Abstract The objective was to evaluate the spatial distribution of chemical and textural soil variables in a multistrata agroforestry system. A total of 73 georeferenced soil samples were collected at depths of 10-20 cm and 20-40 cm. The studied parameters were: pH H2O , potential acidity (H+Al), calcium (Ca 2+ ), magnesium (Mg 2+ ), aluminum (Al 3+ ), sodium (Na + ), potassium (K + ), phosphorus (P), organic carbon (C org ), cation exchange capacity (T-value), base saturation (V-value), total clay, total sand, and silt. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed in R software using the FactoMineR and Factoextra packages. For variables with spatial dependence, ordinary kriging was performed using the best-fitted model. For variables without spatial dependence, inverse distance weighted (IDW) interpolation was applied (power = 2). The spherical model was the best fit for chemical attributes. IDW interpolation accurately mapped the textural attributes. It was concluded that geostatistics enabled a detailed analysis of chemical and textural attributes. system 7 1020 10 20 10-2 2040 40 20-4 HO H O H+Al, HAl H+Al Al (H+Al) Ca 2 ) Mg 3 Na K P, P (P) C Tvalue, Tvalue T value (T-value) Vvalue, Vvalue V (V-value) clay sand silt PCA (PCA packages dependence bestfitted fitted (IDW power 2. . 2) attributes 102 1 10- 204 4 20- (H+Al (P (T-value (V-value

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the classification of productive capacity in eucalyptus stands using regression kriging. The study was carried out in 62 stands with clonal plantations of Eucalyptus sp. Data were collected at 24, 36, 48, 60, 72 and 84 months in 170 sampling units of 400 m². The variables diameter at 1.30 m above the ground (DBH), total height (Ht) were measured and, subsequently, the average height of the dominant trees (Hd) was obtained. The classification of productive capacity was carried out using the algebraic difference method, with the models: Schumacher, Chapman and Richards and Bailey and Clutter. The site index was interpolated by applying ordinary kriging and regression kriging. The results indicated that the site index showed spatial dependence in all adjustments. It is concluded that regression models for estimating the site index can be used in combination with regression kriging techniques. 6 sp 24 36 48 60 7 8 17 40 m² 130 1 30 1.3 DBH, DBH , (DBH) Ht (Ht subsequently Hd (Hd obtained method Schumacher Clutter adjustments techniques 2 3 4 13 1. (DBH

Resumo Compreender as variações espaciais de variáveis dendrométricas em inventário florestal contínuo é imprescindível para subsidiar ações de manejo, além de permitir intensidades amostrais que reflitam em acurácia com menor custo do inventário. Nesse contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a estrutura de dependência espacial de variáveis dendrométricas ao longo do tempo e em diferentes intensidades amostrais em povoamento de eucalipto. As hipóteses testadas foram que a estrutura de dependência espacial de variáveis dendrométricas se altera com o crescimento em povoamentos de eucalipto e que a intensidade amostral influencia nesta estrutura. As variáveis diâmetro a 1,30 m do solo, área basal, altura total, altura média das árvores dominantes e volume de madeira foram obtidas em inventário florestal contínuo, aos 3,5, 4,5 e 5,5 anos, em 80 unidades amostrais permanentes (400 m²), distribuídas aleatoriamente em um povoamento de eucalipto (394 ha), localizado em Abaeté, Minas Gerais. Foram avaliadas as intensidades de uma unidade amostral a cada 4,9 (n = 80), 7,3 (n = 54) e 16,4 (n = 24) hectares. Considerou-se a maior intensidade amostral como referência para as demais. Os modelos de semivariância esférico, exponencial e gaussiano foram ajustados ao semivariograma experimental, em que o modelo de melhor ajuste foi utilizado pela krigagem ordinária na espacialização das variáveis analisadas. Os resultados demonstraram predominância de forte dependência espacial das variáveis dendrométricas, independentemente da idade e intensidade amostral, sobretudo para altura média das árvores dominantes e volume de madeira. A menor intensidade amostral influenciou negativamente na dependência espacial da área basal, em todas as idades. A estrutura de dependência espacial não é influenciada pelo aumento da idade do povoamento, sendo recomendada a análise geoestatística destas variáveis em inventário florestal contínuo, considerando a intensidade amostral de uma unidade amostral a cada 16,4 hectares.

