ABSTRACT Purpose: Parasacral Transcutaneous Electrical Stimulation (TENS) is one of the treatments for children with Bladder and Bowel Dysfunction (BBD). Some studies showed that children with increased Rectal Diameter (RD) have more Functional Constipation (FC). However, RD prediction in maintenance of BBD after treatment was never evaluated. Our aim is to evaluate the association between RD and response to treatment in children and adolescents with BBD. Materials and Methods: This study evaluated patients from 5-17 years old with BBD. Dysfunctional Voiding Scoring System (DVSS), Rome IV criteria, and the Constipation Score were used. RD was measured using abdominal ultrasound before treatment according to the technique established by Klijn et al. and was considered enlarged when >3cm. No laxatives were used during treatment. Descriptive analysis and binary regression were performed and the area under the ROC curve was calculated. Results: Forty children were included (mean age 8.4±2.8 years, 52.5% male). Before treatment, RD was enlarged in 15 children (37.5%) (mean diameter 3.84±0.6cm), with FC persisting post-treatment in 11/15(73.3%). Those patients also required more laxatives following treatment and had more severe FC. Binary regression showed pretreatment RD to be an independent predictor of the persistence of FC post-treatment (OR=9.56; 95%CI:2.05-44.60). In ROC curve analysis, the sensitivity was 100% (95%CI: 0.49-1.0) and specificity 77.14% (95%CI:0.60-0.90) for rectal diameter >3 cm. The likelihood ratio was 4.38 (95%CI:2.40-8.0) for the persistence of BBD following treatment. Conclusion: RD appears to be relevant in the evaluation of children with BBD, not only as a diagnostic tool but also as a predictor of treatment outcome. Purpose TENS (TENS . (BBD) (RD (FC) However Methods 517 5 17 5-1 DVSS, DVSS , (DVSS) criteria al 3cm cm >3cm calculated Results mean 8428 8 4 2 8.4±2. 525 52 52.5 male. male male) 1 37.5% 375 37 (37.5% 3.84±0.6cm, 38406cm 3.84±0.6cm 3 84 0 6cm 3.84±0.6cm) posttreatment post 11/1573.3%. 1115733 11/15 73.3% 11 73 11/15(73.3%) OR=9.56 OR956 OR 9 56 (OR=9.56 95%CI2.0544.60. 95CI2054460 CI 95%CI 2.05 44.60 95 05 44 60 95%CI:2.05-44.60) 100 95CI (95%CI 0.491.0 04910 0.49 1.0 49 0.49-1.0 7714 77 14 77.14 95%CI0.600.90 95CI060090 0.60 0.90 90 (95%CI:0.60-0.90 > 438 38 4.3 95%CI2.408.0 95CI24080 2.40 8.0 40 (95%CI:2.40-8.0 Conclusion outcome (BBD (FC 51 5- (DVSS 842 8.4±2 52. 37.5 (37.5 1573 11/1573.3% 111573 1115 11/1 733 73.3 7 11/15(73.3% OR=9.5 OR95 (OR=9.5 CI2 0544 95%CI2.0544.60 95CI205446 205 2.0 4460 44.6 6 95%CI:2.05-44.60 10 491 0.491. 0491 049 0.4 1. 0.49-1. 771 77.1 CI0 600 95%CI0.600.9 95CI06009 060 0.6 090 0.9 (95%CI:0.60-0.9 43 4. 408 95%CI2.408. 95CI2408 240 2.4 80 8. (95%CI:2.40-8. 8.4± 37. (37. 157 11/1573.3 11157 111 11/ 73. 11/15(73.3 OR=9. OR9 (OR=9. 054 95%CI2.0544.6 95CI20544 20 2. 446 44. 95%CI:2.05-44.6 0.491 04 0. 0.49-1 77. 95%CI0.600. 95CI0600 06 09 (95%CI:0.60-0. 95%CI2.408 95CI240 24 (95%CI:2.40-8 8.4 (37 11/1573. 11/15(73. OR=9 (OR=9 95%CI2.0544. 95CI2054 95%CI:2.05-44. 0.49- 95%CI0.600 95CI060 (95%CI:0.60-0 95%CI2.40 95CI24 (95%CI:2.40- (3 11/1573 11/15(73 OR= (OR= 95%CI2.0544 95CI205 95%CI:2.05-44 95%CI0.60 95CI06 (95%CI:0.60- 95%CI2.4 95CI2 (95%CI:2.40 ( 11/157 11/15(7 (OR 95%CI2.054 95CI20 95%CI:2.05-4 95%CI0.6 95CI0 (95%CI:0.60 95%CI2. (95%CI:2.4 11/15( 95%CI2.05 95%CI:2.05- 95%CI0. (95%CI:0.6 95%CI2 (95%CI:2. 95%CI2.0 95%CI:2.05 95%CI0 (95%CI:0. (95%CI:2 95%CI:2.0 (95%CI:0 95%CI:2. 95%CI:2 95%CI:

