Abstract Mobile radio channel and its effects on the radio link path place fundamental limitations on the performance of wireless communication systems. This paper sets out a new approach for wideband modeling of mobile radio channels to classify distinct environments. It applies the hidden Markov model technique to different data sets of the main temporal dispersion parameters of the mobile radio channel: average delay and delay spread. The applied technique has proven to design properly the transitions among those temporal dispersion parameters, mapping statistically the transitions from one point in space to another, and it has revealed to be a feasible option to classify and describe statistically the wideband radio channel in each propagation medium. systems environments spread another medium

Abstract Objectives: To explain the high mortality of septic shock in children with cancer. Methods: A retrospective cohort from 2016 to 2020, of children aged 0 to 18 years, and septic shock. Results: The authors included 139 patients. Acute lymphocytic leukemia was the most frequent diagnosis (16.5%), and Gram-negative bacteria were the most frequent blood culture isolates (22.3%). There were 57 deaths in ICU (41%), 10 in the first 24 hours of shock (early death). A LASSO model with variables: neutropenia (coefficient 0.215), respiratory (0.81), hematological (1.41), and neurological (0.72) dysfunctions, age (-0.002) and solid tumor recurrence (0.34) generated AUC = 0.79 for the early death outcome. Survivors had significant differences in the PRISM-IV score (mean ± SD 10.9 ± 6.2 in the survivors, 14.1 ± 6.5 in the deceased, p = 0.004), and in the mean number of organ dysfunctions (3.2 ± 1.1 in the survivors, 3.8 ± 6.5 in the deceased, p < 0.001). A positive fluid balance in the first 24 hours of sepsis between 2% and 6% of body weight showed a reduction effect on the probability of death in ICU (hazard ratio 0.47, 95% CI 0.24–0.92, p = 0.027). The recurrence of any cancer was a predictor of in-hospital death, regardless of severity. Conclusions: Recurrence of any cancer is an important risk of sepsis-related death. A positive fluid balance between 20 and 60 mL/kg or 2% and 6% of body weight in the first 24 hours after the onset of sepsis is related to lower mortality. Objectives Methods 201 2020 1 years Results 13 patients 16.5%, 165 16.5% , 16 5 (16.5%) Gramnegative Gram negative 22.3%. 223 22.3% . 22 3 (22.3%) 41%, 41 41% (41%) 2 death) variables coefficient 0.215, 0215 0.215 215 0.215) 0.81, 081 0.81 81 (0.81) 1.41, 141 1.41 (1.41) 0.72 072 72 (0.72 0.002 0002 002 (-0.002 0.34 034 34 (0.34 079 79 0.7 outcome PRISMIV PRISM IV 109 9 10. 62 6 6. survivors 14 14. 65 deceased 0.004, 0004 0.004 004 0.004) 3.2 32 (3. 11 1. 38 8 3. 0.001. 0001 0.001 001 0.001) hazard 047 47 0.47 95 024092 92 0.24–0.92 0.027. 0027 0.027 027 0.027) inhospital hospital severity Conclusions sepsisrelated mLkg mL kg 202 16.5 (16.5% 22.3 (22.3% 4 (41% 021 0.21 21 08 0.8 (0.81 1.4 (1.41 07 7 (0.7 0.00 000 00 (-0.00 0.3 03 (0.3 0. (3 04 0.4 02409 0.24–0.9 0.02 02 16. (16.5 22. (22.3 (41 0.2 (0.8 (1.4 (0. 0.0 (-0.0 ( 0240 0.24–0. (16. (22. (4 (1. (0 (-0. 024 0.24–0 (16 (22 (1 (-0 0.24– (2 (- 0.24