Abstract Understanding the spatial variations of dendrometric variables in a continuous forest inventory is essential to support management actions, in addition to allowing sample intensities that reflect accuracy with lower inventory cost. The objective of this study was to evaluate the spatial dependence structure of dendrometric variables over time and in different sample intensities in eucalyptus stands. The hypotheses considered were that the spatial dependence structure of dendrometric variables changes along the growth in eucalyptus stands and the sample intensity influences this structure. The variables diameter at 1.30 m of soil, basal area, total height, mean height of dominant trees and volume of wood were obtained in continuous forest inventory, at 3.5, 4.5 and 5.5 years, from 80 plots (400 m²) distributed randomly in the stand (394 ha) located in Abaeté, Minas Gerais state. Were evaluated the sample intensities of one plot every 4.9 (n = 80), 7.3 (n = 54), and 16.4 (n = 24) hectares. The highest sample intensity was reference for the others. The spherical, exponential and gaussian semivariance models were adjusted to the experimental semivariogram, where the best fit model was used by ordinary kriging in the spatialization of the analyzed variables. The results showed a predominance of strong spatial dependence of dendrometric variables, regardless of age and sample intensity, especially for mean height of dominant trees and volume of wood. The lower sample intensity influenced negatively the spatial dependence of the basal area at all ages. The structure of spatial dependence is not influenced by the increase in the age of the stand, and the geostatistical analysis of these variables is recommended in a continuous forest inventory, considering the sample intensity of one plot of each 16.4 hectares.

RESUMO Enquanto o Inventário Florestal Nacional Brasileiro (IFN) está em andamento, há uma demanda crescente para entender o efeito da área do conglomerado sobre a exatidão e precisão da estimativa de atributos florestais. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a área mínima de um conglomerado para estimar o volume comercial (VC) com a mesma acurácia e precisão que as estimativas derivadas do conglomerado original de 8.000 m². A base de dados é proveniente de um inventário realizado em uma unidade florestal (Floresta Nacional do Bom Futuro) no sudoeste da Amazônia brasileira, onde 22 conglomerados foram distribuídos em um desenho amostral em dois estágios. Foram avaliados três produtos: (i) VC de árvores com diâmetro à altura do peito (DAP) ≥ 20 cm (P1); (ii) VC de árvores com DAP ≥ 50 cm (P2); e (iii) VC de espécies comerciais com DAP ≥ 50 cm e qualidade de fuste ‘nível 1’ ou ‘nível 2’ (P3). O estudo avaliou dez cenários em que a área do conglomerado foi reduzida de 8.000 a 800 m². A acurácia de P1, P2 e P3 foi significativamente menor para reduções < 2.400 m². A precisão foi mais sensível à variação no tamanho do conglomerado, sobretudo para P2 e P3. Os tamanhos mínimos de conglomerado foram ≥ 2.400 m² para estimar P1, ≥ 4.800 m² para estimar P2 e ≥ 7.200 m² para estimar P3. Concluímos que é possível reduzir a área do conglomerado sem perder acurácia e precisão do conglomerado original do IFN. Um conglomerado de 2.400 m² fornece estimativas com a mesma acurácia que o conglomerado original, independentemente do produto avaliado.

ABSTRACT While the Brazilian National Forest Inventory (NFI) is in progress, there is a growing demand to understand the effect of cluster size on the accuracy and precision of forest-attribute estimation. We aimed to find the minimum cluster size (in area) to estimate merchantable volume (MV) with the same accuracy and precision as the estimates derived from the original cluster of 8,000 m2. We used data from an inventory carried out in a forest unit (Bom Futuro National Forest) in the southwestern Brazilian Amazon, where 22 clusters were distributed as a two-stage sampling design. Three products were evaluated: (i) MV of trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 20 cm (P1); (ii) MV of trees with DBH ≥ 50 cm (P2); and (iii) MV of commercial species with DBH ≥ 50 cm and stem quality ‘level 1’ or ‘level 2’ (P3). We assessed ten scenarios in which the cluster size was reduced from 8,000 m2 to 800 m2. The accuracy of P1, P2 and P3 was highly significantly lower for reductions < 2,400 m². The precision was more sensitive to variations in cluster size, especially for P2 and P3. Minimum cluster sizes were ≥ 2,400 m² to estimate P1, ≥ 4,800 m² to estimate P2, and ≥ 7,200 m² to estimate P3. We concluded that it is possible to reduce the cluster size without losing the accuracy and precision given by the original NFI cluster. A cluster of 2,400 m² provides estimates as accurate as the original cluster, regardless of the evaluated product.

