ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: The High Activity Arthroplasty Score (HAAS) is a self-administered questionnaire, developed in British English, that reliably and validly measures the levels of sports activities in patients following hip and knee arthroplasty surgery. OBJECTIVE: To cross-culturally adapt the HAAS to Brazilian Portuguese language. DESIGN AND SETTING: A cross-sectional study was conducted at a public university hospital in Brazil. METHODS: The Brazilian version of the HAAS was created through a six-step process: translation, synthesis, committee review, pretesting, back-translation, and submission to developers. The translation step was conducted by two independent bilingual translators, both native speakers of Brazilian Portuguese. The back-translation was performed by an independent translator, a native speaker of British English. To ensure the questionnaire's comprehensibility, 46 volunteers (51% men; average age 34-63) participated in the pre-testing step. RESULTS: The cross-cultural adaptation process necessitated modifications to certain terms and expressions to achieve cultural equivalence with the original HAAS. CONCLUSION: The HAAS has been translated from English into Brazilian Portuguese and culturally adapted for Brazil. The validation process for HAAS-Brazil is currently underway. BACKGROUND (HAAS selfadministered self administered questionnaire surgery OBJECTIVE crossculturally cross language SETTING crosssectional sectional Brazil METHODS sixstep six synthesis review pretesting backtranslation, backtranslation back developers translators translator questionnaires s comprehensibility 4 51% 51 (51 men 3463 34 63 34-63 pre testing RESULTS crosscultural CONCLUSION HAASBrazil underway 5 (5 346 3 6 34-6 ( 34-

Abstract BACKGROUND: The Hip Sports Activity Scale (HSAS) is a reliable and valid tool for determining the levels of sports activities among patients with femoroacetabular impingement (FAI). OBJECTIVE: To translate and cross-culturally adapt the HSAS to the Brazilian Portuguese language. DESIGN AND SETTING: This was a cross-sectional study conducted at the State University of Rio de Janeiro. METHODS: The Brazilian version of the HSAS was developed following a process that comprised six steps: translation, synthesis, back-translation, review by committee, pretesting and submission of documentation to the developers. The translation phase involved three independent bilingual translators whose mother language was Brazilian Portuguese. The back-translation phase involved three independent translators whose mother language was English. In order to verify comprehension of the questionnaire, 30 undergraduate students in physical education (65% men), with mean age 23.2 years (standard deviation = 6.8), participated in the pre-testing phase. RESULTS: During the translation step, some terms and expressions were changed to obtain cultural equivalence to the original HSAS. In the pre-testing phase, each item of the scale showed a comprehension level of 100%. CONCLUSION: The HSAS was translated from English to the Brazilian Portuguese language and adapted to Brazilian culture. The HSAS validation is ongoing.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Este estudo teve como objetivo identificar a associação entre a força muscular do quadril e os escores de questionários subjetivos de avaliação funcional e psicológica em pacientes com dor crônica no quadril. MÉTODOS: Cinquenta e cinco pacientes com lesões dolorosas no quadril (30 homens) realizaram testes isométricos do pico de força de abdutores, extensores e rotadores internos e externos do quadril com um dinamômetro portátil. O grau de funcionalidade foi medido pelo Hip Outcome Score (HOS) e Lower Extremity Functional Score (LEFS), a dor foi avaliada pela escala analógica visual (EAV) e a cinesiofobia foi calculada pelo questionário de Tampa. O coeficiente de correlação de Pearson foi utilizado (alfa=5%) para testar as associações entre a força muscular e os escores dos questionários. RESULTADOS: Houve correlações significativas entre a força de todos os quatro músculos do quadril e o HOS (r>0,29). Apenas os rotadores externos do quadril apresentaram correlação significativa com a intensidade da dor (r=-0,30). Nenhuma correlação significativa foi encontrada para LEFS (r<0,24) e questionário de Tampa (r¬0,15). CONCLUSÃO: A redução no pico de força dos extensores, abdutores e rotadores externos do quadril foi associada à redução no nível de funcionalidade do quadril, mas não se correlacionou com o nível de funcionalidade geral dos membros inferiores ou com o grau de cinesiofobia. Além disso, uma redução da força dos rotadores externos do quadril foi relacionada a aumento na intensidade da dor.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to identify the association between hip muscle strength and the scores from subjective functional and psychological evaluation questionnaires in patients with chronic hip pain. METHODS: Fifty-fivepatients with painful hip injuries (30 males) performed isometric peak strength tests of the abductors, extensors, and internal and external rotators of the hips with a hand-held dynamometer. The degree of functionality was measured by the Hip Outcome Score (HOS) and Lower Extremity Functional Score (LEFS), pain was estimated by the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and kinesiophobia was calculated using the Tampa questionnaire. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used (alfa=5%) to test the associations between the muscle strength and the scores from the questionnaires. RESULTS: There were significant correlations between the strength of all four hip muscles and the HOS (r>0.29). Only the hip external rotators showed a significant correlation with pain (r=-0.30). No significant correlations were found for LEFS (r<0.24) and Tampa questionnaires (r¬0.15). CONCLUSION: The reduction in peak strength of the hip extensors, abductors and external rotators was associated with a reduction in the level of hip functionality but did not correlate with neither the level of overall functionality of the lower limbs nor the degree of kinesiophobia. Also, a reduction of hip external rotators strength was related to an increase in the intensity of pain.