Abstract Objective: To evaluate current practices of tracheostomy in children regarding the ideal timing of tracheostomy placement, complications, indications, mortality, and success in decannulation. Source of data: The authors searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, and complemented by manual search. The guidelines of PRISMA and MOOSE were applied. The quality of the included studies was evaluated with the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Information extracted included patients’ characteristics, outcomes, time to tracheostomy, and associated complications. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% CIs were computed using theMantel-Haenszel method. Synthesis of data: Sixty-six articles were included in the qualitative analysis, and 8 were included in the meta-analysis about timing for tracheostomy placement. The risk ratio for “death in hospital outcome” did not show any benefit from performing a tracheostomy before or after 14 days of mechanical ventilation (p = 0.49). The early tracheostomy before 14 days had a great impact on the days of mechanical ventilation (-26 days in mean difference, p < 0.00001). The authors also found a great reduction in hospital length of stay (-31.4 days, p < 0.008). For the days in PICU, the mean reduction was of 14.7 days (p < 0.007). Conclusions: The meta-analysis suggests that tracheostomy performed in the first 14 days of ventilation can reduce the time spent on the ventilator, and the length of stay in the hospital, with no effect on mortality. The decision to perform a tracheostomy early or late may be more dependent on the baseline disease than on the time spent on ventilation.

RESUMO Os aneurismas intracranianos são dilatações em segmentos arteriais que irrigam o sistema nervoso central. Acometem 2% da população e as alterações oftalmológicas podem ser as primeiras manifestações do quadro. O objetivo deste relato foi descrever um caso de aneurisma de artéria carótida interna que cursou com restrição da movimentação ocular, alteração do reflexo fotomotor, ptose palpebral, dor facial e cervical. O diagnóstico foi confirmado pela identificação do aneurisma por meio do exame de angiografia cerebral. Foi realizado teste de oclusão por balão, cujo resultado positivo possibilitou a oclusão total da artéria carótida interna por meio de ligadura cirúrgica, procedimento este realizado com sucesso.

ABSTRACT Intracranial aneurysms are dilations in segments of the arteries that irrigate the central nervous system. They affect 2% of the population and the ophthalmologic disorders may be the first evidence in the clinical examination. The aim of the report is to describe a case of an internal carotid artery aneurysm that showed restrictions of ocular movements, change of pupillary light reflex, palpebral ptosis, facial, and cervical pain. This diagnosis was confirmed by the identification of the aneurysm through angiography. A balloon occlusion test was performed, and its positive result made a complete occlusion of the Internal Carotid Artery possible through surgery ligation, procedure that was successful.

Resumo A lesão renal aguda (LRA) em pacientes hospitalizados com COVID-19 está associada a maior mortalidade e um pior prognóstico. No entanto, a maioria dos pacientes com COVID-19 tem sintomas leves e cerca de 5% podem desenvolver sintomas mais graves e envolver hipovolemia e síndrome de disfunção de múltiplos órgãos. Em uma perspectiva fisiopatológica, a infecção grave por SARS-CoV-2 é caracterizada por numerosas vias dependentes desencadeadas por hipercitocinemia, especialmente IL-6 e TNF-alfa, levando à inflamação sistêmica, hipercoagulabilidade e disfunção de múltiplos órgãos. A endotelite sistêmica e o tropismo viral direto às células tubulares proximais renais e podócitos são mecanismos fisiopatológicos importantes que levam à lesão renal em pacientes com infecção mais crítica, com uma apresentação clínica que varia de proteinúria e/ou hematúria glomerular a LRA fulminante, exigindo terapias renais substitutivas. Glomerulonefrite, rabdomiólise e drogas nefrotóxicas também estão associadas a danos renais em pacientes com COVID-19. Assim, a LRA e a proteinúria são fatores de risco independentes para mortalidade em pacientes com infecção por SARS-CoV-2. Fornecemos uma revisão abrangente da literatura, enfatizando o impacto do envolvimento renal agudo no prognóstico evolutivo e na mortalidade de pacientes com COVID-19.