Abstract The aim of this study was to model the height and diameter distributions and the height-diameter relationship in an old unmanaged Eucalyptus stand in southeastern Brazil. The diameter at 1.30 m above soil (DBH) and total height (H) of all 469 trees in the stand were measured. For the DBH-H modeling, besides testing various traditional linear and nonlinear models, the inclusion of diameter class as random effect was also testes. For the DBH and H distributions modeling, seven probability density function were tested. The DBH-H relationship was best represented by the Henriksen’s linear model. Including diameter classes as a random effect did not improve estimates. The three parameters Weibull distribution was the best model to describe the diameter and height in old and unmanaged planting of Eucalyptus. The DBH distribution showed the highest frequency of individuals in lower diametrical classes, influenced by competition, while H had distribution similar to normal.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to perform the edaphic-climatic zoning of six eucalyptus species (E. camaldulensis, C. citriodora, E. cloeziana , E. grandis, E. saligna, and E. urophylla) in the state of Rio de Janeiro (RJ). The edaphic-climatic zoning was determined by overlayer of thermal and water (water deficit [DEF] and rainfall), type of soils (pedology), and relief (altitude) suitability maps. Suitability maps were obtained using Geographic Resources Analysis Support System (GRASS-GIS). The species studied showed potential for cultivation in the entire RJ due to different tolerances and requirements to the environmental conditions. The exception was the E. saligna, which proved to be unsuitable for the entire state, while C. citriodora showed the greatest suitability. Among edaphic-climatic factors analyzed, air temperature and DEF were the most important limiting factor for the suitability of species.

ABSTRACT The state of Minas Gerais has a high ecological relevance mainly due to its forest species diversity. Understanding the spatialization of that diversity is of importance to develop environmental public policies. The hypothesis of this study is that the tree species diversity from different forest types, in the state of Minas Gerais, presents distribution with spatial dependence. Thus, the objective of this work was to prove that spatial dependence and to relate it between the forest types. Data from the project called “Forest Inventory of Minas Gerais” were used to calculate indices of Shannon, Simpson and Pielou. We used geostatistical and kriging tools to create spatial maps. As results, the mappings indicated that the state presents well-defined gradients of diversity and richness of forest species, increasing in North-South and from West-East directions. The spatial dependence and the spatialization of the tree species diversity show that the geostatistical modeling is a tool that supports the forest resource management. The maps of diversity can be used as indicators of potential areas for creating Conservation Units, establishing ecological corridors, besides supporting environmental policy development.

RESUMO A geoestatística é uma ferramenta utilizada para produzir mapas de distribuição de nutrientes essenciais para o desenvolvimento das plantas. O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar a variação espacial dos atributos químicos do solo sob cultivo de dendê em sistemas agroflorestais na Amazônia Oriental brasileira, e seu padrão de dependência espacial. Sessenta amostras de solo espacialmente padronizadas e georreferenciadas foram coletadas em cada um de três locais de amostragem (UD1, UD2 e UD3), na profundidade de 0-20 cm. Os atributos químicos do solo avaliados foram: pH, Al3+, H+Al, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, capacidade de troca catiônica do solo (CTC), P e matéria orgânica (MO). A dependência espacial dos atributos foi avaliada com análise semivariográfica, ajustando-se três modelos teóricos (esférico, exponencial e gaussiano). Após a análise de dependência espacial, a krigagem ordinária foi empregada para estimar os valores de cada atributo em locais não amostrados. A correlação espacial entre os atributos foi testada utilizando a cokrigagem para espacialização dos dados. Todas as variáveis mostraram dependência espacial, exceto pH em UD3. Os maiores teores de K+, Ca2+, Mg2+ e MO foram encontrados na região mais baixa da paisagem, em UD1 e UD2. Os maiores teores de Al3+ e H+Al foram observados na região mais baixa da paisagem, em UD3. Algumas variáveis foram correlacionadas, portanto a cokrigagem mostrou-se eficiente na estimativa das variáveis primárias em função das secundárias. Os atributos avaliados mostraram dependência e correlação espacial, indicando que a geoestatística pode contribuir para o manejo efetivo de sistemas agroflorestais com dendê na região amazônica.

