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Abstract Purpose A significant percentage of women experience psychopathological symptoms during the postpartum period, which can impact not only their mental health and well-being but also the relationship between mother and baby. However, studies investigating how specific psychological factors, such as self-compassion and self-criticism, contribute to the development and maintenance of these symptoms are scarce. Methods This cross-sectional study aimed to examine the relationship among compassionate self-responding (CSR), uncompassionate self-responding (USR), maternal mental health indicators, mother-infant bonding, and the perceived impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Data were collected online from 189 Brazilian women with infants aged 0 to 12 months. Participants completed measures of sociodemographic characteristics, Self-Compassion Scale (SCS), Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), Postpartum Specific Anxiety Scale (PSAS-BR-RSF-C), Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire (PBQ), and COVID-19–Impact on Quality of Life (COV19-QoL). Results Through network analysis, our findings highlighted that postpartum depression played a central role in the structuring of variables in this system. Furthermore, USR, instead of CSR, emerged as the variable most strongly associated with levels of postpartum depression, which, in turn, was associated with mother-infant bonding. Conclusion Mitigating levels of self-criticism in mothers may represent a pathway to prevent the development of postpartum depression, which, in turn, could impact the quality of the mother-infant relationship. Given the significance of the child’s early years for their emotional development, intervening early in maternal mental health may be a means to prevent mental disorders in the child as well. period wellbeing well being baby However factors selfcompassion self compassion selfcriticism, selfcriticism criticism, criticism scarce crosssectional cross sectional selfresponding responding CSR , (CSR) USR (USR) indicators motherinfant infant bonding COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 pandemic 18 1 months characteristics SelfCompassion Self Compassion SCS, SCS (SCS) EPDS, EPDS (EPDS) PSASBRRSFC, PSASBRRSFC PSAS BR RSF C (PSAS-BR-RSF-C) PBQ, PBQ (PBQ) COVID19–Impact COVID19Impact COVIDImpact 19–Impact Impact COV19QoL. COV19QoL COVQoL COV19 QoL . COV (COV19-QoL) analysis system Furthermore turn childs s (CSR (USR COVID1 COVID- (SCS (EPDS (PSAS-BR-RSF-C (PBQ 19Impact COV1 (COV19-QoL