This research used the "cathodic cage (CC)" technique for TiO2 film deposition on duplex stainless steel substrate. This technique uses a multiple hollow cathode effect. Duplex stainless steel substrates were treated at temperatures of 300°C, 350°C and 400°C, giving a temperature value ratio (Ts/Tm) of 0.27 to 0.31 (Ts being the substrate temperature and Tm the melting temperature of the deposited material). Treatment times of 1, 2 and 4 hours were administered and polycrystalline TiO2 films were obtained. The films were analyzed by optical microscopy (OM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). During analysis, the formation of uniform films and the possibility of controlling the TiO2 phase were observed. It was also shown that with longer treatment times and higher temperatures the rutile phase predominates. For treatment times of 4 hours at all temperatures, the rutile structure was present. With treatment times of less than 4 hours, anatase was present. In addition, results showed that this simple, low cost technique can be an alternative method for depositions of TiO2 films, with the advantage of high levels of control over porosity, thickness and phase composition (anatase and rutile).

As intensidades de emissão das espécies N2+, H, C, NH, N2, Ar e CN do plasma de carbonitretação (usando os gases Ar+N2+CH4) foram medidas por espectroscopia de emissão óptica (OES) em pressão e temperatura constantes (2mbar e 500 °C) variando o fluxo de CH4. Em seguida, amostras de Ti comercialmente puro (Ti CP) foram carbonitretadas em plasma nas mesmas condições do estudo por OES. O objetivo desse trabalho é avaliar a influência das espécies presentes no plasma, detectadas por seus padrões de emissão, na composição de fases superficiais, nas características topográficas e no perfil de microdureza do revestimento de TiCN. Foi observado que o aumento da concentração de CH4 no plasma gerou as espécies H (dissociado do CH4) N2+, C, NH e CN. A evolução contínua de CN e uma queda progressiva na espécie N2+ influenciaram a composição da superfície e as propriedades aqui avaliadas. A análise de difração de raios X em ângulo rasante revelou a presença de nitreto e carbonitreto de titânio na superfície com composição química correlacionada com as alterações das intensidades de emissão das espécies CN e N2+. As topografias das amostras, avaliadas por microscopia de força atômica, apresentaram aumento nos parâmetros de rugosidade comparados com a amostra padrão. A rugosidade Ra aumentou com o aumento da intensidade de emissão óptica de CN e redução de N2+. Com auxílio da espectroscopia micro-Raman foi encontrado carbono não reagido com o titânio na forma de um filme que se desenvolveu com o aumento da intensidade da linha de emissão do CN. Este filme pode, hipoteticamente, ter sido o responsável pela queda progressiva da dureza superficial do revestimento.

The optical emission intensities of the species N2+, H, C, NH, N2, Ar e CN in a carbonitriding plasma (using Ar+N2+CH4 gases) were studied with optical emission spectroscopy in an atmosphere of constant pressure and temperature, changing the CH4 flow. Afterwards a commercially pure Ti was exposed to a carbonitriding plasma in similar conditions. The objective of this work is to evaluate the influence of the gaseous species on the superficial properties (chemical composition, topography, and microhardness profile) of the TiCN layer. When the CH4 flow was increased, the species H, N2+, C, NH, and CN were observed. The continuous increase of CN and a progressive reduction of N2+were detected. Grazing incidence X-ray diffraction revealed titanium nitride and carbonitride with variable chemical compositions, related to the changes observed in the emission patterns of the species CN and N2+. The topography, evaluated by atomic force microscopy, showed that the roughness increased when CN increased and N2+ decreased. Micro-Raman spectroscopy showed unreacted carbon on the surface that developed with de increase of the CN emission. This carbon film may be responsible for the progressive decrease of surface hardness.

A current goal of dental implant research is the development of titanium (Ti) surfaces to improve osseointegration. Plasma nitriding treatments generate surfaces that favor osteoblast differentiation, a key event to the process of osteogenesis. Based on this, it is possible to hypothesize that plasma-nitrided Ti implants may positively impact osseointegration. Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vivo bone response to Ti surfaces modified by plasma-nitriding treatments. Material and Methods Surface treatments consisted of 20% N2 and 80% H2, 450°C and 1.5 mbar during 1 h for planar and 3 h for hollow cathode. Untreated surface was used as control. Ten implants of each surface were placed into rabbit tibiae and 6 weeks post-implantation they were harvested for histological and histomorphometric analyses. Results Bone formation was observed in contact with all implants without statistically significant differences among the evaluated surfaces in terms of bone-to-implant contact, bone area between threads, and bone area within the mirror area. Conclusion Our results indicate that plasma nitriding treatments generate Ti implants that induce similar bone response to the untreated ones. Thus, as these treatments improve the physico-chemical properties of Ti without affecting its biocompatibility, they could be combined with modifications that favor bone formation in order to develop new implant surfaces.