ABSTRACT Geostatistics is a tool that can be used to produce maps with the distribution of nutrients essential for the development of plants. Therefore, the present study aimed to analyze the spatial variation in chemical attributes of soils under oil palm cultivation in agroforestry systems in the eastern Brazilian Amazon, and their spatial dependence pattern. Sixty spatially standardized and georeferenced soil samples were collected at each of three sampling sites (DU1, DU2, and DU3) at 0-20 cm depth. Evaluated soil chemical attributes were pH, Al3+, H+Al, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, cation exchange capacity (CEC), P, and organic matter (OM). The spatial dependence of these variables was evaluated with a semivariogram analysis, adjusting three theoretical models (spherical, exponential, and Gaussian). Following analysis for spatial dependence structure, ordinary kriging was used to estimate the value of each attribute at non-sampled sites. Spatial correlation among the attributes was tested using cokriging of data spatial distribution. All variables showed spatial dependence, with the exception of pH, in one sampling site (DU3). Highest K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, and OM levels were found in the lower region of two sampling sites (DU1 and DU2). Highest levels of Al3+ and H+Al levels were observed in the lower region of sampling site DU3. Some variables were correlated, therefore cokriging proved to be efficient in estimating primary variables as a function of secondary variables. The evaluated attributes showed spatial dependence and correlation, indicating that geostatistics may contribute to the effective management of agroforestry systems with oil palm in the Amazon region.

RESUMO A predição da produção florestal requer conhecimento de variáveis dendrométricas e edafoclimáticas. Esse trabalho teve por objetivo ajustar e avaliar a precisão do modelo 3-PG em estimar as variáveis altura, diâmetro a altura do peito (DAP), volume e incremento médio anual (IMA) em plantio comercial de Eucalyptus spp. no norte de Minas Gerais, utilizando dados meteorológicos provenientes de estações automáticas de superfície e de sensoriamento remoto. Para validação do modelo foram estimados os dados de altura, DAP, volume e IMA pelo 3-PG e comparados com dados de inventários florestais, totalizando 335 medições, em 10 talhões, realizadas no período de 2005 a 2011. Foram aplicados os métodos estatísticos correlação linear (Pearson - r), coeficiente de determinação (R²), erro padrão da estimativa (Syx), erro padrão da estimativa em porcentagem (Syx%) e eficiente do modelo (EF). Observou-se que o modelo tende a superestimar as variáveis dendrométricas quando se utiliza a parametrização proposta para região norte de Minas Gerais. Após o ajuste dos parâmetros relativos à idade de fechamento do dossel (fullCanAge), a relação entre stem e DAP (nS) e parametrização das equações alométricas relativas à altura total e ao volume de madeira, incorporado no 3-PG, o modelo obteve resultados satisfatórios com valores de R² = 0,94 e EF = 0,87 para DAP, altura e volume e R² = 0,85 e EF = 0,58 para o IMA, assim como apresentou distribuição dos dados estimados próximo aos valores médios dos dados observados. O 3-PG mostrou eficiência na estimativa do DAP, altura, volume e IMA, tornando-se ferramenta potencial para avaliação de áreas propícias para expansão de novos plantios.

