Abstract Background The internet is widespread in modern society and has raised concerns about excessive usage and its consequences for different aging groups. Objective This study explores the relationships between internet addiction, sleep patterns, and psychological distress in adolescents and young adults. Materials and methods In order to assess this phenomenon, an exploratory cross-sectional study was conducted in southern Brazil from October to December 2023. A questionnaire, administered via Google Forms, collected data from 618 participants aged 15–36. The participants consisted of a non-probabilistic community sample selected based on convenience criteria. Instruments included a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Internet Addiction Test, Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale, and Social Media Engagement Questionnaire. Results It was categorized 48.1% as having moderate internet addiction, and classified 0.8% as having severe internet addiction. Correlation analysis revealed positive associations between internet addiction and depression, anxiety, and stress. Logistic regression identified internet addiction and overall psychological distress as predictors of sleep difficulties, along with unemployment status. The findings highlight the detrimental impact of excessive internet use on sleep quality and mental health. The bidirectional relationship between internet addiction and psychological distress underscores the complex interplay between these variables. Conclusions This study underscores the urgent need for interventions targeting internet addiction and its associated consequences in adolescents and young adults. Addressing internet addiction levels and promoting healthy internet usage habits are crucial steps in mitigating the adverse effects on mental health and sleep quality. There is a need for targeted interventions, protocols, and preventive measures to mitigate the adverse effects of excessive internet use on mental health and sleep quality. Public health strategies should include IA and its consequences in health programs with multidisciplinary approaches and protocols for treatments for behavioral addictions. The study emphasizes the multifaceted nature of internet addiction and its implications for mental health and sleep patterns. groups patterns adults phenomenon crosssectional cross sectional 2023 questionnaire Forms 61 1536 15 36 15–36 nonprobabilistic non probabilistic criteria Test Depression Anxiety Scale Questionnaire 481 48 1 48.1 08 0 8 0.8 depression anxiety stress difficulties status variables addictions 202 6 153 3 15–3 4 48. 0. 20 15– 2

Resumo Antecedentes A levodopa é a medicação mais utilizada e eficaz para os sintomas motores da doença de Parkinson (DP); seu uso a longo prazo está associado ao aparecimento de discinesia induzida por levodopa (LID). Acredita-se que o ácido úrico desempenhe um importante papel neuroprotetor na DP. Objetivo Investigar se os níveis séricos de AU estão relacionados com a presença de LID em pacientes com DP. Além disso, investigamos as associações entre os níveis de AU e as características clínicas da DP. Métodos Foram incluídos 81 pacientes com DP (discinesia = 48; sem discinesia = 33) no presente estudo. Uma amostra de sangue foi coletada para avaliar os níveis séricos de AU, a avaliação clínica incluiu os seguintes instrumentos: Avaliação Cognitiva de Montreal (MoCA), Inventário de Depressão de Beck (BDI-II), MDS-Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS), Hoehn and Yahr (HY) e o subitem 4.1 da MDS-UPDRS IV (escore ≥ 1). Informações clínicas relevantes adicionais foram obtidas por meio de um questionário clínico. Resultados Os níveis séricos de AU foram menores no grupo com discinesia quando comparados ao grupo sem discinesia. O mesmo resultado foi encontrado nos níveis de AU de homens e mulheres. A análise multivariada mostrou que níveis mais baixos de ácido úrico foram significativamente associados a ter discinesia (odds ratio [OR] = 0,424; intervalo de confiança (IC) de 95%: 0,221-0,746; p= 0,005). Análises adicionais verificaram que os níveis séricos de AU estão inversamente correlacionados com sintomas depressivos, duração da doença, MDS-UPDRS IV e tempo gasto com discinesia. Uma correlação positiva foi encontrada com a idade de início dos sintomas da DP. Conclusões O presente estudo fornece um possível papel dos níveis séricos de AU na LID presente em pacientes com DP. (DP) LID. . (LID) Acreditase Acredita disso 8 48 33 instrumentos MoCA, MoCA , (MoCA) BDIII, BDIII BDI II (BDI-II) MDSUnified MDS Unified Parkinsons s MDSUPDRS, MDSUPDRS UPDRS (MDS-UPDRS) HY (HY 41 4 1 4. escore 1. 1) clínico mulheres odds OR [OR 0,424 0424 0 424 IC (IC 95% 95 0,2210,746 02210746 0,221 0,746 221 746 0,221-0,746 p 0,005. 0005 0,005 005 0,005) depressivos (DP (LID 3 (MoCA (BDI-II (MDS-UPDRS 0,42 042 42 9 2210 0,2210,74 0221074 0221 0,22 0746 0,74 22 74 0,221-0,74 000 0,00 00 0,4 04 0,2210,7 022107 022 0,2 074 0,7 2 7 0,221-0,7 0,0 0, 0,2210, 02210 02 07 0,221-0, 0,2210 0,221-0 0,221-