Abstract Introduction The aim of this study was to predict 3D ground reaction force signals based on accelerometer data during gait, using a feed-forward neural network (MLP). Methods Seventeen healthy subjects were instructed to walk at a self-selected speed with a 3D accelerometer attached to the distal and anterior part of the shank. A force plate was embedded into the middle of the walkway. MLP neural networks with one hidden layer and three output layers were selected to simulate the anteroposterior (AP), vertical (Vert) and mediolateral (ML) ground reaction forces (GRF). The input layer was composed of fourteen inputs obtained from accelerometer signals, selected based on previous studies. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to compare the simulated and collected curves. The Pearson correlation coefficient and the mean absolute deviation (MAD) between signals were calculated. Results PCA identified small, but significant differences between collected and simulated signals in the loading response phases of AP and ML GRF, while Vert did not show differences. The correlation between the simulated and collected signals was high (AP: 0.97; Vert: 0.98; ML: 0.80). MAD was 1.8%BW for AP, 4.5%BW for Vert and 1.4%BW for ML. Conclusion This study confirmed that multilayer perceptron neural network can predict the highly non-linear relationship of shank acceleration parameters and ground reaction forces, as well as other studies have done using plantar pressure devices. The greater advantages of this device are the low cost and the possibility of use outside the laboratory environment.

ABSTRACT Objective: To compare the activation of the vastus lateralis (VL) and biceps femoris (BF) muscles during gait, as well VL/BF muscular co-contraction (MCC) between healthy (CG) and anterior cruciate ligament reconstructed (ACL-R) subjects. Methods: Nineteen subjects, ten controls and nine ACL-R patients had a VL and BF electromyogram (EMG) captured to calculate the MCC ratio. A Principal Component (PC) Analysis was applied to reduce the dimensionality effect of each of the MCC, VL and BF curves for both healthy and ACL reconstructed groups. The PC scores were used to calculate the standard distance (SD). SD values were employed in order to compare each dependent variable (MCC, VL and BF) between the two groups using unpaired t-test. Results: ACL-R group presented a lower VL activation at the beginning and at the end of the gait cycle, as compared to the control group. However, no difference was found for BF or VL/BF MCC. Conclusion: The gait analysis of ACL reconstructed patients demonstrated a persistent deficit in VL activation when compared to the control group, even one year after surgery. Level of Evidence III. Case Control Study

Objective : To compare gait spatiotemporal parameters of healthy and ACL reconstructed subjects in order to classify the status of gait normality. Methods : Fourteen healthy subjects and eight patients submitted to ACL reconstruction walked along a walkway while the lower limbs movement was captured by an infrared camera system. The frames where the initial contact and toe-off took place were determined and the following dependent variables, which were compared between groups through the Mann-Whitney test (a=0.05) were calculated: percentage of time in initial double stance, percentage of time in single stance, percentage of time in terminal double stance, stride length and gait velocity. Initially, all variables were compared between groups using a Mann-Whitney test. A logistic regression was applied, including all dependent variables, to create a model that could differentiate healthy and ACL reconstructed subjects. Results : ACL reconstructed group showed no differences in any spatiotemporal parameter of gait (p > 0.05) in relation to the control group, although the angular kinematic differences of the knee remained altered, as evidenced in a study with a similar sample. Conclusion : The regression classified all subjects as healthy, including the ACL reconstructed group, suggesting the spatiotemporal variables should not be used as the sole criterion of return to sports activities at the same level as prior to injury. Level of Evidence III, Case Control Study.

