BACKGROUND The incidence of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) has increased in the Southern region of Brazil in recent years, especially in the State of Paraná. New species have been suggested with potential to act as vector in VL endemic areas. OBJECTIVES Identify the Leishmania species in sand fly specimens collected from 2016 to 2018 in the municipality of Itaperuçu, Vale do Ribeira, Paraná, Brazil. METHODS Light traps were used for collections and for the analysis of sand fly were used the multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methodology and subsequent sequencing. FINDINGS Among the collected specimens, 88.62% were attributed to the species Nyssomyia neivai, which were grouped into 176 pools. Three positive pools were detected: two with Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis and one with L. (Leishmania) infantum. The positivity rate for the parasite was 0.25% based on the presence of at least one infected insect in the pool. MAIN CONCLUSIONS The detection of L. infantum in Ny. neivai draws attention due to its abundance and anthropophily in the State of Paraná. Moreover, this finding is considered as an alert and suggests that the vector competence of Ny. neivai and the criteria for its incrimination should be carried out, given its wide distribution in southern of Brazil. (VL years Paraná areas 201 Itaperuçu Ribeira PCR (PCR sequencing 8862 88 62 88.62 17 detected Viannia (Viannia L (Leishmania 025 0 25 0.25 pool Ny Moreover out 20 886 8 6 88.6 1 02 2 0.2 88. 0.

Resumo As matas de galeria abrigam mamíferos e flebotomíneos que podem estar envolvidos na transmissão de Leishmania. Caracterizar os ciclos enzoóticos de Leishmania spp. é essencial para entender a dinâmica da transmissão. Foi analisada a presença de Leishmania spp. em mamíferos e flebotomíneos em matas de galeria durante a estação seca no Cerrado. Quatro matas de galeria foram investigadas nos meses de maio e setembro. Nosso esforço de captura foi de 1.280 armadilhas-noite HP e 16 armadilhas-noite Shannon para flebotomíneos e 5.120 armadilhas-noite para mamíferos. Depois de identificar as espécies, realizamos PCRs direcionadas aos genes SSU rRNA e ITS-1 para detectar Leishmania spp. Capturou-se um total de 1.209 flebotomíneos pertencentes a 13 espécies, principalmente Bichromomyia flaviscutellata. Não foi detectado DNA de Leishmania spp. nas fêmeas de flebotomíneos analisadas. A PCR de 153 mamíferos revelou Leishmania spp. em 20 amostras (13%) em maio (início da estação seca), quando a taxa de infecção alcançou 31% em uma mata de galeria. Os hospedeiros pertenciam as espécies Rhipidomys macrurus, Gracilinanus agilis e Didelphis albiventris. Observou-se uma baixa frequência de mamíferos infectados por Leishmania spp., que não foi detectada em flebotomíneos. Os resultados indicam que a infecção por Leishmania spp. nos mamíferos é maior durante o início da estação seca nas matas de galeria do Cerrado. spp Cerrado setembro 1280 1 280 1.28 armadilhasnoite armadilhas noite 5120 5 120 5.12 ITS1 ITS ITS- Capturouse Capturou se 1209 209 1.20 flaviscutellata analisadas 15 2 13% (13% seca, , seca) 31 macrurus albiventris Observouse Observou 128 28 1.2 512 12 5.1 (13 3 1. 51 5. (1 (