Abstract Background Levodopa is the most used and effective medication for motor symptoms of Parkinson disease (PD), its long-term use is associated with the appearance of levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID). Uric acid (UA) is believed to play an important neuroprotective role in PD. Objective To investigate if serum UA levels are related with the presence of LIDs in PD patients. Also, we investigated the associations among UA levels and clinical features of PD. Methods We enrolled 81 PD patients (dyskinesia = 48; no dyskinesia = 33) in the present study. A blood sample was collected to evaluate serum UA levels, clinical evaluation included the following instruments: Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II), MDS-Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS), Hoehn and Yahr (HY), and the sub-item 4.1 of MDS-UPDRS IV (score ≥ 1). Additional relevant clinical information was obtained by a clinical questionnaire. Results Serum UA levels were lower in the dyskinesia group when compared with the no dyskinesia group. The same result was found in the UA levels of both men and women. The multivariate analysis showed lower uric acid levels were significantly associated with having dyskinesia (odds ratio [OR] = 0.424; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.221-0.746; p= 0.005). Additional analysis verified that serum UA levels are inversely correlated with depressive symptoms, disease duration, MDS-UPDRS IV and time spent with dyskinesia. A positive correlation was found with age at onset of PD symptoms. Conclusions The present study provides a possible role of serum UA levels in LID present in PD patients. PD, , (PD) longterm long term levodopainduced levodopa induced LID. . (LID) (UA Also 8 48 33 instruments MoCA, MoCA (MoCA) BDIII, BDIII BDI (BDI-II) MDSUnified MDS Unified Parkinsons s MDSUPDRS, MDSUPDRS UPDRS (MDS-UPDRS) HY, HY (HY) subitem sub item 41 4 1 4. score 1. 1) questionnaire women odds OR [OR 0.424 0424 0 424 95 CI [CI] 0.2210.746 02210746 0.221 0.746 221 746 0.221-0.746 p 0.005. 0005 0.005 005 0.005) duration (PD (LID 3 (MoCA (BDI-II (MDS-UPDRS (HY 0.42 042 42 9 [CI 2210 0.2210.74 0221074 0221 0.22 0746 0.74 22 74 0.221-0.74 000 0.00 00 0.4 04 0.2210.7 022107 022 0.2 074 0.7 2 7 0.221-0.7 0.0 0. 0.2210. 02210 02 07 0.221-0. 0.2210 0.221-0 0.221-

Resumo A crescente disponibilidade de Internet, embora traga consigo inúmeros efeitos positivos para a maior parte da população, tem desencadeado efeitos aditivos para uma parcela dela. Devido ao uso excessivo da internet, essa fração da população experiencia isolamento social e sintomas de ansiedade, fissura e agitação psicomotora quando privados de Internet. Este estudo investiga associações entre a Dependência de Internet e variáveis demográficas e cognitivas como impulsividade, agressividade e sintomas depressivos e de ansiedade. Participaram do estudo 1485 jovens adultos universitários (67,9% mulheres), avaliados por meio de escalas psicológicas. Verificou-se que 19,1% apresentaram Dependência de Internet moderada ou grave, sendo que sujeitos do sexo masculino apresentaram prevalência 45,0% superior. A população de risco é composta ainda por indivíduos que utilizaram a internet para jogos e os residentes da região Nordeste do Brasil. Além disso, participantes com maior impulsividade motora e atencional e mais sintomas depressivos têm um aumento na prevalência de Dependência de Internet, e requerem maior atenção em estratégias preventivas. dela ansiedade 148 67,9% 679 67 9 (67,9 mulheres, mulheres , mulheres) psicológicas Verificouse Verificou se 191 19 1 19,1 grave 450 45 0 45,0 superior Brasil disso preventivas 14 67,9 6 (67, 19, 4 45, 67, (67 (6 (

