Resumo Zeólitas são sólidos porosos compostos majoritariamente por alumínio e silício sob a forma de aluminossilicatos cristalinos hidratados. Estes materiais possuem propriedades particulares inerentes às suas características estruturais que os tornam úteis em diversas aplicações industriais. A síntese de zeólitas a partir de resíduos e fontes naturais de silício e alumínio tem se destacado devido aos benefícios ambientais e econômicos. Neste trabalho, cinzas volantes provenientes de termoelétricas foram convertidas em zeólitas através da ativação alcalina com hidróxido de sódio (NaOH). Esta técnica caracteriza-se pelo baixo custo e por se tratar de alternativa tecnológica com grande agregação de valor por transformar materiais existentes em larga escala em um material de grande aplicação tecnológica. Objetivou-se estudar a síntese de zeólitas do tipo sodalita e cancrinita a partir de cinzas volantes através da quantificação de fases e análise química racional de forma a evidenciar a influência das condições de processo. As amostras foram caracterizadas por meio das técnicas de difração de raios X com quantificação de fases a partir do método de Rietveld, fluorescência de raios X com realização ainda de análise racional de fases cristalinas e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Foram obtidas zeólitas do tipo sodalita e cancrinita a partir da transformação de cinza volante, por síntese com concentrações de 3,5, 5,25 e 7,0 M NaOH por 24, 36 e 48 h.

Abstract Zeolites are porous solids composed mainly of aluminum and silicon in the form of hydrated crystalline aluminosilicates; they have special properties inherent to their structural characteristics that make them useful in many industrial applications. The synthesis of zeolites from natural and residual sources of silicon and aluminum has become more important due to both environmental and economic benefits. In this work fly ash from power plants were converted to zeolite by alkaline activation with sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The technique is characterized by low cost, and great value added; a technological alternative that transforms existing materials on a large scale into an innovative material for applications relevant to the industrial sector. This work aimed to study the sodalite and cancrinite (zeolites) synthesis process from fly ash using phase quantification and rational chemical analysis, in order to highlight the influence of process conditions. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction with phase quantification by Rietveld method, X-ray fluorescence method with rational analysis of crystalline phases, and scanning electron microscopy. Sodalite and cancrinite zeolites from fly ash were obtained by synthesis with concentrations of 3.5, 5.25 and 7.0 M NaOH for 24, 36 and 48 h.

Estudou-se o desenvolvimento dos dentes incisivos e caninos em 76 amostras de Didelphis albiventris com idade entre 0 e 100 dias. Cortes transversais, seriados de 6 µm de espessura foram obtidos da região da maxila, corados com Hematoxilina e Eosina e analisados ao microscópio de luz. Verificou-se que o período estudado abrange todo o desenvolvimento dental, desde a fase de iniciação da interação epitélio/mesenquima até a completa formação e erupção dos incisivos e caninos. O espessamento do epitélio oral dá origem aos incisivos e caninos funcionais, enquanto o epitélio dental externo do órgão dental origina uma lâmina dental secundária, a qual sofre degeneração, quando o dente alcança o estágio de botão. Não há vestígios de dentição decídua. Sugere-se que a lâmina dental secundária é remanescente de uma condição primitiva na qual ocorria dentição secundária.

The formation of incisors and canines in marsupials of D. albiventris was studied at various stages of development. Seventy-six specimens, with ages varying from 0 to 100 days, were used in this investigation. Serial sections of the maxilla were obtained in the transverse plane and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Histological analyses were made to verify the pattern of teeth development, as well as their chronology of eruption. The period of time from birth to 100 days comprised the entire process of teeth development, from epithelial bud formation to early eruption of the teeth. Oral epithelium thickening gave rise to the functional incisors and canines. In addition, a secondary dental lamina emerged in different phases of development in the outer epithelium of incisors and canines, which degenerated when it reached the bud stage. No evidence of deciduous dentition was observed. The results of this investigation suggest that secondary dental lamina represents remnants of a primitive condition in which secondary dentition used to be present.

Laboratory profile of young ovines was studied in order to evaluate and compare their antiserum production from natural and Cobalt-60 irradiated Crotalus durissus terrificus (C.d.t.) venoms. The parameters analyzed included complete blood count, and urea, creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase, total proteins, albumin and globulin serum measurements. Three groups of six animals each were used. Group 1 (G1) received natural C.d.t. venom; Group 2 (G2) received irradiated C.d.t. venom; and Group 3 (G3) was used as control and did not receive venom, only adjuvants, using seven venom inoculations. During the experimental period, animals were fortnightly weighed. According to clinical and weight evaluation, sheep in post-weaning phase showed no changes in their physiological profiles but had excellent weight gain. The parameters analyzed were not statistically different (p<5%) among the groups tested. The hyperimmunization process was successfully accomplished with the production of specific antibodies against Crotalus durissus terrificus venom. Results bring a new possibility of utilizing ovines in the commercial production of anticrotalic serum, which may be used to treat human and animal envenomation. Its production cost may be reduced by subsequent use of hyperimmunized sheep for human consumption.

ELISA was used to evaluate, accompany, and compare the humoral immune response of Swiss mice during hyperimmunization with native and Cobalt-60-irradiated (60Co) venoms of Bothrops jararaca, Bothrops jararacussu and Bothrops moojeni. Potency and neutralization were evaluated by in vitro challenges. After hyperimmunization, immunity was observed by in vivo challenge, and the side effects were assessed. The animals immunization with one LD50 of each venom occurred on days 1, 15, 21, 30, and 45, when blood samples were collected; challenges happened on the 60th day. Results showed that ELISA was efficient in evaluating, accompanying and comparing mouse immune response during hyperimmunization. Serum titers produced with natural venom were similar to those produced with irradiated venom. Immunogenic capacity was maintained after 60Co-irradiation. The sera produced with native venom showed neutralizing potency and capacity similar to those of the sera produced with irradiated venom. All antibodies were able to neutralize five LD50 from these venoms. Clinical alterations were minimum during hyperimmunization with irradiated venom, however, necrosis and death occurred in animals inoculated with native venom.

ELISA was used to evaluate, follow, and compare the humoral immune response of Swiss mice during hyperimmunization with natural and Cobalt 60-irradiated (60Co) Crotalus durissus terrificus venom. Potency and neutralization were evaluated by in vitro challenges. After hyperimmunization, immunity was observed by "in vivo" challenge and the side effects were assessed. The animals immunization with one LD50 of the venom was on days one, 15, 21, 30, and 45, when blood samples were collected; the challenges occurred on the 60th day. Results showed that ELISA was efficient in evaluating, following, and comparing mouse immune response during hyperimmunization. Serum titers produced with natural venom were similar to those produced with irradiated venom. Immunogenic capacity was maintained after 60Co irradiation. Serum produced from Crotalus durissus terrificus irradiated venom showed higher potency and neutralization capacity than that from natural venom. All antibodies were able to neutralize five LD50 from these venoms. Clinical alterations were minimum during hyperimmunization with irradiated venom.

Rats experimentally infected with Trypanosoma cruzi Y strain exhibited hypertrophy of the submandibular gland at 18 days after infection.SDS-PAGE of infected rats saliva revealed the presence of an additional band with an apparent molecular weight of about 13KDa. Electrophoresis of protein salivaand immunochemical analysis with antibody against rat cystatin S confirmed that the protein was identical to that induced by beta adrenergic stimulation.