Abstract. Mercury (Hg) is mainly incorporated into humans through the consumption of contaminated foods. Mercury was measured and the methyl-Hg (MeHg) concentration was estimated in canned mollusks sold in northwestern Mexico to assess the health risk to consumers. Five mollusk types were considered: oysters, clams, octopuses, mussels, and squids. The Hg concentration of mussels was significantly (P < 0.05) lower than those of the other bivalves (oysters and clams) and cephalopods (squids and octopuses). The average Hg concentration in bivalves (0.013 mg·kg-1) was significantly (P < 0.05) lower than that of cephalopods (0.018 mg·kg-1). The estimated MeHg concentrations were also lower in bivalves than in cephalopods. Based on our results, no health risk is associated with the consumption of canned mollusks that are sold in northwestern Mexico. The Hg and MeHg concentrations followed the order of octopuses > squids = clams > oysters > mussels. The Hg and MeHg concentrations in the mollusks evaluated in this study were below the maximum permissible limits for human consumption in Mexico.

Resumen. El mercurio (Hg) se incorpora principalmente en los seres humanos a través del consumo de alimentos contaminados. Se midió el Hg y se estimó el metilmercurio (MeHg) en moluscos enlatados que se venden en el noroeste de México para evaluar el riesgo para la salud de los consumidores. Se consideraron 5 tipos de moluscos: ostiones, almejas, pulpos, mejillones y calamares. La concentración de Hg en los mejillones fue significativamente (P < 0.05) más baja que la de los otros bivalvos (ostras y almejas) y cefalópodos (calamares y pulpos). La concentración promedio de Hg en los bivalvos (0.013 mg·kg-1) fue significativamente (P < 0.05) menor que la de los cefalópodos (0.018 mg·kg-1). Las concentraciones estimadas de MeHg también fueron menores en los bivalvos que en los cefalópodos. De acuerdo con nuestros resultados, no existe riesgo relacionado con el consumo de moluscos enlatados en el noroeste de México. La secuencia de las concentraciones de Hg fue pulpos > calamares = almejas > ostiones > mejillones. Las concentraciones de Hg y MeHg en los moluscos evaluados en este estudio estaban por debajo de los límites máximos permitidos para el consumo humano en México.

Resumen El objetivo fue calcular los parámetros, correlaciones y describir las tendencias genéticas de caracteres reproductivos en ganado Holstein de México en tres periodos diferentes de tiempo, en hembras nacidas entre 2006 y 2019, usando registros de la asociación Holstein de México. Los parámetros reproductivos calculados fueron: intervalo parto a primer servicio (IPPS), el número de servicios por concepción (NSC), los días abiertos (DAB), el intervalo entre partos (IEP) y la edad al primer parto (EPP). Los componentes de la varianza fueron estimados utilizando máxima verosimilitud restringida en un modelo animal, para calcular parámetros genéticos (heredabilidad en sentido estricto (h2), repetibilidad (r) y correlaciones genéticas) y correlaciones fenotípicas. También se estimaron varianzas genéticas aditivas y valores genéticos en tres periodos de tiempo (P1: 2006-2009, P2: 2010-2013 y P3: 2014-2017). Las heredabilidades calculadas fueron de 4 a 9 % y las repetibilidades del 8 al 9 %, valores cercanos a reportes previos para características de fertilidad. Las correlaciones fenotípicas fueron positivas para casi todos los parámetros reproductivos y las genéticas fueron positivas en un rango amplio (0.13-0.99). Los análisis por periodos mostraron cambios, posiblemente derivados de la influencia de la importación y uso de germoplasma de toros extranjeros (principalmente de los Estados Unido de América y Canadá) que implementan selección genómica e incluyen características fertilidad. La presente investigación ha permitido actualizar la información de parámetros reproductivos y genéticos en caracteres de fertilidad que podrán ser incorporados a las evaluaciones genéticas nacionales.

