Evolution of sex determination and differentiation in fishes involves a broad range of sex strategies (hermaphroditism, gonochorism, unisexuality, environmental and genetic sex determination). Annual fishes inhabit temporary ponds that dry out during the dry season when adults die. The embryos exhibit an atypical developmental pattern and remain buried in the bottom mud until the next rainy season. To elucidate genomic factors involved in the sex determination in annual fish, we explored the presence of a candidate sex-specific gene related to the cascade network in Austrolebias charrua. All phylogenetic analyses showed a high posterior probability of occurrence for a clade integrated by nuclear sequences (aprox. 900 bp) from both adults (male and female), with partial cDNA fragments of A. charrua from juveniles (male) and the dsx D. melanogaster gene. The expressed fragment was detected from blastula to adulthood stages showing a sexually dimorphic expression pattern. The isolated cDNA sequence is clearly related to dsx D. melanogaster gene and might be located near the top of the sex determination cascade in this species.

The current knowledge about teleost fish egg envelope is summarized. The paper analyzes the organization and deposition process of the protein composition and genes involved in the synthesis of teleost fish egg envelopes and their role in gamete interaction during fertilization. Pelagic and demersal species that our research group is working with are especially considered. The vertebrate ZP family of proteins, the evolution and relationship among the different genes and their expression are taken into account. We consider fish envelope as a possible biomonitor for ecological contaminants. The biotechnological applications for aquaculture and genomic and post-genomic approaches are auspicious.

We studied the reproductive cycle in males of the cricetid rodent species Oligoryzomys flavescens (Waterhouse, 1837), collected in northern Uruguay. From February 2001 to February 2002, specimens were captured in grasslands and exotic forests. Determination of the reproductive condition was based on external characteristics of gonads as well as histological and histometric analysis. The testicular volume was measured and testes position (whether scrotal or intra-abdominal) was verified by dissection. Correlations between these anatomical features and some environmental factors that included temperature, precipitation and photoperiod, were analyzed using linear regression analysis. The annual reproductive cycle of O. flavescens was characterized by a period of quiescence during winter months (June to August) and a main period of reproductive activity from spring to early fall (October to April). Spermatogenic activity ceased completely in winter and was gradually restored in early spring (September). Reproductively active animals had larger testes and thicker seminiferous tubules than non-reproductive individuals. In addition the epididymides of the former were filled with sperm. Ambient temperature and photoperiod appear to be the main environmental factors that are directly correlated with the reproductive cycle. Finally, in spite of its wide use, it is shown that testes position is an inaccurate predictor of reproductive activity since many individuals showing full spermatogenic activity had intra-abdominal testes. Testicular volume and histological analysis are more appropriate in determining the male reproductive condition of the species.

El ciclo reproductivo masculino de Oligoryzomys flavescens (Waterhouse, 1837) fue establecido en una población del norte de Uruguay. Los animales fueron colectados entre Febrero 2001 y Febrero 2002 en praderas y áreas forestales. La determinación del estado reproductivo se basó en la posición testicular, así como en el análisis histológico e histométrico de las gónadas. La posición testicular (escrotal o intra-abdominal) se verificó mediante disección. Las correlaciones entre estas características anatómicas y algunos parámetros ambientales -temperatura, precipitación y fotoperíodo- fueron analizadas empleando regresiones lineales. El ciclo reproductivo anual de O. flavescens se caracterizó por un período de quiescencia durante los meses de invierno (junio-agosto) y un periodo de máxima actividad desde primavera hasta principios de otoño (octubre-abril). Durante el invierno cesó completamente la actividad espermatogénica, la cual se restableció gradualmente en primavera (setiembre). Los animales reproductivamente activos presentaron testículos más grandes y túbulos seminíferos de mayor diámetro en relación con los no activos, además de presentar abundante esperma en el epidídimo. La temperatura ambiental y el fotoperíodo parecen estar directamente correlacionados con el ciclo reproductivo. No obstante su amplio empleo, la posición de los testículos no resultó ser un buen indicador de la actividad reproductiva, observándose varios animales con testículos intra-abdominales y actividad espermatogénica. El volumen testicular y el análisis histológico son más apropiados para determinar el estado reproductivo en esta especie.