ABSTRACT Purpose: Total corpora mobilization (TCM) is a novel technique that is used for penile reconstruction in cases of micropenis and penile amputation. Its principle is based on Kelly’s procedure for bladder exstrophy (1). In contrast to the Kelly procedure, TCM is performed entirely through the perineum with the patient in the lithotomy position. Materials and Methods: TCM was performed on three patients. The first was a boy who suffered trauma from a dog bite at an age of eight months. At 23 years old he underwent TCM. The second patient had genital self-amputation induced by psychiatric disorder. After treatment, at 27 years old, he desired surgery for penile reconstruction. The third patient had partial androgen insensitivity syndrome (PAIS) with a micropenis and at 23 years old had TCM procedure. The patients were placed in the lithotomy position with a perineal incision in the midline. A subperiosteal incision was made and the corpora cavernosa were detached from the pubic arch and the ischial rami. The periosteum and the neurovascular bundles were preserved. Subsequently the corpora cavernosa was mobilized upward and the periosteum that was left attached to them was sutured to the pubis. Results: At twenty-four, nine, and six months, respectively, in the follow-up process, all patients expressed satisfaction with the final cosmetic appearance, penile length, and erectile function. Conclusion: TCM may prove to be an alternative for patients with a functional disturbance because of small penile length, though a higher number of cases and a more extended follow-up are needed to draw a more definitive conclusion.

ABSTRACT Introduction Clitoroplasty constitutes an important step in feminizing surgery for congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) ( 1 ). In this video we present a technique that aims to preserve clitoral sensitivity and engorgement while minimizing the risk of neurovascular lesion. Materials and methods We present a video of a three-year-old girl with history of CAH classical form, PRADER-III, who underwent clitoroplasty. After an initial endoscopic evaluation of the urogenital sinus, the clitoris was degloved and a rectangular incision was made on the ventral corpora cavernosa 15mm above the corpora bifurcation and 0.5 mm below the coronal sulcus. The cavernous tissue was partially resected. The upper and lower borders of the rectangular gap were closed by a 5-0 PDS running suture similar to the Mikulicz technique. Next, the edge of the glans was deepithelialized to reduce its size. For improved clitoral positioning, the clitoris was sutured to the pubic fat. From that point onward the procedure followed that of a standard vaginoplasty using the en-bloc technique ( 2 - 4 ). Thus far we have performed this technique in 33 patients, with 31 of them being girls with CAH and 2 being women with clitoral hypertrophy. Conclusion Corporoplasty is a simplified technique for clitoroplasty, with the advantage being that is faster and safer than the technique that involves the dissection of the neurovascular bundle. In addition, corporoplasty has the possible benefit of preserving the cavernosal blood flow that permits the engorgement of the clitoris during sexual arousal.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Defective closure of the neural tube affects different systems and generates sequelae, such as neurogenic bladder (NB). Myelomeningocele (MMC) represents the most frequent and most severe cause of NB in children. Damage of the renal parenchyma in children with NB acquired in postnatal stages is preventable given adequate evaluation, follow-up and proactive management. The aim of this document is to update issues on medical management of neurogenic bladder in children. Materials and Methods: Five Pediatric Urologists joined a group of experts and reviewed all important issues on “Spina Bifida, Neurogenic Bladder in Children” and elaborated a draft of the document. All the members of the group focused on the same system of classification of the levels of evidence (GRADE system) in order to assess the literature and the recommendations. During the year 2020 the panel of experts has met virtually to review, discuss and write a consensus document. Results and Discussion: The panel addressed recommendations on up to date choice of diagnosis evaluation and therapies. Clean intermittent catheterization (CIC) should be implemented during the first days of life, and antimuscarinic drugs should be indicated upon results of urodynamic studies. When the patient becomes refractory to first-line therapy, receptor-selective pharmacotherapy is available nowadays, which leads to a reduction in reconstructive procedures, such as augmentation cystoplasty.