Abstract The objective was to calculate the parameters, correlations and describe the genetic trends of reproductive traits in Holstein cattle from Mexico in three different periods of time, in females born between 2006 and 2019, using records of the Mexican Holstein association. The reproductive parameters calculated were: calving to first insemination interval (CFI), number of services per conception (NSC), days open (DO), interval between calving (IBC), and age at first calving (AFC). The components of variance were estimated using restricted maximum likelihood in an animal model, to calculate genetic parameters (narrow-sense heritability (h2), repeatability (r) and genetic correlations) and phenotypic correlations. Additive genetic variances and genetic values were also estimated in three periods of time (P1: 2006-2009, P2: 2010-2013 and P3: 2014-2017). The calculated heritabilities were from 4 to 9 % and the repeatabilities from 8 to 9 %, values close to previous reports for fertility traits. Phenotypic correlations were positive for almost all reproductive parameters and genetic correlations were positive over a wide range (0.13-0.99). Analyses by period showed changes, possibly derived from the influence of the import and use of germplasm from foreign bulls (mainly from the United States of America and Canada) which implement genomic selection and include fertility traits. The present research has made it possible to update the information on reproductive and genetic parameters in fertility traits that can be incorporated into national genetic evaluations.

RESUMO Objetivo: identificar o estado da arte do equilíbrio postural em crianças com TEA baseado na literatura nacional e internacional. Métodos: trata-se de uma revisão bibliométrica, construída por meio de levantamento bibliográfico em bases de dados, utilizando os seguintes descritores: "postural balance" or "vestibular diseases" or "postural equilibrium" and “autism”. Os critérios de elegibilidade para seleção da amostra foram: artigos publicados em periódicos nacionais e internacionais; em inglês e português; sem filtro de ano. Para a seleção dos artigos foram considerados a leitura pelo título, seguida do resumo e finalmente, a leitura dos artigos completos, potencialmente relevantes para a revisão. Resultados: foram encontrados 62 artigos com base nos critérios de elegibilidade. O pico de publicações referente ao estudo ocorreu nos anos de 2015 e 2016, e a primeira publicação encontrada foi no ano de 1974. Predominou os estudos publicados nos EUA (37%), em língua inglesa, com abordagem quantitativa, corte transversal e desenho seccional. A maioria dos autores compararam o desempenho das crianças com TEA e crianças de desenvolvimento típico em tarefas de equilíbrio corporal. Conclusão: foi observado que o equilíbrio corporal e o controle postural em crianças com TEA são temas em ascensão nas publicações científicas.

ABSTRACT Purpose: to identify the state-of-the-art research on postural balance in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in both Brazilian and international literature. Methods: a bibliometric review, developed through bibliographical search in databases using the following descriptors: "postural balance" OR "vestibular diseases" OR "postural equilibrium" AND "autism". The eligibility criteria for sample selection were articles published in Brazilian and international journals, in either English or Portuguese. There was no restriction regarding the year of publication. The selection was based on reading the title, abstract, and lastly the full text of the articles potentially relevant for this review. Results: 62 articles were found based on the eligibility criteria. The number of publications related to the study’s theme peaked in 2015 and 2016, the first publication being from 1974. There was a predominance of studies published in the USA (37%), in English, with a quantitative, cross-sectional approach. Most of the authors compared the performance in body balance tasks of children with ASD with that of children with typical development. Conclusion: it was observed that body balance and postural control in children with ASD are growing trends in scientific publications.

Abstract INTRODUCTION In patients with HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) gait disturbance is a predominant feature that leads to falls and fractures, which can further aggravate disability. We sought to evaluate the impact of fractures and orthopedic surgeries in patients with HAM/TSP. METHODS: We retrieved the medical records of HAM/TSP patients enrolled in our study center’s HTLV-1 clinical cohort between 1989-2018. The selection criteria included: (1) diagnosis of HTLV-1 infection using two enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and/or a confirmatory test, (2) clinical diagnosis of HAM/TSP by neurological assessment, and (3) fractures associated with HAM/TSP. RESULTS: We identified 24 cases of fractures, 70% of which were females. The median age at the time of fracture was 60 years (IQR=24). Six cases reported fractures in patients under 45 years old. Ten patients (42%) had hip/coccyx fractures, seven (29%) were in the lower extremities, and four (17%) in the upper extremities. Half of these patients reported the use of wheelchairs. Five patients who had previously used canes required the use of wheelchairs after the reported fracture. Eight patients underwent corrective orthopedic surgery as a result of the fracture. CONCLUSIONS: For HAM/TSP patients, fractures are a complication that can exacerbate their severe impairment.