Abstract Gallery forests harbor mammals and sand flies that may be involved in the transmission of Leishmania spp. parasites. Characterizing the enzootic cycles of Leishmania spp. is essential for understanding its transmission dynamics. We analyzed the presence of Leishmania spp. in mammals and sand flies in gallery forests during the dry season in the Cerrado. Four gallery forests were investigated in May and September 2014. Our capture effort included 1,280 HP trap-nights, 16 Shannon trap-nights for sand flies, and 5,120 trap-nights for mammals. After identifying the mammalian and sand fly species, SSU rRNA and ITS-1 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were used to detect Leishmania spp. A total of 1,209 sand flies belonging to 13 species were captured, mainly Bichromomyia flaviscutellata. Leishmania spp. DNA was not detected in the analyzed sand fly females. PCR analysis of 153 mammals revealed Leishmania spp. in 20 samples (13%) in May (early dry season), when the infection rate was 31% in one gallery forest. The host species were Rhipidomys macrurus, Gracilinanus agilis, and Didelphis albiventris. We observed a low frequency of mammals infected with Leishmania spp., which was not detected in sand flies. Our results indicate that Leishmania spp. infection is higher in mammals during the early dry season in Cerrado gallery forests. spp parasites dynamics 2014 1280 1 280 1,28 trapnights, trapnights trap nights, nights 5120 5 120 5,12 ITS1 ITS ITS- (PCR 1209 209 1,20 captured flaviscutellata females 15 2 13% (13% season, , season) 31 forest macrurus agilis albiventris 201 128 28 1,2 512 12 5,1 (13 3 1, 51 5, (1 (

Abstract The subfamily Phlebotominae is represented by insects commonly known as sand flies widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions, with the Neotropical region having the greatest diversity. Only New Zealand or the Pacific Islands, excepting New Caledonia, do not present records. One means of access to the more than 1,060 described species is through the specimens deposited in biological collections, and the availability of associated data on online platforms for consultation on the part of students and researchers. This being the case, this study aimed catalogue the sand flies deposited in the Invertebrate Collection of the MZUSP (University of São Paulo Museum of Zoology). Twenty-nine species designated as type material were found being of nine holotypes, one “allotype” and 90 paratypes described from five countries in the Americas: Panama, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, and Brazil. In addition to these, 1,346 non-type specimens, from 12 Brazilian states, are deposited in the collection and have been included here in list form. The MZUSP sand fly collection currently houses specimens from 152 species, which represents 28% (546) of the Phlebotominae fauna of the Americas. regions diversity Islands Caledonia records 1060 1 060 1,06 collections researchers case University Zoology. Zoology . Zoology) Twentynine Twenty holotypes allotype “allotype 9 Americas Panama Honduras Jamaica Mexico Brazil these 1346 346 1,34 nontype non states form 15 28 546 (546 106 06 1,0 134 34 1,3 2 54 (54 10 0 1, 13 3 5 (5 (

Amazonian phlebotomine fauna is considered one of the most diverse in the world. In addition, the region is the most prevalent for leishmaniasis in Brazil and South America. The state of Acre, which belongs to this region, also stands out in terms of the diversity of the sand fly fauna, as well as the occurrence of American tegumentary leishmaniasis. In this context, the present Dataset comprise a bibliographic review of sand fly species recorded in Acre State, Amazon region, Brazil. A total of 1,096 observations from Material Citation type (and two of preserved specimens) were presented using 32 variables according to Darwin Core terms. The bibliographic review was performed in PubMed, Google Scholar, SciELO, BVS (Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde) and bibliographic references cited in related scientific articles. Thus, the present study is a solid report for further studies on sand fly studies in Acre and other Amazon states.

ABSTRACT Although the chemical control against leishmaniasis began in 1953 in Brazil, little information is available on how this strategy has affected populations of phlebotomine sandflies in the field. The objective of this study was to analyze the susceptibility profile of four populations of phlebotomine sandflies to the insecticide alpha-cypermethrin. Sandflies collected in field in four Brazilian municipalities were evaluated using CDC bottles in different concentrations of alpha-cypermethrin. A total of 1,186 phlebotomine sandflies were used in the bioassays. The LD50 ranged from 1.48 to 2.57 ug/mL in the field populations. For a dose of 5 ug/mL of alpha-cypermethrin, the LT50 and LT95 ranged from 17.9 to 27.5 minutes, and LT95 from 39.7 to 61.5 minutes, respectively. All the populations studied were highly susceptible to the insecticide alpha-cypermethrin. Routine studies are needed to detect changes in sandflies susceptibility to insecticides.

