ABSTRACT The thermal modification of wood is a process that alters its chemical composition, aiming to improve technological properties such as dimensional stability, reduction of equilibrium moisture content, homogeneity, or color. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the colorimetry and chemical properties of the wood of Parkia pendula (angelim-saia) and Simarouba amara (marupá) that was thermally modified by different methods. Three treatments were evaluated: T1 (pre-treatment in an oven for one hour at 120 °C and treatment in an oven at 180 °C for three hours); T2 (pre-treatment in an autoclave at 125 °C for three hours under 1.2 kgf cm-2 and treatment in an oven at 180 °C for three hours); and T3 (without pre-treatment, with sample treatment in vegetable oil). The thermally modified wood was evaluated in relation to untreated wood for structural chemical composition (extractives, lignin, holocellulose and ash content), colorimetric parameters defined through the CIELAB (Commission Internationale de l´Eclairage) system and total color variation. We detected a significant increase in extractives content and a decrease in holocellulose and lignin content in T3 for both species, which can be explained by the impregnation of oil in the wood samples. The thermal modification caused the surface darkening of the wood of both species, which was more pronounced in P. pendula. Despite the colorimetric change, there was no chemical damage to the wood. stability homogeneity context angelimsaia angelim saia (angelim-saia marupá (marupá methods T pretreatment pre 12 C 18 hours) 1 2 1. cm2 cm cm- without pretreatment, treatment, pre-treatment oil. . oil) extractives, (extractives , content) Commission l´Eclairage lEclairage l Eclairage variation species samples P change

RESUMO A modificação térmica da madeira é um processo que altera sua composição química, visando melhorar propriedades tecnológicas como estabilidade dimensional, redução do teor de umidade de equilíbrio, homogeneidade ou cor. Neste contexto, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a colorimetria e as propriedades químicas da madeira de Parkia pendula (angelim-saia) e Simarouba amara (marupá) modificada termicamente por diferentes métodos. Foram avaliados três tratamentos: T1 (pré-tratamento em estufa por uma hora a 120 °C e tratamento em estufa a 180 °C por três horas); T2 (pré-tratamento em autoclave a 125 °C por três horas sob 1,2 kgf cm-2 e tratamento em estufa a 180 °C por três horas); T3 (sem pré-tratamento, com tratamento da amostra em óleo vegetal). A madeira termicamente modificada foi avaliada em relação à madeira não tratada quanto à composição química estrutural (extrativos, lignina, holocelulose e teor de cinzas), parâmetros colorimétricos definidos através do sistema CIELAB (Commission Internationale de l´Eclairage) e variação total de cores. Detectamos um aumento significativo no teor de extrativos e uma diminuição no teor de holocelulose e lignina em T3 para ambas espécies, o que pode ser explicado pela impregnação de óleo nas amostras de madeira. A modificação térmica provocou o escurecimento superficial da madeira de ambas espécies, que foi mais pronunciado em P. pendula. Apesar da alteração colorimétrica, quimicamente não houve prejuízos para as madeiras. dimensional equilíbrio cor contexto angelimsaia angelim saia (angelim-saia marupá (marupá métodos tratamentos T prétratamento pré 12 C 18 horas) 1 2 1, cm2 cm cm- sem prétratamento, tratamento, pré-tratamento vegetal. vegetal . vegetal) extrativos, (extrativos cinzas, cinzas , cinzas) Commission l´Eclairage lEclairage l Eclairage cores espécies P colorimétrica madeiras

