaughter, neither anatomical and carcass components nor the results of the proximate analysis were affected by the type of diet, except for an increase in heptadecanoic acid in the DCM group. Supplementation with detoxified castor meal in the diet of ewes does not affect lambing, pregnancy, prolificacy, return to cyclicity, milk production, blood biochemical parameters, or carcass characteristics.

A composição relativa dos cortes comerciais da carcaça e a composição tecidual (músculo, osso e gordura) da perna, do lombo e da paleta de cabritos mestiços Boer e Anglo-nubiano foram analisadas em 20 cabritos de dois grupos genéticos diferentes (13 ½ Anglo-nubiano × ½ sem raça definida, SRD e 7 ½ Boer × ½ SRD). Os animais foram abatidos aos 10 meses de idade, com 29 ± 0,08 kg peso corporal. Após resfriamento (2°C) da carcaça por 24 horas, as carcaças foram separadas nos cortes: perna, lombo (anterior e posterior), paleta, peito, costela, pescoço e fraldinha para determinação dos rendimentos em relação ao peso da carcaça fria. Em seguida, a perna, o lombo (anterior e posterior) e a paleta foram dissecados em tecidos muscular, adiposo e ósseo para estimação das relações músculo:osso (RMO) e músculo:gordura (RMG). Os rendimentos médios dos cortes foram: 30,8% de perna, 25,1% de lombo (17,9% no anterior e 7,0% no posterior), 22,0% de paleta, 4,8% de peito, 6,8% de pescoço, 4,8% de costela e 5,6% de fraldinha. Não foi observado efeito entre os grupos genéticos para os rendimentos dos cortes, exceto o rendimento de costela, que foi superior nos cabritos Anglo-nubiano × SRD (5,12%) em comparação aos Boer × SRD (4,49%). Nos cabritos Boer × SRD, os rendimentos de tecido muscular (61,05%), as relações RMO (3,91) e RMG (6,85) foram superiores, enquanto, nos cabritos Anglo-nubiano × SRD, os rendimentos foram superiores para os tecidos adiposo (10,23%) e ósseo (16,79%). A carcaça dos cabritos Boer × SRD apresenta maior proporção de tecido muscular nos cortes de maior valor comercial em comparação à de cabritos Anglo-nubiano × SRD.

Carcass composition related to commercial cuts and tissue composition (muscle, bone and fat) from leg, loin and shoulder of kid goats crossbred Anglo-Nubian or Boer were evaluated in 20 kids from two different genetic groups (13 ½ Anglo-Nubian × ½ Undefined Breed - UB and 7 ½ Boer × ½ UB). The animals were slaughtered at 10 months of age and average body weight of 29 kg ± 0.08. After 24 hours of cooling (2ºC), the carcasses were separated in the cuts: leg, loin (fore loin and rear loin), shoulder, breast, rib, neck and flank for the determination of yields related to cold carcass weight. After that, leg, loin (fore loin and rear loin )and shoulder were dissected in muscle, fat and bone tissues to estimate muscle:bone (MBR) and muscle:fat (MFR) ratios. The average yields for the cuts were: 30.8% of leg, 25.1% of loin (17.9% fore loin and 7.0% rear loin), 22.0% of shoulder, 4.8% of breast, 6.9% of neck, 4.8% of rib, and 5.6% of flank. No significant effect of genetic groups on cut yields was detected, except for the rib, that was higher for Anglo-Nubian × UB (5.12%) than for Boer × UB (4.49%). %). In Boer × UB kids, muscle tissue yield (61.05%), MBR (3.91) and MFR (6.85) were higher, while for Anglo-Nubian × UB yield were higher for fat (10.23%) and bone (16.79%) tissues. The carcass from crossbred Boer × UB kids showed higher muscle tissue in the cuts of major commercial value than that from Anglo-Nubian × UB kids.

O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver um produto embutido cozido, tipo apresuntado, contendo diferentes percentuais de carnes suína e caprina de animais de descarte (animais velhos) como forma de agregar valor a essa matéria prima de pouca aceitação no mercado na forma "in natura". As formulações A (100% carne suína), B (75% carne suína e 25% carne caprina), C (50% carne suína e 50% carne caprina), D (25% carne suína e 75% carne caprina) e E (100% carne caprina) foram submetidas a testes de aceitação global. Os resultados obtidos revelaram existir diferenças significativas (p < 0,05) entre formulações, constituindo-se a formulação com 75% carne suína e 25% carne caprina a de melhor aceitação global dentre aquelas contendo carne caprina.