SUMMARY: The knowledge of the anatomical relationships between the floor of the maxillary sinus and the apices of the posterior maxillary teeth is very important when planning an endodontic therapy or surgeries in the area. The objective of this study is to establish the distance between the apex of the palatal root of the first maxillary molar and the floor of the maxillary sinus, in a sample of 61 cone-beam computed tomography. A crosssectional observational study was carried out. We proceeded to measure the distance between the apex of the palatal root of the first upper molar and the floor of the maxillary sinus in 61 conebeam computed tomography, obtaining measurements of a total of 107 first maxillary molar palatal roots. The images were stored in DICOM format and analyzed with the Sky View software and the Stata 11.0. for statistical analysis. The average distance recorded between the apex of the palatal root of the first upper molar and the floor of the maxillary sinus was 1.2 mm. The greatest distance was 12.5 mm and the smallest was 0 mm. The measurement of 0 mm was presented in 48 cases and reached 44.9 % of the sample. It is common for radicular apices to be located within the maxillary sinus. The clinician must know this condition to prevent accidents and complications in the endodontic therapies as much as possible.

RESUMEN: El conocimiento de las relaciones anatómicas entre el piso del seno maxilar y los ápices de dientes maxilares posteriores, es muy importante al planificar una terapia endodóntica o cirugías en molares maxilares. Este estudio tiene por objetivo, establecer la distancia existente entre el ápice de la raíz palatina del primer molar superior y el piso del seno maxilar, obtenida de una muestra de 61 tomografías volumétricas Cone beam. Se realizó un estudio observacional transversal, donde se procedió a medir la distancia entre el ápice de la raíz palatina del primer molar superior y el piso del seno maxilar en 61 tomografías volumétricas Cone Beam, obteniendo medidas de un total de 107 raíces palatinas de molares maxilares. Las imágenes fueron almacenadas en formato DICOM y analizadas con el software Sky View Dental Plan en un computador HP Compaq LA1951g Z600 y en su análisis estadístico se utilizó el Programa Stata 11.0. El promedio de distancia registrado entre el ápice de la raíz palatina del primer molar superior y el piso del seno maxilar fue de 1,2 mm. La mayor distancia fue de 12,5 mm y la menor de 0 mm. La medida de 0 mm se presentó en 48 casos y alcanzó al 44,9 % de la muestra. Es frecuente que los ápices radiculares se encuentren dentro del seno maxilar, condición que debe ser de conocimiento clínico, con el objetivo de prevenir al máximo accidentes y complicaciones en las terapias endodónticas.

In the Pampas region of Argentina, the simplification of agroecosystems has caused the decrease of ecosystem services, resulting in the loss of resources, and affecting soil quality. Our objective was to evaluate the effect of agriculturization in different environments (sub-humid and semi-arid) of the Pampean region, by means of biological indicators and soil organic carbon. During 2013, 2014 and 2015, sites in Río Cuarto, Rafael García, Manfredi and Marcos Juárez of the province of Córdoba, and Villa Mercedes corresponding to the province of San Luis were evaluated. At each location, soil sampling was carried out at a reference site and in different crop sequences. The parameters evaluated were microbial biomass carbon (CBM), microbial respiration (RM), metabolic coefficient (qCO2), enzymatic activities of fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis (FDA), acid phosphatase (FA) and dehydrogenase (DHG), total organic carbon (COT) soil and microbial coefficient (qMic). The obtained results expressed that the most significant indicators were CBM and COT, together with the enzymes FDA and FA since they registered significant differences between treatments at most sites. In general, these indicators allowed differentiating pristine soils from those with anthropic use. In turn, the differences between soil quality indexes were significant and higher for natural situations, with no differences between crop sequences.