BACKGROUND There is little information on the effect of using deltamethrin-impregnated dog collars for the control of canine visceral leishmaniasis. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the use of 4% deltamethrin-impregnated collars (Scalibor®) in controlling visceral leishmaniasis in Lutzomyia longipalpis by comparing populations in intervention and non-intervention areas. METHODS Phlebotomine flies were captured over 30 months in four neighbourhoods with intense visceral leishmaniasis transmission in Fortaleza and Montes Claros. We calculated the rates of domicile infestation, relative abundance of Lu. longipalpis, and Lu. longipalpis distribution in each site, capture location (intra- and peridomestic locations) and area (intervention and non-intervention areas). FINDINGS In the control area in Fortaleza, the relative abundance of Lu. longipalpis was 415 specimens at each capture site, whereas in the intervention area it was 159.25; in Montes Claros, the relative abundance was 5,660 specimens per capture site in the control area, whereas in the intervention area it was 2,499.4. The use of dog collars was associated with a reduction in captured insects of 15% (p = 0.004) and 60% (p < 0.001) in Montes Claros and Fortaleza, respectively. MAIN CONCLUSIONS We observed a lower vector abundance in the intervention areas, suggesting an effect of the insecticide-impregnated collars.

BACKGROUND Knowledge on synanthropic phlebotomines and their natural infection by Leishmania is necessary for the identification of potential areas for leishmaniasis occurrence. OBJECTIVE To analyse the occurrence of Phlebotominae in gallery forests and household units (HUs) in the city of Palmas and to determine the rate of natural infection by trypanosomatids. METHODS Gallery forests and adjacent household areas were sampled on July (dry season) and November (rainy season) in 2014. The total sampling effort was 960 HP light traps and eight Shannon traps. Trypanosomatids were detected in Phlebotominae females through the amplification of the SSU rDNA region, and the positive samples were used in ITS1-PCR. Trypanosomatid species were identified using sequencing. FINDINGS A total of 1,527 sand flies representing 30 species were captured in which 949 (28 spp.) and 578 (22 spp.) were registered in July and November, respectively. In July, more specimens were captured in the gallery forests than in the HUs, and Nyssomyia whitmani was particularly frequent. In November, most of the specimens were found in the HUs, and again, Ny. whitmani was the predominant species. Lutzomyia longipalpis was commonly found in domestic areas, while Bichromomyia flaviscutellata was most frequent in gallery forests. Molecular analysis of 154 pools of females (752 specimens) identified Leishmania amazonensis, L. infantum, and Crithidia fasciculata in Ny. whitmani, as well as L. amazonensis in Lu. longipalpis, Trypanosoma sp. and L. amazonensis in Pintomyia christenseni, and L. amazonensis in both Psathyromyia hermanlenti and Evandromyia walkeri. MAIN CONCLUSIONS These results show the importance of gallery forests in maintaining Phlebotominae populations in the dry month, as well as their frequent occurrence in household units in the rainy month. This is the first study to identify Leishmania, Trypanosoma, and Crithidia species in Phlebotominae collected in Palmas, Tocantins, Brazil.

Abstract: INTRODUCTION : This study describes the occurrence of trypanosomatids in phlebotomines in Brasília, Brazil. METHODS : Two hundred and ten females of 13 sand fly species were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using different molecular markers (D7 24Sα rRNA, kDNA, and ITS1) and sequencing. RESULTS : PCR revealed trypanosomatid-positive samples from Nyssomyia whitmani and Evandromyia evandroi, which were negative by kDNA and ITS1 Leishmania-specific PCRs. DNA sequence analysis of D7 24Sα rRNA amplicons indicated the occurrence of Blastocrithidia sp. and Trypanosoma sp. in Nyssomyia whitmani and Evandromyia evandroi, respectively. CONCLUSIONS : Two trypanosomatid species other than Leishmania sp. were found to circulate in sand flies in Central Brazil.