Objetivo : Determinar os efeitos de um programa de atividades físicas sobre o equilíbrio estático em mulheres idosas. Método : Estudo experimental utilizando amostra dividida aleatoriamente em grupo experimental (GE; n=28; 65,64±2,36 anos; IMC=27,52±3,13) e grupo controle (GC; n=21; 66,84±2,31 anos; IMC= 27,67±2,78). O GE participou do programa de atividades físicas por 12 semanas (2x/sem; 60 minutos/sessão), com intensidade de esforço percebido entre 3 e 5 (Escala de Borg-CR10). O equilíbrio estático foi avaliado através de uma plataforma baropodométrica. As médias das amplitudes das oscilações posturais foram medidas através do deslocamento do centro de pressão (COP) lateral esquerdo (DLE), lateral direito (DLD), anterior (DA), posterior (DP) e da área elíptica (AE). Resultados : A análise de variância com medidas repetidas mostrou redução significativa nas oscilações do deslocamento do COP do pré para o pós-teste (p<0,05) no GE no DA (∆=0,59;p=0,021), DP (∆=-0,91; p=0,001) e na AE (∆=1,56; p=0,044). As oscilações das amplitudes do deslocamento do COP no GE foram significativamente menores (p<0,05) no DLD (∆%=-7,40;p=0,006), DA (∆%=-30,63; p=0,007), DP (∆%=-42,96; p<0,001) e na AE (∆%=-34,41;p=0,017) quando comparadas ao GC no pós-teste. Não houve alterações significativas no deslocamento lateral esquerdo (DLE). Conclusão : Os resultados mostraram que o equilíbrio estático no GE melhorou com a participação no programa de atividades físicas.

Objective : The aim of this study was to determine the effects of a physical activity program on static balance in elderly women. Method : The sample was randomly subdivided into an experimental group (EG; n=28; 65.64±2.36 years; BMI= 27.52±3.13) and a control group (CG; n=21; 66.84±2.31 years; BMI= 27.67±2.78). The EG participated in twice-weekly 60-minute sessions of physical activity for 12 weeks, with a perceived intensity level between 3 and 5 (CR10 scale). Static balance was evaluated using a baropodometric platform. Mean postural amplitude oscillations were measured in displacement from the center of pressure (COP), left lateral (LLD), right lateral (RLD), anterior (AD) posterior (PD) and elliptical (EA) area. Results : Repeated-measures analysis of variance showed a significant decrease in EG pre and post-test oscillations (p<0.05) in the COP, AD (∆=0.59;p=0.021), PD (∆=-0.91; p=0.001) and EA (∆=1.56; p=0.044) displacement. When comparing the groups, post-test amplitude oscillations in the COP, RLD (∆%=-7.40;p=0.006), AD (∆%=-30.63; p=0.007), PD (∆%=-42.96; p<0.001) and EA (∆%=-34.41;p=0.017) of the EG were significantly lower (p<0.05) than those of the CG. There were no significant LLD alterations. Conclusion : The results confirm that static balance improved with physical exercise in EG subjects.

INTRODUÇÃO: A manutenção da capacidade de geração de potência muscular é fator preponderante para a independência física e funcional do idoso. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o efeito de um programa de treinamento contra resistência em velocidade (PTCRV) sobre a potência muscular e o desempenho em tarefas motoras em idosas. MÉTODOS: 58 voluntárias sedentárias e fisicamente independentes foram divididas em dois subgrupos: 31 pertencentes ao grupo intervenção (GI), 68,7±5,2 anos de idade e 27 ao grupo controle (GC) 67,7±3,8 anos de idade. O GI foi submetido a um programa de 24 sessões, três vezes semanais, de treinamento contra resistência em velocidade. Foram avaliadas a carga (CR), a potência (PT) e a velocidade (VL) no exercício extensão de joelhos (EJ) e no teste motor de levantar-se da cadeira (LC), utilizando o sistema computadorizado Tendo Weightlifting Analyzer (TWA). Foi avaliado também o tempo de execução das tarefas motoras: marcha em velocidade de conforto (MVC) e marcha em velocidade máxima (MVM). Para comparação das variáveis estudadas, aplicou-se o teste t, admitindo-se p=0,05. RESULTADOS: Foi observado no GI para o exercício EJ ganho significativo na capacidade de geração da potência (49,56±13,52w / 66,87±16,27w, p=0,0002). No teste LC, houve aumento significativo na capacidade de geração da potência (370,71±106,26w / 434,52±107,15w, p=0,02185) e da velocidade (0,61±0,14m/s / 0,72±0,14m/s, p=0,00274). Nos testes motores, MVC e MVM, houve redução significativa no tempo de execução (4,56±0,63s / 4,20±0,50s, p=0,01560) e (3,45±0,40s / 3,23±0,34s, p=0,02222), respectivamente. No GC não foi observada melhora significativa em nenhum dos testes aplicados. CONCLUSÃO: O PTCRV contribuiu para melhorar os níveis de potência muscular, além de melhorar o desempenho nas tarefas motoras no grupo estudado.