En la región Pampeana Argentina, la simplificación de los agroecosistemas ha ocasionado la disminución de los servicios ecosistémicos, resultando en la pérdida de recursos, y afectando la calidad del suelo. Nuestro objetivo fue evaluar el efecto de la agriculturización en diferentes ambientes (subhúmedos y semiáridos) de la región Pampeana, mediante indicadores biológicos y el carbono orgánico edáfico. Durante 2013, 2014 y 2015, se evaluaron sitios correspondientes a las localidades de Río Cuarto, Rafael García, Manfredi y Marcos Juárez de la provincia de Córdoba, y un sitio en Villa Mercedes provincia de San Luis. En cada localidad se realizó un muestreo de suelo en un sitio de referencia y en diferentes secuencias de cultivos. Los parámetros evaluados fueron carbono de biomasa microbiana (CBM), respiración microbiana (RM), coeficiente metabólico (qCO2), actividades enzimáticas de hidrólisis del diacetato de fluoresceína (FDA), fosfatasa ácida (FA) y deshidrogenasa (DHG), carbono orgánico total (COT) del suelo y coeficiente microbiano (qMic). Los resultados obtenidos expresaron que las variables más relevantes para actuar como indicadores de calidad de suelo fueron CBM y COT, junto a las enzimas FDA y FA, ya que registraron en la mayoría de los sitios diferencias significativas entre tratamientos. En general esos indicadores permitieron diferenciar los suelos de monte nativo respecto de los de uso antrópico. A su vez, los valores obtenidos mediante la aplicación del índice de calidad de suelos fueron significativamente mayores en las situaciones naturales, sin observarse diferencias entre las secuencias de cultivos.

Introduction: Subacute anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis was recognised in 2007 as a clinical entity, and was first described in young women with ovarian teratoma. The first paediatric series unrelated with tumours was reported in 2009. Objective: To present the clinical features, treatment, and prognosis of 13 patients with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis in Chile. Patients and method: A description is presented of 13 children, 9 males, aged between 1 and 16 years, diagnosed between 2009 and 2016 in 7 hospitals. All patients were evaluated with cerebral magnetic resonance and electroencephalogram. Cytochemical, oligoclonal bands and virus studies (PCR and antibodies) were performed in cerebrospinal fluid. All patients were evaluated in search of anti NMDA receptor in serum and cerebrospinal fluid. Tumor imaging studies were performed in all children. Results: All children began the disease with psychiatric symptoms, and 11/13 had seizures. All of them subsequently presented with psychomotor agitation, dystonia, and bucolingual dyskinesias, with 11/13 loss of language and 6/13 autonomic disorders. All of them (13/13) had positive anti-NMDA receptor antibodies. CSF was normal in 12/13 children, positive oligoclonal bands in 6/10 patients, normal brain resonance in 13/13 children, EEG changes in 11/13 children, and abnormal SPECT in 6/6 children. A methylprednisolone bolus of 30 mg/kg was given for 3-5 days to 12/13 children, and 6 received immunoglobulin 2 g/kg. The large majority (12/13) of children recovered 1-4 months after disease onset. One child had a recurrence one year later, and recovered quickly. Conclusions: Subacute encephalitis due to NMDA anti-receptor antibodies should be suspected in children with psychiatric disorders and abnormal movements. Functional studies, such as EEG and SPECT are valuable diagnostic support. Early detection of this encephalitis leads to a faster recovery of patients.