Abstract Acute kidney injury (AKI) in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 is associated with higher mortality and a worse prognosis. Nevertheless, most patients with COVID-19 have mild symptoms, and about 5% can develop more severe symptoms and involve hypovolemia and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. In a pathophysiological perspective, severe SARS-CoV-2 infection is characterized by numerous dependent pathways triggered by hypercytokinemia, especially IL-6 and TNF-alpha, leading to systemic inflammation, hypercoagulability, and multiple organ dysfunction. Systemic endotheliitis and direct viral tropism to proximal renal tubular cells and podocytes are important pathophysiological mechanisms leading to kidney injury in patients with more critical infection, with a clinical presentation ranging from proteinuria and/or glomerular hematuria to fulminant AKI requiring renal replacement therapies. Glomerulonephritis, rhabdomyolysis, and nephrotoxic drugs are also associated with kidney damage in patients with COVID-19. Thus, AKI and proteinuria are independent risk factors for mortality in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. We provide a comprehensive review of the literature emphasizing the impact of acute kidney involvement in the evolutive prognosis and mortality of patients with COVID-19.

Abstract Kidney impairment in hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with increased in-hospital mortality and worse clinical evolution, raising concerns towards patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). From a pathophysiological perspective, COVID-19 is characterized by an overproduction of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-alpha), causing systemic inflammation and hypercoagulability, and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Emerging data postulate that CKD under conservative treatment or renal replacement therapy (RRT) is an important risk factor for disease severity and higher in-hospital mortality amongst patients with COVID-19. Regarding RAAS blockers therapy during the pandemic, the initial assumption of a potential increase and deleterious impact in infectivity, disease severity, and mortality was not evidenced in medical literature. Moreover, the challenge of implementing social distancing in patients requiring dialysis during the pandemic prompted national and international societies to publish recommendations regarding the adoption of safety measures to reduce transmission risk and optimize dialysis treatment during the COVID-19 pandemic. Current data convey that kidney transplant recipients are more vulnerable to more severe infection. Thus, we provide a comprehensive review of the clinical outcomes and prognosis of patients with CKD under conservative treatment and dialysis, and kidney transplant recipients and COVID-19 infection. SARSCoV2 SARSCoV SARS CoV 2 SARS-CoV- inhospital hospital evolution CKD. . (CKD) perspective COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 IL6, IL6 IL 6, 6 (IL-6 TNFalpha, TNFalpha TNF alpha , TNF-alpha) hypercoagulability syndrome RRT (RRT COVID19. 19. infectivity literature Moreover Thus SARS-CoV (CKD COVID1 1 COVID- (IL- TNF-alpha (IL

Resumo O comprometimento renal em pacientes hospitalizados com infecção por SARS-CoV-2 está associado ao aumento da mortalidade hospitalar e pior evolução clínica, levantando preocupações em relação a pacientes com doença renal crônica (DRC). De uma perspectiva fisiopatológica, a COVID-19 é caracterizada por uma superprodução de citocinas inflamatórias (IL-6, TNF-alfa), causando inflamação sistêmica e hipercoagulabilidade, e síndrome de disfunção de múltiplos órgãos. Dados emergentes postulam que a DRC sob tratamento conservador ou terapia renal substitutiva (TRS) é um fator de risco importante para a gravidade da doença e maior mortalidade hospitalar entre pacientes com COVID-19. Em relação à terapia com bloqueadores RAAS durante a pandemia, havia uma suposição inicial de que a classe pudesse causar um aumento potencial na infectividade, e impacto deletério na gravidade da doença e mortalidade, mas que não foi confirmada na literatura médica. Além disso, o desafio de implementar o distanciamento social em pacientes que necessitam de diálise durante a pandemia incentivou sociedades nacionais e internacionais a publicar recomendações sobre a adoção de medidas de segurança para reduzir o risco de transmissão e otimizar o tratamento de diálise durante a pandemia COVID-19. Os dados atuais mostram que os receptores de transplante renal são mais vulneráveis a infecções mais graves. Assim, fizemos uma revisão abrangente dos desfechos clínicos e prognóstico de pacientes com DRC sob tratamento conservador e diálise, e receptores de transplante renal e infecção por COVID-19. SARSCoV2 SARSCoV SARS CoV 2 SARS-CoV- clínica DRC. . (DRC) fisiopatológica COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 IL6, IL6 IL 6, 6 (IL-6 TNFalfa, TNFalfa TNF alfa , TNF-alfa) hipercoagulabilidade órgãos TRS (TRS COVID19. 19. infectividade médica disso graves Assim SARS-CoV (DRC COVID1 1 COVID- (IL- TNF-alfa (IL