ABSTRACT Aims: To evaluate autonomic activity in children/adolescents with isolated overactive bladder. Materials and Methods: Descriptive, analytical, non-interventional, cross-sectional study conducted between February 2017 and January 2018 with individuals aged between 5 and 17 years old, with overactive bladder (OAB group) or asymptomatic (control). Neurological or anatomical abnormalities, diabetes mellitus and kidney failure constituted exclusion criteria. The DVSS and the Rome III questionnaire were applied, and heart rate variability (HRV) was assessed. The chi-square test, Student's t-test, ANOVA and the Mann Whitney U test were used in the statistical analysis. Results: 41 patients with OAB and 20 controls were included. In the OAB group, there were more girls (p=0.23), more overweight/obese and constipated patients. The DVSS score was higher in the OAB group. HRV showed a higher heart rate variability at the frequency domain and LF/HF variation in the control group (p=0.02 and p=0.05 respectively). In the intergroup evaluation, LF (Hz) was predominant in the control group at the post-voiding evaluation moment (p=0.03). Conclusion: The control group demonstrated a physiological heart rate variation during the voiding process, with a predominance of sympathetic activity during urinary storage.

ABSTRACT Purpose: This study compares the results achieved following parasacral TENS administered using two different weekly schedules. Materials and Methods: Children of at least four years of age with a diagnosis of pure overactive bladder were included in this randomized clinical trial and treated with parasacral TENS (2 versus 3 sessions per week). All the participants also underwent standard urotherapy. Results: Sixteen children were included in the twice-weekly group and eighteen in the three times weekly group. There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups with respect to sex; however, there was a difference in age. There were no significant differences regarding complete resolution of urinary symptoms, with 8 children (50%) in the twice-weekly group and 11 children (61%) in the three times weekly group having their symptoms completely resolved (p=0.73). There was a significant difference in the DVSS score in both groups following TENS treatment compared to baseline (p=0.0001 for both groups), but not between groups. Evaluation of the bladder diary showed no difference between the groups before or after treatment. Conclusion: For children with overactive bladder who are unable to undergo parasacral TENS treatment three times weekly, the method can be administered successfully at twice-weekly sessions.

ABSTRACT The management of complex urethral stenosis may involve different surgical techniques. As retraction of the graft may account for surgical failure, this risk increases in patients with more extensive stenosis requiring a graft of greater diameter. Although double grafts have already been used to maximize success in these cases, we propose a modified technique for urethroplasty with longitudinal urethral incision. The hypothesis was that this technique would increase the lumen by using only a urethral incision on the dorsal surface. Two patients presenting with recurrent urethral stenosis underwent urethroplasty using a double graft of oral mucosa that preserves the integrity of the spongy tissue and allows ventral inlay graft fixation using a midline relaxing incision in the portion of the urethra with stenosis. In both cases, the urethrocystoscopy and uroflowmetry performed after surgery showed a pervious and complacent urethra. After four and six months of follow-up, the postoperative outcomes were satisfactory for both patients. Further studies involving larger numbers of patients and long-term follow-up are required to evaluate the effectiveness of this method.