Introducción: La encefalitis subaguda por anticuerpos anti-receptor N-metil-Daspartato (NMDA) es un cuadro autoinmune reconocido el año 2007 como entidad clínica y descrito primero en mujeres jóvenes con teratoma ovárico. El año 2009 se describe primera serie pediátrica no relacionada con tumores. Objetivo: Mostrar características clínicas, tratamiento y pronóstico de 13 pacientes con encefalitis por anticuerpos anti receptor NMDA en Chile. Pacientes y método: Se describen 13 niños, 9 varones, de edades comprendidas entre 1-16 años, estudiados entre 2009-2016 en 7 hospitales y diagnosticados entre 2009-2016. Los pacientes fueron estudiados con resonancia magnética cerebral, electroencefalograma y estudio de líquido cefalorraquídeo, citoquímico, bandas oligoclonales y panel viral (anticuerpos y PCR). Todos fueron estudiados para detección de anticuerpos anti receptor NMDA en suero y líquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR) y pesquisa de tumores por imágenes. Resultados: Trece de 13 niños iniciaron la enfermedad con síntomas psiquiátricos y 11/13 tuvieron crisis epilépticas. Posteriormente todos presentaron agitación psicomotora, distonías y discinesias bucolinguales; 11/13 pérdida de lenguaje y 6/13 trastornos autonómicos. Todos ellos tuvieron anticuerpos anti receptor NMDA positivo. El LCR fue normal en 12/13 niños, hubo bandas oligoclonales positivas en 6/10 pacientes, la resonancia cerebral fue normal en todos los niños, el EEG estuvo alterado en 12/13 niños y la SPECT resultó anormal en 6/6 niños. Doce de 13 niños recibieron metilprednisolona en bolos 30 mg/kg/3-5 días y 6 recibieron inmunoglobulina 2 g/kg. Doce de 13 niños se recuperaron de 2 a 4 meses después de iniciada la enfermedad. Un niño tuvo recidiva un año después y se recuperó rápidamente. Conclusiones: La encefalitis subaguda por anticuerpos anti-receptor NMDA debe sospecharse en niños con alteraciones psiquiátricas y movimientos anormales. Los estudios funcionales (EEG y SPECT) son valiosos para apoyar el diagnóstico. La detección precoz de esta encefalitis permite la recuperación más rápida de los pacientes.

Phycella australis (Phil.) Ravenna is a Chilean plant with high ornamental potential; however, the intensive extraction as a cut flower might be detrimental for the conservational state by ignoring the state of genetic variation. The objective of this investigation was to assess genetic variability within and between three populations of P. australis in the Biobío Region using inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. The evaluated areas correspond to three locations in the province of Concepción, Biobío Region: Desembocadura (36°48’ S, 73°10’ W), Santa Juana (36°58’ S, 72°58’ W), and Lipinhue (37°00’ S, 72°58’ W). Six ISSR primers were used obtaining 51 fragments, from which 72.5% were polymorphic. From the three evaluated sites Santa Juana showed a higher percentage of polymorphic loci (76.47%). From this variability, 83% belong to within population variability and only 17% belong to variability between populations. The dendrogram generated using the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) method, grouped Lipinhue and Santa Juana sites together, which agrees with the geographic locations. This investigation proved that P. australis has high genetic variability despite the exploitation for economic purposes.

La neumonía adquirida en la comunidad es uno de los principales problemas de salud en niños. El Streptococcus pneumoniae es el microorganismo bacteriano más importante en todas las edades. Las bacterias gram negativas son una causa poco frecuente de esta entidad y cuando se presentan, generalmente están relacionadas con factores de riesgo como la inmunosupresión, hospitalizaciones y antibioticoterapia prolongada, procedimientos quirúrgicos repetidos y uso prolongado de ventilación mecánica invasiva y otros dispositivos como catéteres centrales y sondas. Dentro de este grupo de bacterias, la Pseudomonas aeruginosa es la tercera en frecuencia como causa de neumonía y sepsis adquiridas en la comunidad. Su infección está descrita ampliamente a nivel nosocomial. Es muy poco usual que se adquiera en la comunidad y más raro aún en pacientes que no tienen factores de riesgo para infección por este germen. Se presenta el caso de una paciente con neumonía necrotizante y empiema por neumococo y pseudomonas adquiridos en la comunidad de forma simultánea, en la cual no se lograron evidenciar factores predisponentes

Community acquired Pneumonia is one of the main health problems in children. S. pneumoniae is the most important bacterial microorganism at any age. Gram negative bacteria are a rare cause of this entity and when present, they usually are related with several risk factors like immunocompromised host, prolonged hospitalization and antimicrobial therapy, repeated surgical interventions, prolonged use of invasive mechanical ventilation and other medical invasive devices. In this group of bacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the third in order of frequency to cause pneumonia and sepsis in the community setting. It's more widely known as a nosocomial agent. It's very unusual to be community acquired and even rarer in patients without risk factors for infection by this pathogen. In this paper we describe the case of a girl with both community acquired Pneumococcal and Pseudomonas necrotizing pneumonia and empyema at the same time, without any evidence of a predisposing factor.