Abstract Background Although cardiovascular disease is a major cause of death among women, cardiovascular risk assessment in young women is frequently postponed due to a number of factors. Objectives To assess cardiovascular risk of young adult women living in one of Rio de Janeiro’s Family Health Strategy geographical units in the city’s central area. Materials and Methods populational, cross-sectional study with adults between 20 and 50 years old. Sociodemographic characteristics such as educational level and employment status were recorded. Anthropometric measurements, traditional cardiovascular risk factors, gynecological and gestational history, and selected laboratory exams were assessed. The bivariate analysis compared the baseline characteristics of the population between genders and the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in women according to educational level and occupation status, using non-paired Student’s t-test for normal continuous variables, Mann-Whitney test for asymmetrical continuous variables, and chi-square test for categorical variables. A significance level of 5% (p < 0.05) was adopted. Results A total of 710 individuals were enrolled. In women, who comprised 59.7% of our sample, central obesity and a sedentary lifestyle were more prevalent, whereas smoking and hypertension were less observed. However, women with lower educational status had a higher prevalence of smoking and hypertension. In hypertensive women, factors such as early menopause, higher prevalence of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and higher number of pregnancies were noticed. Conclusion An adverse cardiovascular risk profile in our population of young women was particularly influenced by central obesity, sedentary lifestyle, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and lower educational status.

Abstract Acute cardiac injury is associated with higher mortality in patients with the novel coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) and the exact etiology can be challenging to diagnose in the emergency setting during the pandemic. From a pathophysiological perspective, SARS-CoV-2 infection is characterized by an overproduction of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-alpha) that leads to systemic inflammation and consequent increased risk of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) caused by atheromatous plaque rupture and significant myocardial oxygen supply-demand imbalance. Moreover, SARS-CoV-2 tropism to the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system through the ACE2 receptor induces myocarditis that may rapidly progress to left ventricular dysfunction and hemodynamic instability. Myocardial inflammation with pericardial involvement, i.e. , myopericarditis, can progress to cardiac tamponade and obstructive shock. These cardiovascular complications, which are associated with a worse prognosis and higher mortality, can be associated with clinical manifestations, electrocardiographic changes, and troponin values similar to AMI. Thus, the diagnosis and treatment of patients with acute chest pain and dyspnea admitted to the emergency department is a significant challenge during the COVID-19 pandemic. Here, we provide a review of the literature focusing on a practical approach to acute coronary syndrome patients with confirmed or suspected COVID-19.

Resumo Objetivo: Realizar revisão sistemática e metanálise para avaliar efetividade e complicações decorrentes do uso da cânula nasal de alto fluxo em relação ao sistema de pressão positiva contínua de vias aéreas no período pós-extubação em recém-nascidos prematuros. Fontes dos dados: As buscas foram feitas de janeiro de 2013 a dezembro de 2018 nas bases de dados PubMed, Embase e busca manual em arquivos da internet. Resumo dos dados: Dois revisores fizeram a busca de forma independente, um terceiro revisor ficou para dirimir dúvidas. Foram avaliados 98 artigos das fontes escolhidas, 66 descartados por não se enquadrar nos critérios de inclusão (tema, faixa etária ou desenho inadequados, além dos duplicados). Foram lidos 15 artigos na íntegra, foram descartados mais 5 por inadequação ao tema ou desenho. Restaram 10 artigos para revisão sistemática e 4 para metanálise. O estudo evidenciou não inferioridade em termos de falha terapêutica da cânula nasal de alto fluxo em relação ao sistema de pressão positiva contínua de vias aéreas na pós-extubação de recém-nascidos prematuros. Na metanálise, foi significativamente menor o trauma nasal nos pacientes em cânula nasal de alto fluxo em relação ao que usaram sistema de pressão positiva contínua de vias aéreas (p < 0,00001). Conclusão: A cânula nasal de alto fluxo não é inferior ao sistema de pressão positiva contínua de vias aéreas para o suporte respiratório pós-extubação de recém-nascidos prematuros com idade gestacional igual a ou menor do que 32 semanas e maior do que 28 semanas, além de provocar menos trauma nasal.

