More than 90% of birds are socially monogamous, although genetic studies indicate that many are often not sexually monogamous. In the present study, DNA fingerprinting was used to estimate the genetic relationships between nestlings belonging to the same broods to evaluate the mating system in the socially monogamous macaw, Ara ararauna. We found that in 10 of 11 broods investigated, the nestlings showed genetic similarity levels congruent with values expected among full-sibs, suggesting that they shared the same parents. However, in one brood, the low genetic similarity observed between nestlings could be a result of intraspecific brood parasitism, intraspecific nest competition or extra-pair paternity. These results, along with available behavioral and life-history data, imply that the blue-and-yellow macaw is not only socially, but also genetically monogamous. However, the occurrence of eventual cases of extra-pair paternity cannot be excluded.

The phylogenetic placement of the monotypic crab plover Dromas ardeola (Aves, Charadriiformes) remains controversial. Phylogenetic analysis of anatomical and behavioral traits using phenetic and cladistic methods of tree inference have resulted in conflicting tree topologies, suggesting a close association of Dromas to members of different suborders and lineages within Charadriiformes. Here, we revisited the issue by applying Bayesian and parsimony methods of tree inference to 2,012 anatomical and 5,183 molecular characters to a set of 22 shorebird genera (including Turnix). Our results suggest that Bayesian analysis of anatomical characters does not resolve the phylogenetic relationship of shorebirds with strong statistical support. In contrast, Bayesian and parsimony tree inference from molecular data provided much stronger support for the phylogenetic relationships within shorebirds, and support a sister relationship of Dromas to Glareolidae (pratincoles and coursers), in agreement with previously published DNA-DNA hybridization studies.

Ecological conditions in breeding and non-breeding areas of migrant birds have been linked to their annual survival and production of young, but the role of stopover sites is under-appreciated. Through banding studies and censuses along the flyway from Tierra del Fuego to the Canadian Arctic, the drastic decline in 2000-2001 of Red Knots (Calidris canutus rufa) population summering in southern South America in the northern winter was shown to be related to the overharvesting of horseshoe crabs (Limulus polyphemus) in Delaware Bay, USA, their last stopover site before reaching their breeding grounds, and to the late arrival of the birds at this site. In San Antonio Oeste, Argentina, where 25-50% of the Tierra del Fuego Red Knots population congregates every northward migration season, annual survival of the cohort of experienced birds banded in March 1998 was impacted a year later than the general decline. Knots marked at San Antonio Oeste earlier in March arrived in Delaware Bay on average before those marked 15 days later. Additionally, early migrating knots with active body moult in San Antonio Oeste exhibited a higher return rate in the following years than late and non-moulting birds. Since the decline, birds arriving late in Delaware Bay have been at increased risk of not being able to refuel properly or on time because food is no longer superabundant at that stopover site. These domino effects indicate that there are fitness consequences to individual migration strategies adopted by birds at austral summering and stopover sites, which can be amplified by compressed timing in Delaware Bay when food is depleted at this final stopover site.

Si bien se ha relacionado la condición de las áreas de estadía no reproductiva y reproductiva de las aves migratorias con su supervivencia y producción de crías, el papel de los sitios de escala como limitante del tamaño poblacional es escasamente conocido. Mediante estudios de anillado y censos a lo largo de la ruta de vuelo desde Tierra del Fuego hasta el Ártico de Canadá, hemos relacionado la drástica declinación de la población de Playero Rojizo (Calidris canutus rufa) ocurrida durante 2000-2001 con la sobrepesca del cangrejo herradura (Limulus polyphemus) en su última escala en la migración hacia el norte (Bahía Delaware, EEUU) y la llegada tardía de las aves. En San Antonio Oeste, Argentina, donde se congrega el 25-50% de la población de Tierra del Fuego durante la migración al norte, el seguimiento de aves experimentadas de la cohorte anillada en marzo de 1998 permitió estimar que su supervivencia fue afectada un año más tarde que la declinación general. Las aves marcadas más temprano en marzo llegaron antes a Bahía Delaware, en promedio, que las marcadas 15 días después. Además, las aves tempranas con presencia de muda activa de plumaje corporal mostraron una tasa de retorno significativamente mayor en años posteriores que las aves sin muda activa. Desde la declinación, las aves tardías incrementaron el riesgo de no acumular reservas apropiadamente o a tiempo, debido a que el recurso trófico dejó de ser superabundante en Bahía Delaware. Estos efectos dominó indican que las estrategias de migración individuales originadas en las áreas de estadía austral y en los sitios de escala migratoria tienen consecuencias sobre la adecuación biológica y que éstas pueden ser amplificadas por la reducción en el tiempo de estadía en Bahía Delaware cuando el recurso trófico es escaso en este sitio.