The objective of this study was to develop a cooked formed meat product, ham-like, containing different percentages of swine and goat meat. The product was made using meat "in natura" from old animals which has litlle acceptance by consumers. That was an attempt to add commercial value to the raw material. The formulations A (100% pork), B (75% pork and 25% goat meat), C (50% pork and 50% goat meat), D (25% pork and 75% goat meat) and E (100% goat meat) were statistically tested for overall acceptability. Results showed statistically difference at 5% level among formulations. Formulation B obtained the highest scores for overall acceptability among those containing goat meat.

Avaliou-se a influência da substituição parcial na etapa de alimentação líquida do leite de vaca por soro de queijo de cabra (SLC) sobre alguns aspectos qualitativos da carne e quantitativos da carcaça de cabritos "mamão" Three cross (½ Anglonubiana x ¼ Pardo-Alpina x ¼ Moxotó), em quatro níveis: 0% (Tratamento1); 20% (Tratamento2); 40% (Tratamento3) 60% (Tratamento 4). Os pesos vivos ao abate (84 dias) mostraram-se homogêneos (10,88 a 13,42kg), assim como o rendimento de carcaça (44,62 a 47,86%) e a área do Longíssimus dorsi (9,55 a 10,80cm²). 0 Tratamento 2 apresentou os maiores teores de tecido muscular (48,37%). A composição centesimal mostrou valores médios entre 76,78 a 77,62% de umidade; 20,39 a 21,43% de proteína; 4,86 a 6,59% de gordura e 1,06 a 1,14% de cinza. Para os minerais estudados, os valores médios variaram de 16,77 a 35,68mg/100g para o cálcio; 110,33 a 153,90mg/100g para o fósforo; 1,29 a 2,17mg/100g para o ferro; 0,72 a 1,30mg/100g para magnésio; 128,86 a 165,94mg/100g para o sódio e 404,88 a 504,73mg/100g para o potássio. Concluiu-se que os níveis de soro de leite de cabra utilizados, de uma maneira geral, não tendo influenciado de forma significativa (P<0,05) as variáveis estudadas, podem ser indicados até o nível de 60% de substituição, sem afetar o desenvolvimento corporal dos animais e a qualidade química de sua carne.

In this study, the influence of the replacement of cow milk by goat cheese whey on some quality aspects of meat and on some aspects of carcass composition of suckling kids Three cross (½ Anglonubiana x ¼ Pardo-Alpina x ¼ Moxotó) was evaluated. The replacements goat cheese whey levels were: 0% (treatment 1); 20% (treatment 2); 40% (treatment 3); 60% (treatment 4). The values of live weight for all were statistically similar (10.88 to 13.42kg); the same happened to the carcass yield which ranged from 44.62 to 47.86% and to the Longissimus dorsi area (9.55 to 10.80cm²). The treatment 2 showed the highest contents of muscular tissue (48.37%). Proximal composition of the meat showed mean values ranging from 76.78 to 77.62% for moisture; 20.39 to 21.43% for protein; 4.86 to 6.59% for fat and 1.06 to 1.14% for ash. There was no significant difference among treatments. For mineral composition mean values ranged from 16.77 to 35.68mg/100g for calcium; 110.33 to 153.90mg/100g for phosphorus; 1.29 to 2.17mg/100g for iron; 0.72 to 1.30mg/100g for magnesium; 128.86 to 165.94mg/100g for sodium and 404.88 to 504.73mg/100g for potassium. It was concluded that the whey levels used in this study, did not influence in the parameters analyzed (P<0,05). It can be indicated a replacement of up to 60% of whey on the animal diets without affecting their corporal performance and meat quality.