Abstract Objective: Perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the effectiveness and complications caused by the use of the high-flow nasal cannula in relation to the post-extubation continuous positive airway pressure system in preterm newborns. Data Sources: The searches were performed from January 2013 to December 2018 in the PubMed and Embase databases, as well as a manual search on the internet. Data Synthesis: Two reviewers independently conducted the search, and a third reviewer resolved questions that arose. Ninety-eight articles from the chosen sources were evaluated, and 66 were discarded because they did not meet the inclusion criteria (inadequate topic, age range, or design, in addition to the duplicates). Fifteen articles were read in full, and five more were discarded due to inadequacy to the topic or design. There were ten articles left for systematic review and four for meta-analysis. The study showed non-inferiority in terms of therapeutic failure of the high-flow nasal cannula in relation to continuous positive airway pressure after extubation of preterm newborns. In the meta-analysis, nasal trauma was significantly lower in patients submitted to the high-flow nasal cannula compared to those using continuous positive airway pressure (p < 0.00001). Conclusion: The high-flow nasal cannula is not inferior to continuous positive airway pressure for post-extubation respiratory support in preterm newborns with a gestational age of 32 weeks or less and greater than 28 weeks, in addition to resulting in less nasal trauma.

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é discutir, a partir do DVD comemorativo dos 15 anos da Banda Calypso, a proposição da fundação de uma tradição de música popular pelo grupo paraense. Para isso, em um primeiro momento, retomaremos o conceito de “descarga acústica” para entender a peculiaridade do discurso do grupo frente a tradições intelectuais já estabelecidas. Em seguida, abordaremos os mecanismos visuais e sonoros acionados pela Calypso no desdobramento de matrizes temporais específicas. Isso permitirá refletir como essas temporalidades são inscritas na textualidade do próprio DVD. Entendemos que o “brega”, compreendido a partir de uma referência à matriz melodramática, consegue urdir tempos aparentemente desconexos e se torna um eixo condutor da narrativa.

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to discuss the proposal to found a tradition of popular music made by Banda Calpyso in its 15-year commemorative DVD. Therefore, we seek to resignify the concept of “acoustic release “ in order to understand the peculiarities of the discourse engendered by this group, especially in the questioning of established academic traditions. Then, we analyze the visual and sound mechanisms triggered by Calypso to configure specific temporalities. Our proposition is that the “brega”, understood as a reference to a melodramatic matrix, can manage to unite seemingly disconnected times and becomesa guiding axis of the narrative.

RESUMO OBJETIVO: O objetivo desse estudo é relatar os resultados do desbridamento artroscópico da subtalar em oito pacientes portadores da Síndrome do Seio do Tarso (SST) refratária ao tratamento conservador. MÉTODOS: Este é um estudo retrospectivo com oito pacientes com diagnóstico de STT que foram submetidos à artroscopia subtalar para desbridamento do seio do tarso entre janeiro de 2015 e janeiro de 2017, após seis meses de tratamento conservador. Todos os pacientes responderam questionário epidemiológico e foram submetidos à avaliação funcional com a Escala Visual Analógica de dor (EVA) e o American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society Score (Aofas) no pré-operatório e na última avaliação, em uma média de 12 meses (6-24 meses). RESULTADOS: Todos os pacientes exibiram intensa sinovite na região. Sete pacientes tinham resquícios de ligamentos talocalcaneanos e seis do ligamento cervical. O Aofas aumentou 30 pontos em média (51,75 no pré-operatório para 82,62 no último seguimento) e a EVA diminuiu em média 5 pontos (7,37 no pré-operatório para 2,12 no último seguimento). Esses resultados foram estatisticamente significativos com p = 0,043 e p = 0,032, respectivamente. Seis pacientes descreveram o resultado como excelente e dois como bom. Nenhuma complicação foi relatada. Todos os pacientes retornaram ao esporte após seis meses de acompanhamento. CONCLUSÃO: O desbridamento artroscópico da subtalar é uma alternativa eficaz e segura no tratamento da SST refratária ao tratamento conservador. Mais estudos, com metodologia prospectiva, são necessários para comprovar os resultados da técnica.