INTRODUCTION: The maintenance of the generating capacity of muscle power is an important factor for physical and functional independence of the elderly. OBJECTIVE: Investigation of the influence of the training of muscular power (PTCRV) in old women during pre-determined motor chores. METHODS: 58 sedentary physically independent volunteers, divided in two groups: 31 belonged to the intervention group (GI) 68.7±5.2 years and 27 to the control group (GC) 67.7±3.8 years. The GI was subjected to a 24-section program, three times a week, of counter-resistance training in speed. Power (PT) and speed (VL) in the exercise were assessed: knee extension (EJ), and in the stand-up-from-a-chair test (LC), using the software Tendo Weighlifting Analyzer (TWA). The time of execution of motor chores was also evaluated: gait in comfortable speed (MVC), and gait in maximum speed (MVM). The variation t test was applied to compare the studied variables and a level of significance p=0.05 was admitted. RESULTS: It was observed in the GI, for the EJ exercise, a significant gain in the ability of power generation (370.71±106.26w / 434.52±107.15w, p=0.02185). In the LC test there was significant gain in the ability of power generation (370.71±106.26w / 434.52±107,15w, p=0.02185) and speed (0.61±0.14m/s / 0.72±0.14m/s, p=0.00274). In the motor tests MVC and MVM, there was significant gain in speed (4.56±0.63s / 4.20±0.50s, p=0.01560) and (3.45±0.40s / 3.23±0.34s, p=0.02222), respectively. No significant improvement in the GC was observed after application of the tests. CONCLUSION: The PTCRV contributed to improve the muscular power, as well as improving the performance in the motor chores in the studied group.

Investigar o estado da arte acerca da coordenação motora durante a marcha em pacientes com lesão no ligamento cruzado anterior (LCA). Foram realizadas pesquisas, delimitadas entre 1980 e 2010, em diversas bases de artigos com palavras-chave relacionadas à coordenação motora, marcha e lesão no LCA. A partir da análise de títulos e aplicação dos critérios de inclusão/exclusão, 24 estudos foram selecionados inicialmente e, após a leitura do resumo, oito permaneceram na análise final. Os resultados indicam que pacientes com deficiência no LCA tendem a apresentar uma marcha menos variável, enquanto pacientes com reconstrução do LCA têm uma marcha mais variável, em relação a sujeitos hígidos. Os resultados sugerem a existência de diferenças na coordenação motora entre os segmentos entre sujeitos com e sem lesão no LCA, independentemente da reconstrução ligamentar. Pacientes com lesão no LCA apresentam aspectos relacionados ao comprometimento de adaptar seus padrões de marcha a diferentes condições externas, o que pode levar à degeneração precoce. No entanto, as técnicas usadas pelos estudos para o processamento dos dados biomecânicos foram limitadas no que diz respeito à obtenção de informações que possibilitem o desenvolvimento de estratégias de intervenção voltadas para a reabilitação da lesão. Isso se deve ao fato de as técnicas atuais de estudo da coordenação motora, apesar de possibilitar a identificação de alterações no padrão de marcha saudável, não serem capazes de identificar as principais articulações e fases do ciclo da marcha alteradas.

To investigate the state of art about motor coordination during gait in patients with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. Searches were carried out, limited from 1980 to 2010, in various databases with keywords related to motor coordination, gait and ACL injury. From the analysis of titles and applying the inclusion/exclusion criteria 24 studies were initially selected and, after reading the abstract, eight studies remained in the final analysis. ACL deficient patients tend to have a more rigid and less variable gait, while injured patients with ACL reconstruction have less rigid and more variable gait with respect to healthy individuals. The overall results suggest the existence of differences in motor coordination between the segments with intact and those with injured knee, regardless of ligament reconstruction. ACL injured patients present aspects related to the impairment of the capability to adapt the gait pattern to different environmental conditions, possibly leading to premature knee degeneration. However, the techniques used for biomechanical gait data processing are limited with respect to obtaining information that leads to the development of intervention strategies aimed at the rehabilitation of that injury, since it is not possible to identify the location within the gait cycle where the differences could be explained.

O objetivo desse estudo foi comparar a atividade mioelétrica (EMG) do glúteo máximo e bíceps femoral entre o agachamento com passada à frente e com pés paralelos. Sete indivíduos realizaram oito repetições do agachamento paralelo (AP) e com passada à frente (AF) deslocando sobrecarga relativa a 50% da massa corporal. O EMG do glúteo máximo e bíceps femoral foi capturado, filtrado por um filtro passa-banda Butterworth de 4ª ordem (20-400 Hz) e obtido valores RMS. Utilizou-se o teste de Wilcoxon para comparar o EMG normalizado entre os dois exercícios. Tanto o bíceps femoral (p = 0,041) quanto o glúteo máximo (p = 0,0059) apresentaram maior ativação no AF (30,9% para glúteo; 42,6% para bíceps) em comparação ao AP (21,2% para glúteo; 24,7% para bíceps). Apesar da ativação moderada durante a execução dos exercícios, girando em torno de 25% a 45%, a resposta foi maior, para os participantes do estudo, no AF.