ABSTRACT Introduction Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR) is characterized by a retrograde flow of urine from the bladder into the ureters and kidneys. It is one of the most common urinary tract anomalies and the major cause of urinary tract infection (UTI) in the first years of life. If not properly diagnosed and treated can lead to recurrent UTI, renal scar and, in severe cases, to end stage renal disease. Despite recent advances in scientific and technological knowledge, evaluation and treatment of VUR is still controversial and there is still considerable heterogeneity in evaluation methods and therapeutic approaches. The aim of the present consensus is to give a practical orientation on how to evaluate and treat VUR. Methods The board of Pediatric Urology of the Brazilian Society of Urology joined a group of experts and reviewed all important issues on Vesicoureteral Reflux evaluation and treatment and elaborated a draft of the document. On November 2017 the panel met to review, discuss and write a consensus document. Results and Discussion Vesicoureteral Reflux is a common and challenging problem in children. Children presenting with Vesicoureteral Reflux require careful evaluation and treatment to avoid future urinary tract infections and kidney scars. The panel addressed recommendations on up to date choice of diagnosis evaluation and therapies.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: Recentemente foi demonstrada associação entre sintomas do trato urinário inferior entre mães e filhos. No entanto, o papel da constipação funcional neste binômio não é claro. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a disfunção vésico-intestinal entre mães e filhos. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal de base populacional. As mães e os filhos responderam a um questionário de autorresposta, composto pelos critérios de Roma IV, International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire - Overactive Bladder, Dysfunctional Voiding Scoring System e perguntas sociodemográficas. RESULTADOS: Foram estudados 441 pares mãe-filho. A idade média dos filhos foi de 9,1±2,7 anos, sendo 249 (56,5%) do sexo feminino. A idade média das mães foi de 35,7±6,1 anos. A constipação sem sintomas do trato urinário inferior estava presente em 35 (7,9%) crianças e 74 (16,8%) mães. Sintomas do trato urinário inferior isolados estavam presentes em 139 (31,5%) crianças e 92 (20,9%) mães e a disfunção vésico-intestinal ocorreu em 51 (11,6%) crianças e 78 (17,7%) mães. Não houve associação entre sintomas isolados do trato urinário inferior em crianças e sintomas isolados do trato urinário inferior em mães (P=0,31). Na análise univariada, houve associação entre disfunção vésico-intestinal em crianças e disfunção vésico-intestinal em mães (OR=4,8 IC 95% 2,6-9,6; P<0,001) e constipação isolada em crianças e constipação isolada em mães (OR=3,0 IC 95 % 1,4-6,4; P=0,003). Na análise multivariada, mães com disfunção vésico-intestinal foi o único fator de associação independente para disfunção vésico-intestinal em crianças (OR=5,4 IC 95% 2,5-11,6; P<0,001). CONCLUSÃO: Mães com disfunção vésico-intestinal têm maior probabilidade de ter filhos com disfunção vésico-intestinal. A associação entre constipação e sintomas do trato urinário inferior desempenha um papel importante nesta apresentação familiar.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Recently it was shown an association between lower urinary tract symptoms in mothers and their children. However, the role of functional constipation in this binomial is unclear. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate bladder and bowel dysfunction between mothers and children. METHODS: A population-based cross-sectional study. Mothers and their children responded a self-administrated questionnaire composed by Rome IV criteria, International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire - Overactive Bladder, Dysfunctional Voiding Scoring System and demographic questions. RESULTS: A total of 441 mother-child pairs was obtained. Children’s mean age was 9.1±2.7 years, with 249 (56.5%) female. Mothers’ mean age was 35.7±6.1 years. Isolated constipation was present at 35 (7.9%) children and 74 (16.8%) mothers. Isolated lower urinary tract symptoms were present in 139 (31.5%) children and 92 (20.9%) mothers and bladder bowel dysfunction occurred in 51 (11.6%) children and 78 (17.7%) mothers. There wasn’t any association between isolated lower urinary tract symptoms in children and isolated lower urinary tract symptoms in mothers (P=0.31). In univariate analysis there were an association between bladder bowel dysfunction in children and bladder bowel dysfunction in mothers (OR=4.8 IC 95% 2.6-9.6, P<0.001) and isolated constipation in children and isolated constipation in mothers (OR=3.0 IC 95% 1.4-6.4, P=0.003). In multivariate analysis mothers with bladder bowel dysfunction was the only independent factor associated with bladder bowel dysfunction in children (OR=5.4 IC 95% 2.5-11.6, P<0.001). CONCLUSION: Mothers with bladder bowel dysfunction are more likely to have a child with bladder bowel dysfunction. Association between these two dysfunctions plays an important role in this familiar presentation.

RESUMO Objetivos: Avaliar a frequência das solicitações de antígeno prostático específico (PSA) para homens com menos de 40 anos, bem como observar a possível influência da especialidade do médico solicitante. Material e método: Estudo observacional, de corte transversal, que utilizou o banco de dados de um laboratório clínico brasileiro de grande porte com as solicitações de PSA no período de 1º de outubro de 1997 a 31 de dezembro de 2016. Os dados foram analisados por estatística descritiva. O trabalho foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética de nossa instituição. Resultados: Foram avaliadas 2.514.375 solicitações de PSA, 158.399 (6,3%) em homens com menos de 40 anos. Esses percentuais não variaram significativamente quando observados no tempo (1998-2016). Entre as solicitações com identificação da especialidade do médico para pacientes com menos de 40 anos de idade, 18,2% foram de clínicos, 16,5% de cardiologistas, 8,4% de geriatras e 6,8% de urologistas. Conclusão: Há uma frequência muito elevada de solicitações de PSA em homens com baixa probabilidade de se beneficiarem com a realização do exame. Faz-se necessário investimento na divulgação das melhores práticas em relação ao rastreamento do câncer de próstata, especialmente entre os clínicos e cardiologistas.