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to report the results of arthroscopic debridement of the subtalar joint in eight patients with Sinus Tarsi Syndrome (STS) refractory to conservative treatment. METHODS: This is a retrospective study of eight patients with STS who underwent subtalar arthroscopy for debridement of the sinus tarsi between January 2015 and January 2017 after six months of conservative treatment. All patients answered an epidemiological questionnaire and underwent functional evaluation with the Visual Analogue Pain Scale (VAS) and the American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society Score (AOFAS) in the preoperative and in the last evaluation (average of 12 months - 6-24 months). RESULTS: All patients showed severe synovitis in the region. Seven patients had remnants of the talocalcaneal ligaments and six of the cervical ligament. AOFAS increased by 30 points on average (51.75 in the preoperative period to 82.62 in the last follow-up) and the VAS decreased on average by 5 points (7.37 preoperatively to 2.12 in the last follow-up). These results were statistically significant with p = 0.043 and p = 0.032 respectively. Six patients described the result as excellent and two as good. No complications were reported. All patients returned to sports after six months of follow-up. CONCLUSION: The arthroscopic debridement of the subtalar joint is an effective and safe alternative in the treatment of STS refractory to conservative treatment. More studies, with a prospective methodology, are necessary to prove the results of this technique.

RESUMO Objetivo: Mensurar e comparar a dor musculoesquelética em pacientes com fibromialgia juvenil (FMJ) e em pacientes com artrite idiopática juvenil poliarticular (AIJ); e avaliar e comparar a percepção e o enfrentamento da dor. Métodos: Foram avaliados, em estudo transversal, 150 crianças e adolescentes (e seus respectivos pais), divididos em três grupos: FMJ, AIJ e controles saudáveis. A mensuração e o enfrentamento da dor foram realizados por meio de instrumentos específicos. Para a avaliação da percepção da dor, desenvolveram-se três vinhetas com simulação de situações que pudessem gerar dor: aplicação de injeção, queda de bicicleta e isolamento social. Os pais e os pacientes responderam individualmente quanto à percepção da dor em cada situação. Resultados: As maiores notas de dor, os menores escores de enfrentamento da dor, as maiores notas para a percepção da dor nas vinhetas e os piores índices de qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde foram observados nos pacientes com FMJ, quando comparados aos pacientes com AIJ e aos controles. O mesmo padrão foi observado com os respectivos pais. Conclusões: Pacientes com AIJ e FMJ se comportam diferentemente em relação à percepção da dor e ao desenvolvimento de técnicas para o enfrentamento da dor. A dor deve ser avaliada sob diferentes perspectivas para um planejamento mais individualizado e efetivo do tratamento desses pacientes.

ABSTRACT Objective: To measure and compare musculoskeletal pain in patients with juvenile fibromyalgia (JFM) and polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), and to evaluate and compare pain perception and pain coping mechanisms in these patients. Methods: In this cross sectional study, we evaluated 150 children and adolescents, and their respective parents, from 3 different groups: JFM, polyarticular JIA, and healthy controls. Pain intensity and pain coping mechanisms were measured using specific questionnaires. Pain perception was evaluated according to three illustrations simulating situations that might cause pain: a shot, a bicycle fall, and social isolation. The patients’ parents also filled out the questionnaires and provided a pain score that matched their child’s perception of pain for each illustration. Results: The highest pain scores, the lowest pain coping strategy scores, the highest pain perception scores for all three illustrations, and the worse health related to quality of life indicators were observed in the JFM group, when compared to the JIA and control groups. The same pattern was observed with their parents. Conclusions: Patients with JIA and JFM behave differently in relation to pain perception and the development pain coping mechanisms. Pain should be evaluated from different perspectives for an individualized and efficient treatment of patients.

