Herein, we report the preparation of a variety of dye-sensitized TiO2 and its application as a heterogeneous photocatalyst for the oxidative hydroxylation of boronic acids and esters to synthesize phenols. Several organic dyes, namely eosin Y, rose bengal, purpurin, alizarin blue, fluorescein and riboflavin were combined with TiO2. The nanohybrid TiO2-eosin Y showed the best results. Furthermore, we demonstrated a synergistic association between dyes and TiO2 that improves its photocatalytic properties. This methodology resulted compatible for aryl boronic acids with both electron-withdrawing and electron donor groups on the aromatic ring. Thus, the reactions were performed under heterogeneous photocatalytic conditions, employing visible light, saturated oxygen atmosphere, short reaction time, acetonitrile and water as environmentally friendly solvents, to produce the corresponding phenols in very good to excellent isolated yields. Finally, we proposed a mechanism where the selective excitation of EY associated with TiO2 using visible light and the formation of the superoxide anion play a main role in this reaction. Herein dyesensitized dye sensitized TiO bengal purpurin blue TiO2eosin TiOeosin results Furthermore properties electronwithdrawing withdrawing ring Thus conditions atmosphere time solvents yields Finally

Resumen Introducción: la disfunción sexual (DS) es común entre las mujeres con enfermedades crónicas, incluyendo esclerosis sistémica (ES). Se ha asociado con características como la duración de la enfermedad, dolor, disminución de la actividad funcional, entre otras. Desde nuestro conocimiento, aún no contamos con datos locales. Objetivos: evaluar la frecuencia de DS en mujeres con ES; describir las características sociodemográficas, clínicas y psicológicas asociadas con la DS en mujeres con ES. Materiales y métodos: estudio observacional, analítico y de corte transversal. Se incluyeron mujeres de entre 20 y 59 años con diagnóstico de ES, según los criterios de clasificación del European League Against Rheumatism/American College of Rheumatology (ACR/EULAR 2013). Se excluyeron pacientes con enfermedades crónicas no controladas, otras patologías reumatológicas autoinmunes, e inactividad sexual o patología genitourinaria no relacionadas a ES en las últimas 4 semanas. La DS se evaluó con la versión en español del cuestionario índice de función sexual femenina (Female sexual function index, FSFI). Resultados: se incluyeron 56 pacientes. El 78,57% presentó DS y 19,64% era sexualmente inactiva debido a la enfermedad. Escala visual análoga (EVA) de fatiga (coeficiente β: -0,08, IC 95%: -0,14 a -0,02; p<0,01), edad (coeficiente β: -0,23, IC 95%: -0,40 a -0,05; p=0,01) y fibromialgia (coeficiente β: -11,90, IC 95%: -17,98 a -5,82; p<0,01) mostraron una asociación significativa e independiente con DS en el análisis multivariado. Conclusiones: la DS es frecuente entre las mujeres con ES, y las pacientes más jóvenes, sin fibromialgia y con menor fatiga presentaron una mejor funcionalidad sexual.

Abstract Introduction: sexual impairment (SI) is common among women with chronic diseases, including systemic sclerosis (SSc). It has been associated with characteristics such as the duration of the disease, pain, decreased functional activity, among others. To the best of our knowledge, we still do not have local data. Objectives: to evaluate the frequency of SI in women with SSc. To describe the sociodemographic characteristics, disease itself and psychological items associated with SI in women with SSc. Materials and methods: observational, analytical, cross-sectional study. We included women between 20 and 59 years diagnosed with SSc according to 2013 classification criteria ACR/EULAR. We excluded patients with uncontrolled chronic diseases or other autoimmune rheumatologic diseases and patients who, in the last 4 weeks, had dyspareunia or were sexually inactive due to causes not attributable to their disease. SI was assessed using the Spanish version of female sexual function index questionnaire (FSFI). Results: 56 patients were included. 78.57% presented SI and 19.64% of them were sexually inactive patients due to the disease. Fatigue VAS (β coefficient: -0.08, CI 95%: -0.14 to -0.02; p<0.01), age (β coefficient: -0.23, CI 95%: -0.40 to -0.05; p=0.01) and fibromyalgia (β coefficient: -11.90, CI 95%: -17.98 to -5.82; p<0.01) showed significant and independent association with SI in the multivariate analysis. Conclusions: SI is frequent among women with SSc, and younger patients, without fibromyalgia and with less fatigue have better sexual function.