From in vitro cultured adult material of Corylus avellana L. cv. Negretta, adventitious rooting of microshoots was evaluated. Rhizogenic induction mediated by two strains of wild-type Agrobacterium rhizogenes (A477 and A478) and indolbutyric acid (IBA) were compared under two light conditions (16:8 h photoperiod and complete darkness). The results indicate that in the 16:8 h photoperiod induction, the rooting rate with IBA (90%) was significantly higher than that obtained with the strain A477 of A. rhizogenes (67.7%), while with the strain A478 no statistically significant difference was obtained for the same variable (75%). On the other hand, under complete darkness, rooting mediated by IBA (90%) significantly surpassed the results obtained with both strains of A. rhizogenes (40 and 20%, for A478 and A477, respectively). In terms of the morphological variables of the resulting root system, induction mediated by IBA, with a 16:8 h photoperiod, generates a significantly higher number of roots (19 roots per microshoot) than that obtained with A. rhizogenes (mean 3.7 roots per microshoot), producing significant differences when comparing the results with the strain A478 (5 roots per microshoot) to those of the strain A477 (2.4 roots per microshoot). Induction under complete darkness does not have any effect on root number, independent of the rhizogenic inductor employed. Root length did not present significant differences among treatments, except in the presence of A. rhizogenes A477 and darkness.

A partir de material adulto de Corylus avellana L. cv. Negretta cultivado in vitro, se evaluó el enraizamiento adventicio de microtallos, comparándose la inducción rizogénica mediada por dos cepas silvestres de Agrobacterium rhizogenes (A477 y A478) y ácido indolbutírico (IBA), bajo dos condiciones de luminosidad (fotoperíodo de 16:8 h y oscuridad completa). Los resultados muestran que en la inducción bajo fotoperíodo de 16:8 h, la tasa de enraizamiento con IBA (90%) fue significativamente mayor a la obtenida con la strain A477 de A. rhizogenes (67,7%), mientras que con la cepa A478 no hubo significancia para la misma variable (75%). Por otra parte, bajo oscuridad completa el enraizamiento mediado por IBA (90%) superó significativamente los resultados obtenidos con ambas cepas de A. rhizogenes (40 y 20%, para A478 y A477, respectivamente). En cuanto a las variables morfológicas del sistema radicular resultante, la inducción por IBA bajo fotoperíodo de 16:8 h, generó un número de raíces significativamente mayor (19 raíces por microtallo) que las obtenidas con A. rhizogenes (3,7 raíces promedio por microtallo), produciéndose diferencias significativas al comparar los resultados de a cepa A478 (5 raíces por microtallo) con aquellos de la cepa A477 (2,4 raíces por microtallo). La inducción bajo oscuridad completa no produjo efectos en el número de raíces, independiente del inductor rizogénico utilizado. Por otro lado, la longitud de raíces no presentó diferencias significativas entre tratamientos, excepto en presencia de A. rhizogenes A477 y oscuridad.

This article examines Roberto Bolaño´s Estrella distante (1996), in order to study the way in wich a fictional text produces individual and collective memory. My idea is to use Hugo Vezzetti´s suggestion of the three variants of memory as an axis to analize how Bolaño constructs a narrative that aims at the critical revision of the Chilean past. Particularly the recent past: the period of the military dictatorship. Estrella distante, according to my proposal, acts like a possible site of discursive overcoming of a collective trauma.

Este trabajo examina la forma en que se manifiesta la memoria -individual y colectiva- en un relato ficcional: Estrella distante (1996), de Roberto Bolaño. Las tres variantes de la memoria que plantea Hugo Vezzetti funcionarán como eje para abordar la(s) manera(s) que utiliza Bolaño en la construcción de un discurso narrativo que apunta a la revisión crítica del pasado chileno; en particular, el pasado reciente: la dictadura militar. Estrella distante, según mi propuesta, actúa como un posible espacio de superación -por supuesto, a nivel discursivo- de un trauma colectivo.

A new species of Adraneothrips Hood, 1925, soil Thysanoptera, is described from Costa Rica. A key for the recognition of the species of Central America is provided.

En este trabajo se describe una nueva especie de thrips de suelo para Adraneothrips Hood, 1925 de Costa Rica. Se provee una clave de identificación para las especies de América Central.