O trabalho verifica o efeito de diferentes culturas starter no processamento de embutido fermentado elaborado com carne de caprinos, avaliando pH, atividade de água e produção de ácido lático além de determinar a aceitação sensorial e a segurança dos produtos finais obtidos. Foram testadas culturas comerciais contendo 1. Staphylococcus xylosus e Pediococcus pentosaceus; 2. mistura 50:50 de duas cepas de Pediococcus sp. e 3. Lactobacillus farciminis, Staphylococcus xylosus e Staphylococcus carnosus. Os embutidos fermentados contendo as diferentes culturas, apresentaram durante o processamento comportamentos distintos (p<0,05) em relação ao pH, atividade de água e produção de ácido lático, porém a aceitação sensorial não apresentou diferença significativa (p>0,05) entre os atributos estudados. A segurança do processo avaliada por cálculo de graus hora indicou que todas as culturas forneceram produtos seguros, em relação ao microrganismo Staphylococcus aureus. Concluiu-se que todas as culturas podem ser utilizadas para o processamento de embutido fermentado de carne de caprinos.

The effect of different starter cultures in the processing of goat meat fermented sausages was evaluated by using pH, water activity and lactic acid production besides sensory acceptance and safety of final products were determined. Commercial starter cultures containing 1. Staphylococcus xylosus and Pediococcus pentosaceus; 2. a mixture (50:50) of two strains of Pediococcus sp 3. Lactobacillus farciminis, Staphylococcus xylosus and Staphylococcus carnosus were tested. During processing, fermented sausages containing the different starter cultures showed distinct behaviour in relation to pH, water activity and lactic acid production, although sensory acceptance did not present significative differences. The safety of products evaluated by calculation of hours-degree in obtaining the products indicated that all tested cultures resulted in safe products in relation to Staphylococcus aureus growth. Results showed that all tested cultures can be used for processing of goat meat fermented sausages.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o efeito da adição de diferentes teores de gordura (5, 10 e 20%) no processamento, características químicas e aceitação sensorial do embutido fermentado de carne de caprinos. Durante o processamento, foram monitorados o pH e a atividade da água. Nos produtos finais, foram determinadas a umidade, a proteína e a gordura, bem como a aceitação sensorial, por meio de escala hedônica. As médias finais de pH e a atividade de água, na faixa de 5,07 a 5,14 e 0,897 a 0,923, respectivamente, não apresentaram diferença significativa (P>0,05) entre os tratamentos. Os atributos sensoriais estudados não apresentaram diferenças significativas (P>0,05). As diferentes porcentagens de gordura utilizadas no processamento de embutido fermentado de carne de caprinos não afetaram significativamente seu processamento e aceitação sensorial. Em vista do baixo teor de gordura na carne de caprinos, considerou-se como mais adequadas formulações contendo 10 a 20% de gordura.

The objective of this study was to verify the effect of the addition of different fat contents (5, 10 and 20%) in the processing, chemical characteristics and sensory acceptance of a goat meat fermented sausage. During processing, pH and water activity were measured. Moisture, protein and fat contents were determined in final products, as well as sensory acceptance by hedonic scale. Final average values of pH and water activity, which ranged from 5.07 to 5.14 and 0.897 to 0.923 respectively, showed no significant difference (P>0.05) among any of all treatments. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) for any of all measured sensory attributes. No different percentage of fat in manufacturing of goat meat fermented sausage significantly affected its processing and sensory acceptance. Due to low fat content in goat meat, 10 to 20% of fat level were considered as the most adequate.

Grupos de caprinos mestiços castrados e inteiros foram abatidos com idades de 175, 220, 265 e 310 dias. Os efeitos da castração e idade de abate nas qualidades físico-químicas, sensoriais e aromáticos da carne caprina foi pesquisado. O efeito castração foi observado apenas para o conteúdo de cálcio, no entanto a idade de abate apresentou um efeito significativo nos teores de umidade, proteína, cálcio, ferro e pH. Os fatores idade de abate e castração não apresentaram efeito significativo nos percentuais de fosfolipídeos porém, a idade de abate afetou os percentuais de colesterol. Caprinos castrados apresentaram maior percentual de ácidos graxos insaturados e, conseqüentemente, maior relação PUFA/SFA. Os ácidos graxos foram afetados significativamente pela castração. Não foram observadas variações nos percentuais dos ácidos graxos saturados e insaturados da carne caprina de animais abatidos com diferentes idades. O fator idade de abate apresentou maior efeito nos atributos sensoriais analisados do que o fator castração. Nos extratos da carne caprina foram identificados um total de cento e oito voláteis, sendo estes: 41 hidrocarbonetos alifáticos, 12 hidrocarbonetos alicíclicos, 19 aldeídos, 9 compostos benzênicos, 9 álcoois, 7 cetonas, 4 compostos sulfurados, 2 terpenoídes, 2 ésteres e 3 outros compostos. Os extratos da carne de caprinos castrados continham maior número de compostos voláteis do que os extratos de animais inteiros. O fator idade de abate foi o parâmetro que mais afetou as características físico-químicas e sensoriais da carne caprina. O fator castração afetou diretamente a produção de voláteis.