Abstract The outdoor use of wood can be improved by coating the wood surface with varnish to reduce the effects of natural weathering. However, some varnishes quickly lose their ability to protect wood, and nanoscale additives have been used to mitigate this negative effect, preferably renewable and biodegradable. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of varnishes reinforced with spray-dried nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) in a natural weathering test. For this purpose, two varnishes, waterborne and non-waterborne, with 0, 5, and 10% (w/w) NFC addition were applied to Pinus taeda tangential wood samples, which were exposed to natural weathering for half a year, during the period from January to June 2019, in Curitiba, PR, Brazil. Adherence and impact resistance tests were performed to evaluate the surface properties of the varnishes, and the effect of natural weathering on the wood surface was evaluated using quantitative colorimetric analyses (CIELab System). The varnishes did not perform well in the adhesion and impact test. While no significant effects were observed in surface tests, due to the addition of spray-dried NFC, varnishes reinforced with 5% NFC exhibited reduced overall color variation, maintaining yellow and red pigmentation. This suggests that incorporating 5% spray-dried NFC into varnishes did not compromise coating properties and aided in mitigating the impact of natural weathering on wood color variation. However biodegradable Therefore spraydried spray dried (NFC test purpose nonwaterborne, nonwaterborne non waterborne, non-waterborne 0 5 10 w/w ww w (w/w samples year 2019 Curitiba PR Brazil CIELab System. System . System) variation pigmentation 1 201 20 2

RESUMO No setor de florestas plantadas brasileiro, a maioria das espécies utilizadas são do gênero Eucalyptus. Embora o Sul do Brasil tenha clima propicio para espécies do gênero Pinus, o plantio de espécies de Eucalyptus resistentes à geada vem aumentando anualmente. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a densidade básica, as dimensões das fibras e a composição química da madeira de Eucalyptus benthamii, Eucalyptus dunnii, Eucalyptus saligna e Eucalyptus cloeziana. As árvores utilizadas foram provenientes de um plantio experimental de seis anos localizado em Canoinhas, estado de Santa Catarina. Para cada espécie, três árvores foram selecionadas e os discos foram removidos de cada árvore a 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% e 100% da altura do caule comercial. Para avaliar a qualidade da madeira, a densidade básica, as dimensões das fibras e a composição química foram determinadas comparando-se os valores entre as espécies e entre as alturas no fuste. A maior densidade básica foi a da madeira de E. cloeziana; esta espécie também apresentou o maior comprimento e largura das fibras. E. dunnii apresentou os menores teores de lignina e os maiores teores de holocelulose. O maior teor de lignina foi encontrado na madeira de E. benthamii, E. saligna e E. cloeziana. A relação entre as propriedades da madeira e a altura do fuste não foi relevante. Os resultados destacam a tendência de maiores extrativos serem encontrados nas partes mais altas (100%), e os teores de holocelulose e lignina são similares em todas as alturas. brasileiro Pinus anualmente benthamii cloeziana Canoinhas Catarina 0 0% 25 25% 50 50% 75 100 comercial comparandose comparando se E relevante 100%, , (100%) 2 5 7 10 (100% 1 (100 (10 (1 (

ABSTRACT In the Brazilian planted forest sector, most of the species used are from the genus Eucalyptus. Even though Southern Brazil has a suitable climate for species of the genus Pinus, the planting of frost-resistant Eucalyptus species has been increasing annually. The objective of this study was to evaluate the basic density, fiber dimensions, and chemical composition of Eucalyptus benthamii, Eucalyptus dunnii, Eucalyptus saligna, and Eucalyptus cloeziana woods. The trees used were from a six-year-old experimental plantation located in Canoinhas, state of Santa Catarina. For each species, three trees were selected, and discs were removed from each tree at 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of the commercial stem height. To evaluate the quality of the wood, the basic wood density, fiber dimensions, and chemical composition of the wood were determined by comparing the values between species and between the heights in the stem. The highest basic density was that of the wood of E. cloeziana; this species also had the greatest length and width of fibers. E. dunnii had the lowest levels of lignin and the highest levels of holocellulose. The highest lignin content was found in the wood of E. benthamii, E. saligna, and E. cloeziana. The relationship between wood properties and stem height was not relevant. The results highlight the tendency for higher extractives to be found at taller heights (100%), and holocellulose and lignin content are similar at all heights. sector Pinus frostresistant frost resistant annually dimensions benthamii saligna woods sixyearold six year old Canoinhas Catarina selected 0 0% 25 25% 50 50% 75 75% 100 E fibers relevant 100%, , (100%) 2 5 7 10 (100% 1 (100 (10 (1 (