Resumo Misturas de agrotóxicos são comumente utilizadas para reduzir os custos de produção na agricultura. No entanto, as consequências de tal prática para organismos-alvo ainda são desconhecidas na maioria dos casos. Portanto, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos de combinações de inseticidas e um acaricida utilizado mundialmente no controle de Diaphorina citri (psilídeo asiático dos citros). Todos os inseticidas isolados (lambda-cialotrina + tiametoxam, fosmete e imidacloprídeo) e em combinação com o espirodiclofeno foram eficientes no controle de D. citri (> 80%). Não foram encontrados efeitos significativos para combinações de lambda-cialotrina + tiametoxam e fosmete com espirodiclofeno. Por outro lado, o imidacloprido causou um efeito antagônico no controle de D. citri, quando misturado ao acaricida. Afinal, o espirodiclofeno não teve efeito sobre o pH e a condutividade elétrica das soluções de pulverização com inseticidas. Misturas de espirodiclofeno com lambda-cialotrina + tiametoxam e fosmete não tiveram efeito sobre o controle de D. citri, mas combinações com imidacloprídeo interferiram nele.

Abstract Pesticide mixtures are commonly used to reduce production costs in agriculture. However, the consequences of such practice towards target organisms are still unknown in most cases. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of combinations of insecticides and one worldwide used acaricide on the control of Diaphorina citri (Asian citrus psyllid). All insecticides alone (lambda-cyhalothrin+thiamethoxam, phosmet, and imidacloprid) and in combination with spirodiclofen were efficient in controlling D. citri (> 80%). No significant effects were found for combinations of lambda-cyhalothrin+thiamethoxam and phosmet insecticides with spirodiclofen. Conversely, imidacloprid caused an antagonistic effect on the control of D. citri when mixed with the acaricide. After all, spirodiclofen had no effect on the pH and electrical conductivity of insecticidal spray solutions. Spirodiclofen mixtures with lambda-cyhalothrin+thiamethoxam and phosmet had no effect on D. citri control, but combinations with imidacloprid interfered with it.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos do aumento das concentrações de sólidos totais (ST) no leite, pela adição de quantidades crescentes de sucedâneo do leite em pó, sobre o comportamento de bezerras leiteiras. Bezerras mestiças Holandês-Gir (n = 60) foram distribuídas em quatro tratamentos: 13,5, 16,1, 18,2 e 20,4% de ST. Dos 5 aos 55 dias de idade, as bezerras receberam 6 L por dia de dieta líquida, que foi reduzida à metade dos 56 aos 59 dias. As bezerras foram desaleitadas aos 60 dias de idade e monitoradas até os 90 dias, e o seu comportamento foi avaliado semanalmente. Durante o desaleitamento gradual e após o desaleitamento, o comportamento das bezerras foi anotado 1 hora antes e 1 hora após o oferecimento da dieta liquida, e, durante a fase de desaleitamento, foi avaliado pelo método de varredura instantânea. As bezerras alimentadas com 20,4% de ST na dieta líquida apresentam maior número de comportamentos de brincadeiras, menor tempo de permanência em pé e maior tempo ruminando, em comparação às que receberam 13,5% de ST na dieta líquida, o que indica que maior plano nutricional durante o desaleitamento é uma estratégia efetiva para a redução do estresse nessa etapa.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of increasing the contents of total solids (TS) in whole milk, by adding increasing amounts of milk replacer powder, on the behavior of dairy heifers. Holstein-Gyr crossbred heifers (n = 60) were distributed in four treatments: 13.5, 16.1, 18.2, and 20.4% TS. From 5 to 55 days of age, heifers received 6 L per day of liquid feed, which was reduced by half from 56 to 59 days. Heifers were weaned at 60 days of age and monitored until 90 days, and their behavior was evaluated weekly. During gradual weaning and after weaning, heifer behavior was recorded 1 hour before and 1 hour after liquid feed was offered, and, during weaning, it was evaluated by the scan method. Heifers fed liquid feed containing 20.4% TS present a higher number of play behaviors, spent less time standing, and spent more time ruminating than those that received liquid feed with 13.5% TS, indicating that a higher nutritional plan during weaning is an effective strategy to reduce stress in this period.