The purpose of this study was to compare the EMG of the gluteus maximus and biceps femoris between the lunge and the parallel squat. Seven subjects, with experience in strength training, performed eight repetitions of the parallel squat (PS) and the lunge (LU) with an overload corresponding to 50% of body mass. The EMG of the gluteus maximus and biceps femoris was captured, filtered by a forth order Butterworth filter (20-400 Hz) and calculated RMS values. The Wilcoxon Ranked test was used to compare the normalized EMG of each muscle between the two exercises. Both the biceps femoris (p = 0.041) and the gluteus maximus (p = 0.0059) showed increased activation in LU compared to the PS. Despite the moderate activation in both exercises, ranging from 25% to 45%, the myoelectric response of the analyzed muscles was higher, for the participants, in the lunge exercise.

El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar la actividad mioeléctrica (EMG) del músculo glúteo mayor y el bíceps femoral entre la sentadilla con los pies uno frente al otro y los pies paralelos. Siete sujetos realizaron ocho repeticiones de la sentadilla paralela (AP) y con los pies uno frente al otro (FA) desplazando una masa igual a 50% del peso corporal. El EMG del músculo glúteo mayor y el bíceps femoral fueron capturados, filtrada por un filtro de banda de 4 º orden Butterworth (20-400 Hz) y los valores RMS obtenidos. Se utilizó el test de Wilcoxon para comparar la EMG normalizada entre los dos ejercicios. Tanto el bíceps femoral (p = 0,041) y el glúteo mayor (p = 0,0059) mostraron una mayor activación en la FA (30,9% para lo glúteo y 52% para lo bíceps) en comparación con el AP (21,2% para lo glúteo y 24,7% para lo bíceps). Aunque la activación moderada durante la ejecución de los ejercicios fue moderado, situándose en torno a un 25% a 45%, la respuesta fue mayor en el FA para los participantes del estudio.

INTRODUÇÃO: Muitas alterações que ocorrem com o envelhecimento têm impacto de natureza funcional e acarretam, como uma das consequências mais importantes, distúrbios na marcha de pessoas idosas. OBJETIVOS:: Avaliar a eficácia de um programa de treinamento sensório-motor, no padrão da marcha de mulheres idosas. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Atendendo-se aos critérios de exclusão e inclusão, formou-se um grupo de voluntários constituído por 15 idosas, que foram submetidas à análise do padrão da marcha por meio da videometria, cujas imagens foram processadas pelo software DgeeMe, versão 1.0. Em seguida, elas foram submetidas a um treinamento sensório-motor, por meio de um circuito que incluiu oito estações de exercícios com estímulos proprioceptivos e de equilíbrio. A frequência do treinamento foi de três sessões semanais com duração de 30 minutos, durante dois meses. Depois disso, foi realizada nova análise da marcha, considerando-se os componentes temporais e espaciais. RESULTADOS: Apesar de melhora nos componentes temporais e espaciais da marcha, só foi verificada significância estatística para o resultado observado na variável comprimento da passada (p = 0,02). CONCLUSÃO: Concluiu-se que o treinamento sensório-motor, muito embora possa melhorar o equilíbrio do indivíduo idoso, trazendo-lhe segurança para desenvolver a marcha, pode não afetar diretamente essa função nos seus aspectos biomecânicos.

INTRODUCTION: Many changes that take place with aging have an impact of a functional nature and result, as one of the most important consequences, in disorders in the gait pattern of the elderly. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effectiveness of a sensorial-motor program on the gait pattern of elderly females. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fulfilling the exclusion and inclusion criteria, a group of volunteers was formed comprised of 15 elderly females who were submitted to analysis of the marching pattern by videometry, whose images were processed by the software DgeeMe 1.0. After that, they were submitted to a sensorial-motor training, by means of a circuit which included eight exercise stations with proprioceptive and balance stimuli. The frequency of training was three weekly sessions with duration of 30 minutes, for two months. Then, a new analysis of the gait was carried out, considering the temporal and spatial components. RESULTS: In spite of the improvement in the temporal and spatial components of the gait, a statistical significance was verified only for the result observed in the variable of length of step (p = 0.02). CONCLUSION: It was concluded that the sensorial-motor training, even though it is able to improve the balance of the elderly subject, bringing her safety to develop the gait, can not affect this function directly in its biomechanical aspects.