ABSTRACT The prediction of a forest production requires knowledge of the dendrometric and edaphoclimatic variables. This study aimed to adjust and evaluate the accuracy of the 3-PG model in estimating the variables height, diameter at breast height (DBH), volume and mean annual increment (MAI) in commercial plantations of Eucalyptus spp. in northern of Minas Gerais state, using meteorological data from automatic surface stations and remote sensing. To validate the model, data of height, DBH, volume and MAI by 3-PG were estimated and compared with forest inventory data, totaling 335 measurements in 10 plots in the period 2005 to 2011. Linear statistical correlation methods (Pearson - r), the coefficient of determination (R²), the standard error of estimate (Syx), the standard error of the estimate in percentage (Syx%) and the efficient model (EF) were applied. It was observed that the model tends to overestimate the dendrometric variables when using the parameterization proposal for northern region of Minas Gerais state. After adjusting the parameters for the age of canopy closure (fullCanAge), the relationship between stem and DBH (nS) and parameterization of allometric equations for the total height and volume of wood incorporated in the 3-PG, obtained satisfactory results with values of R² = 0.94 and EF = 0.87 for DBH, height and volume and R² = 0.85 and EF = 0.58 for the MAI, as presented distribution of estimated data close to the average values of the observed data. The 3-PG was shown to be effective in estimating the DBH, height, volume and MAI become a potential tool for evaluating suitable areas for the expansion of new crops.

ABSTRACT The objective of the study was to present mathematical models and strategies for fitting equations to estimate dry biomass for tree species in forest restoration areas. The presence of outliers was analyzed in each fitted equation using values of the matrix H, leverage points, means of standard and studentized residuals, and of influential points through DFFITS, DFBETAS and COOK distance values. Furthermore, the normality, homoscedasticity and independence of residuals were checked. The accuracy of the fitted equations was evaluated by means of the R2adj., Syx, analysis of residuals, and AIC and BIC criteria. The results showed that the model for estimating dry biomass as a function of the variables Dc2, DBH2, Hc2 and DBH provides the more accurate solution, with Syx = 40.91% and R2adj. = 0.92. We concluded that the performance of this equation improves when adjusted to data stratified by classes of height-diameter ratio, which reduces the value of the estimated error.

ABSTRACT We reviewed key studies published so far regarding Eremanthus erythropappus (DC.) MacLeish (Candeia), in order to approach the sustainable management of this species. The objective of this study was to discuss what is already known by the scientific community, presenting the current scenario and outlining the main challenges that still need to be addressed. Candeia is a tree species found in some Brazilian states, being used in the production of fence posts, and essential oils. It aids in the preservation and restoration of natural areas when properly managed, promoting social development through the creation of jobs and economic growth, due to the current high demand and market value for its products. Due to the high value of its timber, there is a strong anthropic pressure on this species, and it has consequently been exploited in an unsustainable manner. However, already published research suggests that well-managed stands of Eremanthus erythropappus can be economically feasible.

RESUMO Ecossistemas florestais contribuem significativamente para estocar gases do efeito estufa. Objetivou-se investigar a distribuição espacial e vertical do carbono em serapilheira, raízes e solo. Foram obtidos biomassa e carbono de compartimentos (serapilheira, raiz e solo) em vegetação do bioma Cerrado, Minas Gerais, Brasil. O material foi coletado em 7 sub-parcelas de 0,5 m² aleatoriamente alocadas na vegetação. As amostras de raízes e solo foram tiradas de cinco camadas do solo na profundidade de 0-100 cm. Raízes foram classificadas em três classes: raízes finas (<5 mm), médias (5-10 mm) e grossas (>10 mm). Estoques de carbono foram mapeados usando análise geoestatística. Resultados indicaram médias do estoque de carbono no solo de 208,5 Mg.ha-1 (94,6% do carbono total), carbono nas raízes de 6,8 Mg.ha-1 (3,1%), e na serapilheira de 5 Mg.ha-1 (2,3%). Carbono de raízes foi majoritariamente estocado nas raízes grossas (83%), seguido das finas (10%) e médias (7%). A maior porção das raízes finas se concentrou na camada de 0-10 cm, enquanto que raízes médias e grossas majoritariamente entre 10-20 cm. A maior porção do carbono em solo (53%) e raízes (85%) estiveram estocados nas camadas superficiais do solo (acima de 40 cm). Como conclusão, a distribuição espacial do carbono segue razoável tendência entre os compartimentos. Há uma relação vertical de que quanto mais profunda a camada de solo, menor o estoque de carbono de solo e raízes. Com exceção da camada de solo mais superficial, raízes grossas estocaram a maior porção de carbono nas profundidades avaliadas.