This study updates the geographic distributions of phlebotomine species in Central-West Brazil and analyses the climatic factors associated with their occurrence. The data were obtained from the entomology services of the state departments of health in Central-West Brazil, scientific collections and a literature review of articles from 1962-2014. Ecological niche models were produced for sandfly species with more than 20 occurrences using the Maxent algorithm and eight climate variables. In all, 2,803 phlebotomine records for 127 species were analysed. Nyssomyia whitmani,Evandromyia lenti and Lutzomyia longipalpiswere the species with the greatest number of records and were present in all the biomes in Central-West Brazil. The models, which were produced for 34 species, indicated that the Cerrado areas in the central and western regions of Central-West Brazil were climatically more suitable to sandflies. The variables with the greatest influence on the models were the temperature in the coldest months and the temperature seasonality. The results show that phlebotomine species in Central-West Brazil have different geographical distribution patterns and that climate conditions in essentially the entire region favour the occurrence of at least one Leishmania vector species, highlighting the need to maintain or intensify vector control and surveillance strategies.

IntroductionRhodnius neglectus is a triatomine that colonizes different palm species. In this study, we aimed to describe the presence of this triatomine bug in the royal palms (Roystonea oleracea) in a rural region of the State of Goiás.MethodsPalm infestation was investigated by dissecting the palms or by using live-bait traps.ResultsTwo palm trees were infested by R. neglectusnegative for Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent for Chagas disease. In the study area, R. neglectus is frequently found in households.ConclusionsThe adaptation of this species to palm trees introduced in Brazil for landscaping purposes poses another challenge for controlling the vectors of Chagas disease.

The phlebotomine sandfly Trichophoromyia adelsonsouzai sp. nov. is described and illustrated based on the male and female morphological characteristics of specimens collected at Km 27 of the Trans-Amazonian Highway, municipality of Vitória do Xingu, state of Pará, Brazilian Amazonia. This is an area subject to the direct influence of Belo Monte hydroelectric system. With the description of this new species the number of Trichophoromyia sandflies recorded in Brazil is increased to 20.

INTRODUÇÃO: Flebotomíneos são pequenos insetos de grande importância médica e veterinária. Este artigo apresenta uma lista atualizada dos flebotomíneos que ocorrem no Estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. MÉTODOS: Uma revisão da literatura publicada desde a década de 40 até maio de 2010 foi realizada e material testemunho depositado em coleções de referência foi estudado. RESULTADOS: Um total de 37 espécies de flebotomíneos foram previamente relatadas como presentes em Pernambuco, mas o registro de seis delas necessita de confirmação. CONCLUSÕES: Esse trabalho fornece uma lista atualizada de flebotomíneos de Pernambuco, com algumas notas sobre a sua taxonomia, ecologia, distribuição e relevância epidemiológica.

INTRODUCTION: Phlebotomine sand flies are small insects of great medical relevance. This article presents an updated list of the phlebotomine sand flies occurring in the State of Pernambuco, Brazil. METHODS: A review of literature published since the 1940s up to May 2010 was conducted and voucher material deposited in reference collections were studied. RESULTS: A total of 37 phlebotomine species have previously been reported as occurring in Pernambuco, but the record of six species needs confirmation. CONCLUSIONS: This work provides an updated list of phlebotomine sand flies of Pernambuco, with some notes on their taxonomy, ecology, distribution and epidemiological relevance.

Para avaliar o papel do octenol na coleta de anofelinos foram utilizadas armadilhas HP iscadas com diferentes taxas de evaporação. Foram capturados 285 anofelinos e não houve diferença entre o número de anofelinos coletados com as armadilhas controle e as iscadas com octenol e nem entre as taxas de evaporação.

To evaluate the role of octenol in collecting anophelines, HP traps baited with different rates of evaporation. A total of 285 anophelines was captured and there was no significant difference in the numbers of anophelines captured between the control traps and the traps baited with octenol and no difference between the release rates.