OBJETIVO: Comparar a atividade muscular antes e após o contato com o solo entre as aterrissagens unilateral (AU) e bilateral (AB) em atletas do sexo masculino. PARTICIPANTES: Quinze atletas masculinos de voleibol sem sinais e sintomas de lesões nas extremidades inferiores (13 ± 1 ano, 1,70 ± 0,12m, 60 ± 12kg). MENSURAÇÕES:Os participantes realizaram dois saltos verticais, aterrissando unilateralmente e bilateralmente. A atividade mioelétrica do reto femoral (RF), bíceps femoral (BF), adutores de quadril (AQ) e a relação BF/RF foram comparados entre as duas aterrissagens e entre as fases caracterizadas por 100ms antes (PRE) e 100ms após (POS) o contato com o solo. RESULTADOS: Em ambas as aterrissagens, a ativação do RF foi maior na fase POS em relação à PRE. Na comparação entre as aterrissagens dentro da mesma fase não encontramos diferenças estatísticas. Apesar de o BF não ter apresentado diferenças entre as fases PRE e POS em cada aterrissagem, sua ativação foi maior na AU. Os AQ apresentaram maior ativação na fase POS durante a AU, no entanto não houve diferenças quando comparadas as duas aterrissagens. A relação BF/RF apresentou valores maiores em ambas as aterrissagens na fase PRE. No entanto, não encontramos diferenças entre as aterrissagens. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados sugerem que cada músculo apresenta um papel diferente durante a fase de aterrissagem em homens. Enquanto que o RF possui como principal função a frenagem da articulação do joelho e do movimento descendente, caracterizada pelo aumento da ativação na fase pós-contato, o BF parece atenuar a tensão articular do joelho em atividades de maior impacto, mantendo-se mais ativo durante todo o ciclo da AU. Já a maior ativação dos AQ após o contato com solo na AU evidencia a importância da região lombo-pélvica na estabilização pélvica em situações de grande instabilidade. Estudos futuros são necessários para determinar os efeitos da ativação muscular apresentada na imposição de cargas mecânicas potencialmente lesivas no joelho em atletas do sexo masculino.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the myoelectric activity before and after ground contact between single leg (SL) and double leg (DL) landings in male athletes. PARTICIPANTS: Fifteen male volleyball athletes without signs and symptoms of lesions in the lower extremities, with a minimum of three years experience in the sport (13 ± 1 years, 1.70 ± 0.12 m, 60 ± 12 kg). MEASUREMENTS: Participants performed two vertical jumps, landing unilaterally and bilaterally. The myoelectric activity of the rectus femoris (RF), biceps femoris (BF), hip adductors (HA) and the BF/RF ratio were compared between the two landings and between the phases characterized by 100ms before (PRE) and after 100 ms (POST) ground contact using ANOVA two-way test with post hoc test of Bonferroni (α = 5%). RESULTS: In both landings activation of RF was higher in the POST in relation to the PRE (p <0.0001). Comparing the landings in the same phase statistical differences (p = 0.2212) were not found. Although the BF did not present significant differences between the PRE and POST in each landing (p = 0.2321), its activation was higher in SL (p = 0.0051). The HA showed greater activation in the POST during the SL (p = 0.0013), however there were no differences when comparing the two landings (p = 0.9233). The BF/RF ratio was higher in both landings during PRE (p = 0.0012). Nevertheless, no differences between the landings (p = 0.7037) were found. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that each muscle has a different role during landing tasks in men. While RF has the main function to decelerate the knee and the downward movement, characterized by increased activation in the POST, BF seems to attenuate the loads on the knee in activities of higher impact, staying more active throughout the cycle in the SL. The increased activation of HA after ground contact in the SL highlights the importance of core region in stabilizing the pelvis in situations of great instability. Further studies are needed to determine the effects of muscle activation at the imposition of mechanical load on the knee that are potentially harmful to male athletes.

A Biomecânica é uma disciplina de natureza interdisciplinar, comumente percebida como de difícil compreensão pelos graduandos e, ao que parece, ainda pouco utilizada no cotidiano profissional de professores de Educação Física. Cientes de que congrega informações essenciais à prática desse profissional, procuramos compreender, neste estudo de caso, de abordagem qualitativa, o processo de aprendizagem significativa de conceitos necessários para a adequada elaboração do Diagrama de Corpo Livre. Os sujeitos da investigação foram os alunos da disciplina Biomecânica do curso de Licenciatura em Educação Física de uma Universidade pública do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Assumimos a Teoria da Aprendizagem Significativa como marco teórico e a observação participante como estratégia metodológica. Além das notas de campo, tomamos como registros as respostas de um questionário e de quatro testes realizados durante e após a disciplina que, conforme natureza, foram categorizadas. Os resultados sugeriram que, no continuum aprendizagem mecânica-significativa, a aprendizagem realizada tendia à primeira, apesar do evidente avanço do conhecimento dos alunos, o qual, em relação ao conjunto das atividades realizadas, pareceu-nos aquém do esperado para o nível do curso.