ABSTRACT Forest ecosystems contribute significantly to store greenhouse gases. This paper aimed to investigate the spatial and vertical distribution of litter, roots, and soil carbon. We obtained biomass and carbon of compartments (litter, roots, and soil) in a vegetation from Cerrado biome, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The materials were collected in 7 0.5 m² sub-plots randomly allocated in the vegetation. Root and soil samples were taken from five soil layers across the 0-100 cm depth. Roots were classified into three diameter classes: fine (<5 mm), medium (5-10 mm), and coarse (>10 mm) roots. The carbon stock was mapped through geostatistical analysis. The results indicated averages of soil carbon stock of 208.5 Mg.ha-1 (94.6% of the total carbon), root carbon of 6.8 Mg.ha-1 (3.1%), and litter of 5 Mg.ha-1 (2.3%). The root carbon was majority stored in coarse roots (83%), followed by fine (10%), and medium roots (7%). The largest portion of fine roots concentrated in the 0-10 cm soil depth, whereas medium and coarse roots were majority in the 10-20 cm depth. The largest portion of soil (53%) and root (85%) carbon were stored in superficial soil layers (above 40 cm). As conclusion, the carbon spatial distribution follows a reasonable trend among the compartments. There is a vertical relation of which the deeper the soil layer, the lower the soil and root carbon stock. Excepting the shallowest layer, coarse roots held the largest portion of carbon across the evaluated soil layers.

RESUMO O objetivo deste texto foi avaliar estatisticamente o efeito de desbastes e da qualidade de sítio na área basal (G) e no volume total do fuste (v) e do sortimento de Pinus taeda. Os desbastes ocorreram entre 8 e 9 anos de idade, cortando uma em cinco linhas de plantio mais 66%, 54%, 42%, 30% e 19% de árvores do dossel inferior. Entre 3 e 4 anos pós-desbaste, foram mensurados diâmetros e cubadas as árvores, possibilitando calcular a G e os volumes. Estruturou-se um delineamento em blocos casualizados, adotando-se blocos e tratamentos como sítios e regimes de desbaste, respectivamente. O v foi modelado por parcela, possibilitando estimar o volume por sortimentos pelo software SISPINUS. Concluiu-se que a relação volumétrica entre tratamentos varia para árvores mais grossas. Entre blocos, reduz sua inclinação ao piorar a qualidade do sítio. A capacidade produtiva exerce mais efeito nas variáveis analisadas do que os desbastes variando em peso.

ABSTRACT An experiment in Pinus taeda stands was conducted aiming to evaluate the effect of thinnings and forest site quality on basal area (G), total volume, stem volume (v) and assortment of Pinus taeda. Thinnings occurred between 8 and 9 years old, where the fifth row plus 66%, 54%, 42%, 30% e 19% of the existing trees was cut. Thinnings were followed by measurement of diameters and along the stem to calculate its volume. An analysis of variance in randomized blocks was made adopting the sites as blocks and the mixed thinnings as treatments. Volumetric relation was modeled for the plots and from this, log assortments could be estimated using a software named SISPINUS. In conclusion, thinning affect the volumetric relation especially to larger trees, while its inclination curve reduces from richest sites to poorest sites. Sites exert greater effect than thinnings when considering basal area, total volume, boles volume and volume per assortment.