La hidroxiapatita sintética en polvo ha sido utilizada durante años para aplicaciones ortopédicas, en forma de recubrimientos biocerámicos. En este estudio, fue utilizada una hidroxiapatita, de origen natural, obtenida mediante una reacción hidrotermal, a partir de corales marinos porites. La hidroxiapatita fue proyectada por plasma térmico atmosférico sobre titanio grado II, para explorar el efecto de la temperatura del sustrato y el modo de proyección en la cristalinidad, humectabilidad y biocompatibilidad del recubrimiento. La composición de fase y cristalinidad del recubrimiento fueron determinadas por difracción de rayos x; la humectabilidad fue medida por el método de la gota de contacto y la proliferación celular fue evaluada por MTT [(bromuro de 3-(4,5-dimetiltiazol-2-il)-2,5) difenil tetrazolio]. Los resultados sugieren que los recubrimientos obtenidos con precalentamiento del sustrato, aseguran mayor cristalinidad; las superficies obtenidas con el sustrato rotando, presentaron mejor humectabilidad y el recubrimiento obtenido con el sustrato con precalentamiento y rotando, mostró mayor proliferación celular.

Synthetic hydroxyapatite powder has been used for years for orthopedic applications as bioceramic coatings. In this study was used a natural hydroxyapatite obtained by hydrothermal reaction, from marine coral porites. The hydroxyapatite was sprayed by atmospheric thermal plasma on grade--II titanium to explore the effect of substrate temperature and the projection mode in crystallinity, wettability and biocompatibility of the coating. Phase composition and crystallinity of the coating were determined by X-ray diffraction, wettability was measured by the drop contact method and cell proliferation was assessed by MTT(3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-il)-2,5)diphenyltetrazolium bromide). The results suggest that the coatings obtained preheating the substrate ensure higher crystallinity. The surfaces obtained rotating the substrate had better wettability and the coating obtained by rotating and with preheating substrate showed increased cell proliferation.

The production of metallic titanium (Ti) through the reduction of titanium oxide (TiO2) by aluminothermic reduction technique, using hydrogen plasma to trigger the reaction has been investigated. Titanium oxide and aluminum powders were previously processed by high energy grinding during 4, 6 and 10h. Also, a thermal analysis study was done to know the temperature for the aluminothermic process in TiO2-Al mixtures. The product obtained was characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy and Rietveld method was used in the microstructure refinement. The results show that is possible too btain a titanium rich compound through the hollow cathode plasma technique.

Se ha investigado la producción de titanio metálico (Ti) mediante de la reducción de óxido de titanio (TiO2) por técnica de reducción aluminotérmica, usando plasma de hidrógeno como desencadenante de la reacción. El polvo de TiO2y Al utilizados se procesaron previamente por molienda de alta energía durante 4, 6 y 10 h. Se realizó también un estudio de análisis térmico, con el objetivo de conocer la temperatura de reacción para el proceso aluminotérmico de la mezcla TiO2-Al. El producto obtenido fue caracterizado mediante difractometría de rayos y microscopia electrónica de barrido, y se usó el método Rietveld para el refino en la determinación de la estructura. Los resultados comprueban la existencia de titanio metálico en el producto de la reacción aluminotérmica, cuando se utiliza el proceso de plasma.

Thin films of titanium were deposited onto Al2O3 substrate by hollow cathode discharge method for the formation of a ceramic-ceramic joint using indirect brazing method. An advantage of using this technique is that a relatively small amount of titanium is required for the metallization of the ceramic surface when compared with other conventional methods. Rapidly solidified brazing filler of Cu49Ag45Ce6 in the form of ribbons was used. The thickness of deposited titanium layer and the brazing temperature/time were varied. The quality of the brazed joint was evaluated through the three point bending flexural tests. The brazed joints presented high flexural resistance values up to 176 MPa showing the efficiency of the technique.