Groups of crossbred castrated and intact goats were slaughtered at 175, 220, 265 and 310 days of age. The effect of castration and slaughter age on physical-chemical, sensorial and aromatic properties was researched. Calcium content was influenced by castration; however, slaughter age had a significant effect on moisture, protein, iron, calcium and pH. Castration and slaughter age had no significant effect on phospholipids contents, but slaughter age affected the percentage of total cholesterol. Fatty acids were significantly affected by castration. Castrated goat meat contained highest unsaturated fatty acids percentage and, consequently, highest ration PUFA/SFA. There were no differences in levels of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids among the animals slaughtered at different ages. Slaughter age had a higher effect on organoleptic qualities of goat meat compared to castration. A total of 108 volatiles were presented in the extract of goat meat, they were identified as: 41 aliphatic hydrocarbons, 12 alicyclic hydrocarbons, 19 aldehydes, 9 benzenoids, 9 alcohols, 7 ketones, 4 sulphur compounds, 2 terpenoids, 2 esters and 3 other compounds. Highest numbers of volatile compounds were identified from castrated goats than from entires. Slaughter age affected more intensively the physic-chemical and sensorial characteristics of goat meat. Castration affected directly the volatile formation.

O objetivo da pesquisa foi avaliar a composição química da carne de cabrito-mamão (idade média de 72 dias), da raça Moxotó (MOX), grupos genéticos ¾ Pardo Alpina x ¼ Moxotó (3/4 PAMOX) e ½ Pardo Alpina x ½ Moxotó (1/2 PAMOX). A análise apresentou valores médios entre 77,80% a 80,25% de umidade; 15,90% a 19,08% de proteína; 1,12% a 1,21% de gordura, e 1,29% a 2,03% de cinzas. Quanto à composição mineral, os valores médios variaram de 5,62 mg/100 g a 8,21 mg/100 g de cálcio; 156,97 mg/100 g a 196,25 mg/100 g de fósforo; 0,26 mg/100 g a 0,48 mg/100 g de ferro; 16,25 mg/100 g a 23,72 mg/100 g de magnésio; 59,20 mg/100 g a 78,79 mg/100 g de sódio, e de 259,69 mg/100 g a 292,24 mg/100 g de potássio. Foram encontradas diferenças significativas a 5% de probabilidade entre os grupos genéticos no que diz respeito à composição de umidade, proteína e cinzas e mineral quanto a elementos estudados. Não houve diferenças entre os valores de gordura dos grupos genéticos.

The objective of this study was to evaluate chemical composition of kid meat of Moxotó (MOX), ¾ Pardo Alpina x ¼ Moxotó (3/4 PAMOX) and ½ Moxotó x ½ Pardo Alpina (1/2 PAMOX) crossbreed goats. Average age of kids at slaughter was 72 days. Kids were fed with cow milk and a protein supplement. Meat analysis showed average values ranging from 77.80% to 80.25% for moisture; from 15.90% to 19.08% for protein; from 1.12% to 1.21% for fat and from 1.29% to 2.03% for ash. For mineral composition, average values ranged from 5.62 mg/100 g to 8.21 mg/100 g for calcium; from 156.97 mg/100 g to 196.25 mg/100 g for phosphorus; from 0.26 mg/100 g to 0.48 mg/100 g for iron; from 16.25 mg/100 g to 23.72 mg/100 g for magnesium; from 59.20 mg/100 g to 78.79 mg/100 g for sodium and from 259.69 mg/100 g to 292.24 mg/100 g for potassium. Genetic groups showed significative differences for composition of moisture, protein and ash values and for mineral composition, in all measured elements. Fat content values did not show statistical differences between goat genetic groups.