ABSTRACT Objectives: To evaluate the frequency of PSA requests in men under age 40 years; and to observe the possible influence of medical specialty of the requesting physician. Material and method: This is an observational, cross-sectional study using the database of a national clinical laboratory on PSA requests from October 1, 1997 until December 31, 2016. Descriptive statistics were used. The work was approved by the Ethics Committee of our institution. Results: 2,514,375 PSA requests were evaluated, 158,399 (6.3%) in men younger than 40 years old. These percentages did not vary significantly when observed over time (1998-2016). The prevalence of requests for patients under 40 years of age, was 18.2% among general practitioners; 16.5% among cardiologists, 8.4% among geriatricians and 6.8% among urologists. Conclusion: There is a very high frequency of PSA requests in men with low probability of benefiting from the test. It is necessary to invest in the dissemination of best practices related to prostate cancer screening, especially among clinicians and cardiologists.

RESUMEN Objetivos: Evaluar la cantidad de solicitudes del antígeno prostático específico (PSA) para hombres menores de 40 años, así como observar la posible influencia de la especialidad del médico solicitante. Material y método: Estudio observacional, de corte transversal, que utilizó la base de datos de un gran laboratorio clínico brasileño con las solicitudes de PSA desde el 1 de octubre de 1997 hasta el 31 de Diciembre de 2016. Se analizaron los datos mediante estadística descriptiva. El estudio fue aprobado por el comité ético de nuestra institución. Resultados: Se evaluaron 2.514.375 solicitudes de PSA, 158.399 (6.3%) en hombres menores de 40 años. Los porcentajes no variaron significantemente con el tiempo (1998-2016). La prevalência de solicitudes para pacientes menores de 40 años, fue de 18,2% entre los clínicos, 16,5% entre cardiólogos, 8,4% geriatras y 6,8% entre los urólogos. Conclusión: Hay una cantidad muy grande de solicitudes de PSA en hombres con baja probabilidad de sacar provecho de la realización del test. Es necesario invertir en la divulgación de mejores prácticas de tamizaje del cáncer de próstata, especialmente entre los clínicos y cardiólogos.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Lower urinary tract dysfunction (LUTD) is a common clinical condition. Emotional and behavioral issues are increasing among children and adolescents, with stress indicating difficulties in personal and social functioning. This study evaluated whether urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) is associated with stress. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional, analytical study with 6-14-year-old patients with LUTS and no anatomical/neurogenic urinary tract abnormalities was conducted using the Dysfunctional Voiding Scoring System, a psychological assessment and the Child Stress Scale. The overall stress score was analyzed in relation to the psychological assessment data. Answers to the seven specific DVSS urinary questions were compared with those for the four Child Stress Scale domains. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed. The chi-square test and Pearson's correlation were used to determine associations. Significance was defined as p <0.05. Results: Most children were male (56%). Mean age was 9.0±2.25 years. Stress was detected in 20 out of 98 patients (20.4%; 95% CI: 13-30%). Of these, 90% were born from unplanned pregnancies and 67% were upset about their disorder. All the Child Stress Scale domains were significantly associated with urinary dysfunction, with dysuria being significantly associated with all four domains. In the multivariate analysis, dysuria was the only symptom that remained associated with stress. Associations with stress strengthened as the frequency of dysuria increased: physical reactions (p <0.01), emotional reactions (p <0.05), psychological reactions with a depressive component (p <0.01) and psychophysiological reactions (p <0.05). Conclusion: Stress levels are higher in children and adolescents with LUTS who have more severe symptoms. Dysuria was the symptom most associated with stress, both in the physical reactions domain, in the psychological reactions domains with or without a depressive component and in the psychophysiological reactions domain.

ABSTRACT Introduction Enuresis, defined as an intermittent urinary incontinence that occurs during sleep, is a frequent condition, occurring in about 10% of children at 7 years of age. However, it is frequently neglected by the family and by the primary care provider, leaving many of those children without treatment. Despite of many studies in Enuresis and recent advances in scientific and technological knowledge there is still considerable heterogeneity in evaluation methods and therapeutic approaches. Materials and Methods The board of Pediatric Urology of the Brazilian Society of Urology joined a group of experts and reviewed all important issues on Enuresis and elaborated a draft of the document. On September 2018 the panel met to review, discuss and write a consensus document. Results and Discussion Enuresis is a multifactorial disease that can lead to a diversity of problems for the child and family. Children presenting with Enuresis require careful evaluation and treatment to avoid future psychological and behavioral problems. The panel addressed recommendations on up to date choice of diagnosis evaluation and therapies.