Resumo A Cryptomeria japonica é uma conífera, de origem japonesa, com potencial para produção de polpa celulósica, porém pouco se conhece sobre o seu comportamento quando submetida a diferentes cargas de reagentes. Dessa forma, o objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito da carga alcalina nos parâmetros de polpação kraft da madeira de Cryptomeria japonica, visando entender a sua demanda química para obtenção de diferentes níveis de deslignificação. Para isso, utilizou-se a madeira de árvores com 13 anos de idade, que foi caracterizada quanto à densidade básica, composição química e morfologia dos traqueídeos e submetida a curvas de cozimento com diferentes níveis de álcali, variando de 14 a 28%. Após os cozimentos, a polpa e o licor negro obtidos foram avaliados com intuito de entender o efeito da carga alcalina sobre os mesmos. Com base nos resultados obtidos conclui-se que a madeira de Cryptomeria japonica é mais indicada para produção de polpa celulósica de fibra longa não branqueada. Isso devido a sua madeira apresentar alto teor de lignina, que dificulta o processo de deslignificação e baixa densidade básica, que resulta em baixo rendimento. Assim, para otimizar o uso da espécie, é mais indicado trabalhar com polpa celulósica com alto número kappa, a qual é possível aliar um bom rendimento em polpa.

Abstract The Cryptomeria japonica is a conifer, from Japan, with the potential for pulp production, but little is known about their behavior when subjected to different reagent loads. Thus, the objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of the alkaline charge on the kraft pulping parameters of Cryptomeria japonica wood, in order to understand its chemical demand to obtain different delignification levels. For this, we used the wood from trees with 13 years old, which was characterized as to the basic density, chemical composition and tracheids morphology and subjected to cooking curves with different levels of alkali, ranging from 14 to 28%. The pulp and black liquor obtained were evaluated in order to understand the effect of the alkaline charge on them. Based on the results obtained in the cooking curves, applying different alkaline charges, it's concluded that the Cryptomeria japonica wood is more suitable for producing unbleached pulp of long fiber. This is because of its wood present high lignin content, which complicates the delignification process, and low basic density, resulting in low yield. Thus, to optimize the use of this species, it's more indicated to work with pulp with high kappa number, which is possible to combine a good pulp yield.

Abstract: The search for new technologies to improve adhesives and the properties of reconstituted wood panels is constant, and nanotechnology is a tool for this purpose. The aim of this study is investigating the effect of adding nanocellulose in the formulation of the adhesive phenol-formaldehyde on the physico-mechanical properties of Pinus taeda plywood panels. Three ratios of nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) were added to the adhesive formulation used to produce plywood panels: 0,026 %; 0,038 % or 0,064 %. The panels were tested according to the European standards; apparent density, resistance to parallel and perpendicular flexure and glue line shear strength were determined after 6 hours of boiling and after the boiling cycle for the 1st glue line (face) and 2nd glue line (core). The use of NFC in the adhesive caused an increase of viscosity and reduction of the gel time of the adhesive. The apparent density of the panels was not influenced by the addition of NFC, but the properties of parallel bending, perpendicular flexing and glue line shear were sensitive to the addition of NFC. The NR2 treatment (0,038 % NFC) presented the best results in the mechanical tests.

Abstract: Thermal modification is a treatment that seeks to improve the properties of wood and reduce the heterogeneity in its color. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of thermal treatment on the anatomical, chemical, physical, mechanical, colorimetric, and thermal stability properties of teakwood. For this, teakwood samples were treated by an industrial autoclave at final cycle temperature of 160 ºC. The reduction of cell wall thickness, the formation of cross-fissures and the crystallization of the wax inside the pores were observed in the anatomical structure. Chemically, the extractives evaporated and the polysaccharides ruptured, of which hemicellulose was the most affected. The heat treatment promoted lower equilibrium moisture, reducing the hygroscopicity and improving the dimensional stability of the wood. Considering the mechanical properties, the rupture modulus and the longitudinal and tangential hardness decreased after the heat treatment. The color of the wood changed significantly, from pink to dark brown. The treated wood had higher thermal stability, with greater weight loss at higher temperatures than the untreated wood.