Biomechanics is a discipline characterized by its interdisciplinary nature, so that undergraduate students often perceived it as a discipline that is quite difficult to understand. Thus, Physical Education/ Kinesiology professionals do not use it much in their everyday teaching events. As its knowledge is essential to the improvement of their professional practice this qualitative study, which has a case study format, aims at understanding the students' meaningful learning process about the essentials concepts for the correct elaboration of the Free Body Diagram along the discipline Biomechanics in the Physical Education course at a public University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The Meaningful Learning Theory constituted our theoretical framework and the participant observation our main methodological strategy. Besides the field notes, we took as registrations the answers of a questionnaire and of four tests accomplished during and after the discipline that, according to nature, they were classified. The results suggested that, in the continuum mechanical learning - meaningful, the learning inclined to the first, in spite of apparent progress, concerning the overall knowledge demonstrated in the set of performed activities, it seemed on this side of that we waited.

La Biomécanique est une matière interdisciplinaire, habituellement perçue comme complexe par les étudiants universitaires et encore relativement peu apliquée dans le quotidien professionnel des professeurs d'Education Physique Sportive. Conscients de sa capacité de rassembler des informations essentielles à cette pratique, dans la présente étude, qui se caractérise par une approche qualitative, nous cherchons à comprendre le processus d'apprentissage significatif des concepts nécessaires à une élaboration adéquate du Diagramme du Corps Libre par les élèves de l'enseignement Biomécanique dans le programme de Licence en Education Physique Sportive d'une université publique de Rio de Janeiro, Brésil. Nous considérons la Théorie de l'Apprentissage Significatif comme cadre théorique et l'observation participative comme une stratégie méthodologique. Outre les notes écrites à partir de l'observation du champ étudié, nous avons également pris en compte les réponses à un questionnaire et à quatre tests réalisés pendant les cours et après la fin du programme. Selon leur nature, ces réponses ont été divisées en catégories distinctes. Les résultats indiquent que, dans le continuum apprentissage mécanique-significatif, on tendait toujours vers le premier. Cela suggère que, malgré un manifeste progrès du savoir, celui-ci s'est révélé, par rapport à l'ensemble des activités réalisées, au-deçà de nos attentes.

La Biomecánica es una asignatura de naturaleza interdisciplinar, comúnmente percibida como de difícil comprensión por los alumnos y, según parece, aún es poco utilizada en la práctica profesional de profesores de Educación Física. Conscientes de que la Biomecánica congrega informaciones esenciales a la práctica de ese profesional, en este estudio de caso, con un análisis cualitativo, pretendemos comprender el proceso de aprendizaje significativo de los conceptos necesarios para la adecuada elaboración del Diagrama de Cuerpo Libre por parte de los alumnos de la asignatura de Biomecánica de un curso de formación de profesores de Educación Física de una Universidad pública de Río de Janeiro, Brasil. Asumimos la Teoría del Aprendizaje Significativo como marco teórico y la observación participante como estrategia metodológica. Además de las anotaciones de campo, tomamos como registros las respuestas de un cuestionario y de cuatro tests realizados durante y después de la asignatura que fueron categorizadas según su naturaleza. Los resultados sugirieron que, en el continuum aprendizaje mecánico - significativo, el aprendizaje tendía a ser mecánico, a pesar del evidente avance del conocimiento, que, con relación al conjunto de las actividades realizadas, parecía mostrarse menos satisfactorio de lo que esperábamos.

OBJETIVO: Mensurar a validade e a confiabilidade dos questionários WOMAC, IKDC, Lysholm em pacientes com osteoartrite no joelho e determinar a influência da idade no escore destes. MÉTODO: Cinquenta e sete pacientes com diagnóstico de OA primária de joelho completaram os questionários SF-36, WOMAC, Lysholm e IKDC. A validade foi testada mensurando a correlação (coeficiente de correlação de Pearson, "r") entre os questionários. A consistência interna foi mensurada através do α de Cronbach e a concordância através das representações gráficas de Altman-Bland e concordância- sobrevivência. Para determinar a influência da idade nos resultados correlacionamos esta com os escores dos três questionários de joelho através do coeficiente de determinação de Pearson (r²). RESULTADOS: O IKDC (0,62) e o WOMAC (0,642) apresentaram correlações moderadas para forte em relação ao resumo das capacidades físicas do SF-36, enquanto que o Lysholm apresentou correlações moderadas (0,555). O α de Cronbach apresentou valores de 0,811 para o IKDC, 0,959 para o WOMAC e 0,734 para o Lysholm. Apesar da forte correlação entre WOMAC e IKDC (0,843), WOMAC e Lysholm (0,759) e IKDC e Lysholm (0,858), as representações gráficas de Altman-Bland e concordância-sobrevivência demonstram que a concordância entre os três questionários é baixa. O IKDC, Lysholm e WOMAC apresentaram um coeficiente de determinação de Pearson (r²) de 0,004, 0,010 e 0,043 com a idade, respectivamente. CONCLUSÃO: A idade não demonstrou ser fator limitante à utilização de nenhum dos questionários aplicados neste estudo. Os testes de concordância e das correlações com os componentes físicos do SF-36 sugerem que o WOMAC é mais adequado para avaliar as capacidades funcionais e limitações relacionadas aos aspectos físicos, enquanto que o IKDC parece ser mais adequado para avaliar as limitações funcionais relacionadas à dor.