RESUMO No Brasil, a Mata Atlântica remanescente é intensamente fragmentada. A conexão de fragmentos florestais através de corredores ecológicos é um passo importante para a conservação da biodiversidade. Determinados locais da paisagem têm maior resiliência e a regeneração natural, por exemplo, pode ser favorecida. Neste trabalho fragmentos florestais remanescentes de Mata Atlântica, no município de Paraíba do Sul, RJ, foram mapeados. Utilizou-se a classificação supervisionada, por máxima verossimilhança, de uma imagem do sensor OLI/Landsat-8; analisou-se a influência de atributos do terreno (face de exposição, radiação solar, declividade e perfil de curvatura) na regeneração natural; e, as áreas com maior potencial para condução da regeneração natural e formação de corredores ecológicos foram indicadas através de pertinência fuzzy. Paraíba do Sul tem 31% do território coberto por vegetação em diferentes estágios de regeneração. Foram contabilizados 1.251 fragmentos florestais em estágio médio ou avançado de regeneração situados, preferencialmente, nas vertentes sudeste, sul e sudoeste, as quais recebem menor quantidade de radiação solar global (Wh.m-2) por ano, e em declividades superiores a 20%. O ajuste de funções fuzzy permitiu identificar 17.327,5 ha de território que tendem a facilitar a recuperação florestal e são, portanto, áreas estratégicas para a formação de corredores ecológicos.

ABSTRACT In Brazil, the remaining areas of Atlantic Forest are intensely fragmented. The connection of forest fragments through ecological corridors is an important step in biodiversity conservation. Certain areas are more resilient, and in those areas, natural forest regeneration, for example, can be encouraged. The aim of this study was to identify areas of greater resilience in order to support the connection of Atlantic Forest fragments with ecological corridors. Forest fragments in the municipality of Paraíba do Sul, in the state of Rio de Janeiro, were mapped using the supervised maximum likelihood classification of an Operational Land Imager (OLI)/Landsat-8 sensor image. Next, we analyzed the influence of terrain attributes (aspect, incident solar radiation, slope, and curvature profile) on natural regeneration. The areas with the greatest potential to achieve natural regeneration and to form ecological corridors were indicated through fuzzy membership functions. Within Paraíba do Sul, 31% of the territory is covered by vegetation in different stages of regeneration. Recordings were made of 1,251 forest fragments in a middle or advanced stage of regeneration. These fragments are usually situated in the southeast, south, and southwest aspects, in areas that receive the least amount of global solar radiation (Wh·m-2) per year, and on slopes with an angle of inclination greater than 20%. The adjustment of fuzzy functions identified 17,327.5 ha with a tendency to recover, and which are therefore strategic areas in the development of ecological corridors.

RESUMO Foi conduzido um experimento em povoamentos de Pinus taeda com objetivo de avaliar o efeito do desbaste e da qualidade do sítio na relação hipsométrica. Efetuou-se uma análise de variância em blocos casualizados, em que os blocos corresponderam aos sítios e os tratamentos, aos desbastes mistos, combinando os métodos sistemático e seletivo baixo, cortando uma a cada cinco linhas de plantio mais 66%, 54%, 42%, 30% e 19% de árvores do dossel inferior. Os desbastes ocorreram entre 8 e 9 anos de idade e, aos 12 anos, foram medidos o diâmetro e a altura das árvores remanescentes. A relação hipsométrica foi modelada e aplicado o teste de identidade de modelos de Graybill, para reduzir o número de modelos similares selecionados no mesmo bloco. Houve diferença estatística entre tratamentos e blocos. Concluiu-se que a hipsometria varia pouco entre tratamentos, mas reduz sua inclinação quando piora a qualidade do sítio. Equações hipsométricas iguais podem ser empregadas em diferentes tratamentos.

ABSTRACT An experiment in pine (Pinus taeda) stands was conducted aiming to evaluate the thinning and site quality effect on the height-diameter relationship. We applied an analysis of variance in randomized blocks, with blocks representing the sites and treatments the mixed thinning, in which systematic and selective modalities were combined, harvesting every fifth row plus 66%, 54%, 42%, 30% and 19% of the lower canopy trees. Thinnings occurred at 8 and 9 years old interval, and diameters and heights of the trees were measured at age 12. We modeled height-diameter relationship and applied the Graybill test for reducing the number of similar selected models in a same block. We found statistical differences between treatments and blocks. As conclusion, height-diameter relationship varies less between treatments but the curve slope tends to reduce in lower quality sites. Same height-diameter equations can be used in different treatments.