Objetive: The aim of our study was to adapt and validate the Raynaud’s Condition Score (RCS) in patients with Systemic Sclerosis (SSc) who attend a public hospital in Argentina. Materials and Methods: For adaptation, rheumatologists translated to Spanish the original version in English. To assess the construct validity we used: Health Assesment Questionnaire (HAQ), Duruöz´s Hand Index (DHI), spanish validation for Argentina, Raynaud Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) by an expert and Modified Rodnan skin score (mRSS). To assess reproducibility, a subgroup of patients was randomly evaluated with no changes in treatment or clinical condition ten days after the baseline evaluation. Results: A total of 35 patients with SSc were included. The correlation between RCS and Raynaud VAS by an expert was 0.89; RCS and HAQ 0.58; RCS and mRSS 0.61; RCS and DHI 0.57 indicating a very good correlation mainly between the studied Score and the Raynaud VAS and being all statistically significant. The reproducibility was 0.998. Conclusion: The results show that the RCS is a reliable and valid tool for this argentinian population with SSc.

Objetivo: El objetivo de nuestro estudio fue adaptar y validar el Score de Condición de Raynaud (SCR) en pacientes con Esclerosis Sistémica (SSc) que concurren a un hospital público de Argentina. Materiales y Métodos: Para la adaptación, reumatólogos tradujeron al español la versión original en inglés. Para evaluar la validez de constructo se utilizó: Cuestionario de Capacidad Funcional HAQ (HAQ), Índice Duruöz (ID), validados al español para Argentina, Escala Visual Análoga (EVA) de Raynaud por un experto y Score de Rodnan modificado (mRSS). Para evaluar reproducibilidad, se evaluó de forma aleatoria un subgrupo de pacientes sin mediar cambios en el tratamiento ni en la condición clínica 10 días después de la evaluación basal. Resultados: Se incluyeron 35 pacientes con diagnóstico de SSc. La correlación entre SCR y EVA del médico fue de 0.89; SCR y HAQ 0.58; SCR y mRSS 0.61; SCR e ID 0.57 indicando una muy buena correlación principalmente con el EVA del médico y siendo todos estadísticamente significativos. La reproducibilidad fue de 0.998. Conclusiones: Los resultados muestran que el SCR es una herramienta confiable y válida para esta población argentina con SSc.

Knowledge about the specific characteristics of floral transition process in oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) is scarce. Photoperiod is one of the environmental factors regulating oregano development. The aim of this study was to evaluate anatomical changes associated with the phenological transition from vegetative to floral stages of O. vulgare L. subsp. vulgare (Compacto ecotype) and O. vulgare L. subsp. hirtum (Link) Ietsw. (Criollo ecotype), in response to day length variations. These two traditional subspecies were grown under natural and artificially 6-h extended photoperiod. Phenology and internal floral transition did not follow a single evolution pattern, since these processes respond to complex gene-environment interactions. In the oregano subspecies studied, transition from vegetative to reproductive stages presented an intermediate step, consisting of the formation of an inflorescence meristem. Thus, floral transition occurred gradually and acropetally along the floral axis. Within the floral meristem, the appearance of reproductive perianthic pieces also occurred acropetally. Extended photoperiod seemed to act as a signal accelerating the floral transition process of the meristems, which confirms that oregano is a long-day plant. In addition, phenological and anatomical analyses confirmed that Criollo ecotype was most sensitive to photoperiodic lengthening, as evidenced by an earlier bud development all along the floral branch.

Incidence of deterioration on the physiological potential of bean seeds has been analyzed by means of the tetrazolium test. With this purpose, samples of the Perla INTA (white) cultivar were submitted to artificial harm, by placing these in an accelerated aging chamber, at 41 °C and 100% RH, during 0; 1; 2; 3 and 4 days. Subsequently, each sublot was immersed during 25 minutes in a 0,5% tetrazolium solution at 40 °C, in the darkness. As references for this, germination power and seedling emergence of the treatment have been evaluated. For each level of deterioration being studied, the proportion of vigourous seed -estimated by the tetrazolium test- with the results of germination and seedlings emergence did'nt show significative differences (p< 0,05) between them; thus indicating that the study with tetrazolium results adequate in order to estimate vigour differences between seed lots of Perla INTA bean.