OBJECTIVE: To measure the validity and reliability of the WOMAC, IKDC and Lysholm questionnaires among patients with knee osteoarthritis and determine the influence of age on their scores. METHOD: Fifty-seven patients diagnosed with primary osteoarthritis of the knee answered the SF-36, WOMAC, IKDC and Lysholm questionnaires. Validity was tested by measuring the correlation (Pearson's correlation coefficient, "r") between the questionnaires. Internal consistency was measured using Cronbach's α and concordance was measured through the Altman-Bland graphical representations and survival concordance. To determine the influence of age on the results, we correlated this variable with the scores from the three knee questionnaires using Pearson's coefficient of determination ("r2"). RESULTS: IKDC (0.62) and WOMAC (0642) showed moderate to strong correlations in relation to the summarized physical capacity score of the SF-36, while Lysholm showed moderate correlations (0.555). The Cronbach α values for IKDC, WOMAC and Lysholm were 0.811, 0.959 and 0.734, respectively. Despite the strong correlations between IKDC and WOMAC (0.843), Lysholm and WOMAC (0.759) and IKDC and Lysholm (0.858), the Bland-Altman graphical representations and survival concordance showed that the concordance between the three questionnaires was low. IKDC, Lysholm and WOMAC showed coefficients of determination (r2) with age of 0.004, 0.010 and 0.043, respectively. CONCLUSION: Age was not found to be a limiting factor for the use of any of the questionnaires applied in this study. The concordance tests and correlations with the physical components of SF-36 suggest that WOMAC is more appropriate for assessing physical capacities and limitations relating to physical traits, while IKDC seems more appropriate for assessing the functional limitations relating to pain.

As lesões no ligamento cruzado anterior (LCA) são frequentes no âmbito esportivo. O estudo dos mecanismos de lesão demonstrou que a maioria das lesões é oriunda tanto de aterrissagens unilaterais quanto bilaterais. Apesar de estudos terem demonstrado diferenças no comportamento cinemático de membros inferiores entre homens e mulheres, não há evidências de como homens se comportam em diferentes condutas. O objetivo neste estudo foi comparar a cinemática angular e temporal dos membros inferiores, manifesta em aterrissagens de saltos com propulsão bilateral, realizadas sobre um e dois membros inferiores. Aterrissagens unilaterais e bilaterais no plano frontal e sagital de quinze atletas masculinos de voleibol foram registradas e processadas por meio de técnicas videogramétricas. Os resultados indicam que, na aterrissagem unilateral, os atletas apresentaram menor flexão do quadril e joelho, assim como maior valgismo do joelho, quando comparada com a aterrissagem bilateral. A diferença no tempo de aterrissagem entre as duas condutas não foi estatisticamente significante. Em conclusão, os resultados deste estudo apóiam a premissa de que a cinemática dos membros inferiores se altera em função da configuração da conduta motora realizada em homens. Estudos futuros são necessários para explorar o impacto das diferenças cinemáticas encontradas na tensão ligamentar e relacioná-las com os mecanismos de lesões no LCA em homens.

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are common in sports. Studies investigating injury mechanisms have demonstrated that most injuries arise from landing tasks. Despite the demonstration of differences between male and female kinematics, there are no studies showing how males behave during different landing tasks. The objective of this study was to compare the angular and temporal kinematics of the lower limbs between two different landing tasks. Double leg and single leg landings were recorded in the frontal and sagittal plane in 15 male volleyball athletes by videogrammetry. Reduced hip and knee flexion and increased knee valgus were observed in the single leg landing task compared to the double leg landing task. No significant difference in landing time was observed between the two tasks. In conclusion, the results support the premise that lower limb kinematics change according to the task performed. Further studies are necessary to explore the impact of these kinematic differences on knee loading and to relate them to ACL injury mechanisms in men.