Mediante pruebas de tetrazolio se evaluó la incidencia del deterioro sobre el potencial fisiológico de semillas de poroto. Para ello, muestras de Perla INTA (blanco) fueron sometidas a daño artificial, colocándolas en cámara de envejecimiento acelerado a 41 °C y 100% de humedad relativa, durante 0; 1; 2; 3 y 4 días. Posteriormente cada sublote fue sumergido durante 25 minutos en una solución de tetrazolio al 0,5% a 40 °C en oscuridad. Como referencias para este análisis se evaluaron además el poder germinativo y la emergencia de plántulas de cada tratamiento. Para cada nivel de deterioro en estudió la proporción de semillas vigorosas estimadas por el test de tetrazolio con los resultados de germinación y emergencia de plántulas, no evidenció diferencias significativas (p< 0,05) entre ellos. Esto indica que el estudio con tetrazolio resulta adecuado para estimar diferencias de vigor entre lotes de semillas de poroto Perla INTA.

Seed quality declines as a consequence of deterioration, the impact of harm induced to bean seeds of the cultivars Perla INTA (white) and NAG 12 INTA (black) on the physiology of their germination, has been analized. For this purpose, samples of each cultivar were deteriorated by leaving them fall an a metallic dish: none, two and four times. After wards, germination percentages, electrical conductivity, parameters and growth rate of seedlings were evaluated; as wells as the a-amylase activity of cotiledons and embryos during the first three days after beginning of seed imbibition. Although germination percentages of white and black bean didn't show significant differences, as compared with the control, only the treatment of white bean with two blows has shown significant increases (p ≤ 0,05) in electrical conductivity. Concerning the growth of black bean seedlings with four blows, significant descents in length and fresh weight of shoots have been observed. Regarding enzymatic valuation, decreases in the activity of a-amylase became evident, associated with increases in levels of seed harm; noting that -while deterioration in black bean promotes variation in cotyledons- in black bean, critical area of these modifications would correspond to embryo. Results indicate that mechanical harm promotes differential modifications in the germination physiology of white and black beans, and also in relation to the level of deterioration of seed.

La calidad de la semilla decae como consecuencia del deterioro. Se analizó el impacto del daño inducido en semillas de poroto de los cultivares Perla INTA (blanco) y NAG 12 INTA (negro) sobre la fisiología de su germinación. Para ello, muestras de cada cultivar fueron deterioradas dejándolas caer sobre un plato metálico cero, dos y cuatro veces. Posteriormente, se evaluaron porcentajes de germinación, conductividad eléctrica, parámetros y tasas de crecimiento de plántulas; y la actividad de la a-amilasa en cotiledones y embriones durante los primeros tres días de iniciada la imbibición de la semilla. Si bien en poroto blanco y negro los porcentajes de germinación no mostraron diferencias significativas respecto del testigo, solo el tratamiento con dos golpes en poroto blanco mostró incrementos significativos (p ≤ 0,05) en la conductividad eléctrica. En cuanto al crecimiento de plántulas, en poroto negro con cuatro golpes se observaron caídas significativas en la longitud y el peso fresco del vástago. Respecto de la valoración enzimática se evidenciaron mermas en la actividad de la a-amilasa asociadas a incrementos en los niveles de daño de la semilla, observándose que mientras en poroto blanco el deterioro promueve variaciones a nivel de cotiledones, en poroto negro el área crítica de esas modificaciones le correspondería al embrión. Los resultados indican que el daño mecánico promueve modificaciones diferenciales en la fisiología de la germinación de poroto blanco y de poroto negro y según el nivel de deterioro que presente la semilla.

Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is the fourth largest source of calories in the human diet, is also suitable for animal feed and biofuel extraction. This article aims to evaluate the performance of a thermal time (TT) model in order to characterize the phenological phases (FF) of two cassava cultivars in a growth cycle of 280 days, grown under field conditions in Corrientes, Argentina. Phenological observations were done during the years 2007/2008 and 2008/2009. The TT calculation was based on the residual method; the base temperature was 16°C. Differences between cultivars were observed in the degree-days (GD) accumulated to comply the expansion of the first (00-01) and ninth leaf (00-02 H9) FF, and in the thickening of roots (00-04 ERR), the latter related to the leaf area index (IAF). To complete the growth cycle the cultivars Palomita and Amarilla required around 2027 and 2096 GD respectively. The growth pattern and phenological development of the cultivars based on the accumulated GD, can be used to characterize the progress of the crop in Corrientes environment.

La mandioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz) constituye la cuarta fuente mundial de calorías en la alimentación humana, es apta para la nutrición animal y para extracción de biocombustible. Este artículo tiene como objetivo evaluar el comportamiento de un modelo de tiempo térmico (TT) para caracterizar las fases fenológicas (FF) de dos cultivares de mandioca en un ciclo de crecimiento de 280 días, cultivados bajo condiciones de campo en Corrientes, Argentina. Las observaciones se realizaron durante las campañas 2007/2008 y 2008/2009. El cálculo del TT se basó en el método residual, la temperatura base fue 16°C. Entre ambos cultivares se observaron diferencias en los grados-día (GD) acumulados para cumplir las FF de expansión de la primera (00-01) y novena hoja (00-02 H9), y en la de engrosamiento de raíces (00-04 ERR), esta última relacionada con el índice de área foliar (IAF). Para completar el ciclo de crecimiento los cultivares Palomita y Amarilla requirieron entre 2027 y 2096 GD, respectivamente. El patrón de crecimiento y desarrollo fenológico de los cultivares de mandioca basado en los GD acumulados, puede utilizarse para caracterizar el progreso del cultivo en el bioambiente de Corrientes.

Origanum productivity ( Origanum vulgare L.) is determined by the conjunction between the amount of biomass accumulated and essential oil content at harvest time. Several authors have stated that such content is maximum at flowering, but the processes that determine time to flowering is still unclear in this species. With the objective of studying photoperiodic sensinsitivity of origanum, two traditional subspecies (Compacto: Origanum vulgare ssp. vulgare and Criollo: Origanum vulgare ssp. hirtum Ietsw.) were grown under natural and artificialy extended photoperiod. The impact on development, duration of phenological stages and growth dynamics were evaluated. It was found that both subspecies reduced the cycle length under extended photoperiod, but in different magnitud. Criollo was the most sensitive to photoperiod. This suggests that the photoperiodic threshold to flowering induction is lower in this subspecie than in Compacto. In both of them, reduction of the duration of the vegetative stage lead to fewer number of nodes per branch and shorter branches in comparison with control treatments. Extended photoperiod resulted in a branch growth model change from linear to quadratic.

La productividad del orégano (Origanum vulgare L.) está determinada por la conjunción entre cantidad de biomasa acumulada y contenido de aceite esencial hasta el momento de su cosecha. Numerosos autores han constatado que dicho contenido es máximo al momento de floración pero los procesos que determinan la ocurrencia de la misma son poco claros en esta especie. A través de la prolongación artificial del fotoperíodo, se evaluó la sensibilidad fotoperiódica de dos subespecies tradicionales de orégano (Compacto: Origanum vulgare ssp. vulgare y Criollo: Origanum vulgare ssp. hirtum Ietsw.) y su incidencia en el desarrollo, duración de fases fenológicas y en la dinámica de crecimiento. Se encontró que ambas responden al aumento del fotoperíodo reduciendo la longitud de su ciclo. Ante estas condiciones, las mismas difirieron en la magnitud de su respuesta, siendo la subespecie Criollo más sensible que Compacto. Esto sugiere que el umbral fotoperiódico de inducción a floración es menor en el orégano Criollo que en el orégano Compacto. El acortamiento de la fase de desarrollo vegetativo en ambas subespecies generó menor número de nudos y longitud de ramas finales (disminución más notoria en la subespecie Criollo). El fotoperíodo extendido generó un cambio en el modelo de crecimiento de la longitud de ramas de lineal a lineal con meseta o cuadrático.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of sunflower cultivars with different oleic/linoleic acid ratio, germinating under low temperature conditions through seedling growth tests (shoot and root dry weight, and root/shoot index) and mean germination time. The results showed that the mean germination time and root and shoot dry weight did not have any relation with the oleic/linoleic ratio in either temperature condition. In seedling growth tests High Linoleic cultivars performed better than High Oleic cultivars, but the variation within each cultivar group did not permit association of that result to the oleic/linoleic ratio. These variables were related to the dry weight of the seeds. There were a differential response of the shoot and root portions at low temperature, changing the dynamics of growth, with the corresponding modification of the root/shoot Index, without relation to the oleic/linoleic ratio.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar el vigor a baja temperatura de semillas de girasol con diferente proporción de los ácidos oleico/linoleico, a través de la evaluación del crecimiento de plántulas (pesos secos aéreo y radicular y indice raíz/aéreo) y el tiempo medio de germinación. La proporción oleico/ linoleico de las semillas no se relacionó con el tiempo medio de germinación ni con las variables de crecimiento medidas, ni a temperatura óptima ni a baja temperatura. Los pesos secos aéreo y radicular fueron mayores, en general, en el grupo Alto Linoleico. Sin embargo la variación dentro de cada grupo no permitió asociar la respuesta a la baja temperatura con la composición acídica de los cultivares. Dichas variables se relacionaron con el peso seco de las semillas. Se evidenció respuesta diferencial a la bajas temperatura de las porciones aérea y radicular, con la consiguiente modificación del indice raíz aéreo, variable que tampoco mostró asociación con la composición acídica de los cultivares.

A produção de girassol, até a pouco tempo baseava-se no uso de cultivares com alto teor de ácido linoleico, mas, nos últimos anos, a procura por óleo com conteúdo mais alto de ácido oleico tem aumentado. A produção de girassol se estabeleceu com a semeadura de cultivares de alto teor de ácido oleico, em regiões mais quentes, mas tem se tornado conveniente o cultivo em áreas temperadas, como o Sudeste de Província de Buenos Aires. Nesta região são recomendadas semeaduras antecipadas, para que o enchimento dos grãos coincida com épocas de disponibilidade hídrica e luminosidade suficientes para a obtenção de maiores rendimentos. Porém, a antecipação da semeadura pode ser prejudicada pela baixa temperatura do solo, retardando a emergência das plântulas e resultando em um estande heterogêneo. A finalidade deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho de sementes de quatro cultivars com alto teor de ácido oleico na área ao sul da Província de Buenos Aires, através de testes de vigor e ensaios de campo. Foram conduzidos testes de germinação, frio, tetrazólio a duas temperaturas, envelhecimento acelerado e três ensaios de campo, em condições climáticas distintas. Os dados foram analisados através de Anova usando modelos lineares generalizados e foram comparados os testes entre si e os cultivars entre si por medio de contrastes. A emergência das plântulas a temperatura ótima e sub-ótima para cultivars de alto teor de ácido oleico e de alto linoleico foi semelhante. O sucesso do estabelecimento do estande não aparenta estar relacionado à composição de ácidos graxos.

Sunflower crop was based, as yet, on high linoleic cultivars, but in the last years request for oil with higher content of oleic acid has increased, due to their dietary characteristics. At the beginning, high oleic cultivars were used to be sown in warm regions, but then the concern about growing it in temperate areas, as the south-east of Buenos Aires Province, was posed. In this region, early sowings are recommended, so that grain filling matches with a period of appropriate hydric and light conditions, as to result in greater yields. However, early sowings are limited by low soil temperature, that delays seedling emergence, resulting in heterogeneous stand establishment. The aim of this work was to evaluate seed performance of four high oleic cultivars in the southern area of Buenos Aires Province, by means of vigor tests and field trials. Germination, cold, tetrazolium viability, tetrazolium viability with cold, accelerated ageing tests and three field sowings at different soil temperatures were performed. Data were analyzed by Anova using generalised linear models, and tests and cultivars were contrasted among themselves. Similar seedling emergence under optimal and suboptimal temperatures for high oleic and high linoleic cultivars was recorded. The success of seedling establishment does not appear to be related to the acidic composition of seeds.