Abstract The increasing availability of the Internet, although with many positive effects for most, has triggered addictive effects for part of the population. They experience social isolation due to Internet overuse and, when deprived of it, they feel anxiety, fissure, and psychomotor agitation. This study investigated associations among Internet addiction, demographic and cognitive variables, such as impulsivity, aggression, and depressive and/or anxiety symptoms. In this study, 1,485 young adults (67.9% women) were assessed using four psychological instruments. It was found that 19.1% of the participants presented a moderate or severe internet addiction, with men having a higher prevalence (45.0%). The risk population also included individuals who use the Internet for gaming and residents of the Northeastern region of Brazil. Moreover, a higher index of motor or attentional impulsivity, or more depressive symptoms, seems to increase the prevalence of Internet Addiction, requiring greater attention in preventive strategies. most it fissure agitation addiction variables impulsivity aggression andor symptoms 1485 1 485 1,48 67.9% 679 67 9 (67.9 women instruments 191 19 19.1 45.0%. 450 45.0% . 45 0 (45.0%) Brazil Moreover Addiction strategies 148 48 1,4 67.9 6 (67. 19. 45.0 4 (45.0% 14 1, 67. (67 45. (45.0 (6 (45. ( (45 (4

Resumo O objetivo foi investigar os fatores de risco e proteção para tentativa de suicídio na adultez emergente. Participaram 189 indivíduos de 18 a 30 anos: 63 que já haviam tentado suicídio, 63 que tinham histórico de ideação suicida e 63 que nunca tiveram ideação suicida. Os dados foram coletados online com instrumentos relacionados à tentativa de suicídio e ideação suicida, ansiedade social, autoestima, autoeficácia, expressão social, relações de amizade e estressores desenvolvimentais. O grupo que não possui ideação apresentou médias superiores em autoeficácia (M = 35,35; DP = 6,44), autoestima (M = 41,33; DP = 7,02) e relacionamento familiar (M = 59,63; DP = 10,01). O grupo que apresentou ideação suicida teve médias superiores em ansiedade social (M = 26,03; DP = 10,25). Fatores protetivos são essenciais para a prevenção ao risco de suicídio e auxiliam na resolução de problemas na adultez emergente.

Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the risk and protective factors for suicide attempt in emerging adulthood. 189 individuals (18 to 30 years old) participated in the study: 63 had already attempted suicide, 63 had a history of suicidal ideation, and 63 have never had suicidal ideation. They all completed an online research protocol about suicidal attempt and ideation, anxiety, self-esteem, self-efficacy, developmental stressors; social expression, and friendship. Those participants with no history of suicidal attempt showed higher scores of self-efficacy (M = 35.35, SD = 6.44), self-esteem (M = 41.33, SD = 7.02), and family relationships (M = 59.63, SD = 10.01). The suicidal ideation group showed higher scores of social anxiety (M = 26.03, SD = 10.25). Protective factors were essential to prevent the risk of suicide and help in solving problems in emerging adulthood.

RESUMO A esclerose múltipla (EM) é uma doença desmielinizante, progressiva e neurodegenerativa. Um distúrbio no eixo hipotálamo-hipófise-adrenal pode ser observado em pacientes com EM, mostrando níveis alterados de cortisol. Nosso objetivo foi identificar os níveis basais de cortisol e verificar a relação com os sintomas clínicos em pacientes com EM. Uma busca sistemática foi realizada nas bases de dados: Pubmed, Web of Science e SCOPUS. Ambos os níveis de cortisol elevado e baixo foram associados com a EM. Níveis mais elevados de cortisol foram associados à depressão e ansiedade, enquanto níveis mais baixos foram associados à depressão, fadiga e disfunção urinária. Níveis altos de cortisol podem estar associados à progressão e gravidade da EM.

ABSTRACT Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating, progressive and neurodegenerative disease. A disturbance on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis can be observed in patients with MS, showing altered cortisol levels. We aimed to identify basal cortisol levels and verify the relationship with clinical symptoms in patients with MS. A systematic search was conducted in the databases: Pubmed, Web of Science and SCOPUS. Both higher and lower cortisol levels were associated with MS. Higher cortisol levels were associated with depression and anxiety, while lower levels were associated with depression, fatigue and urinary dysfunction. Higher cortisol levels may be associated with the progression and severity of MS.

Resumo O objetivo foi investigar os fatores de risco e proteção para tentativa de suicídio na adultez emergente. Participaram 189 indivíduos de 18 a 30 anos: 63 que já haviam tentado suicídio, 63 que tinham histórico de ideação suicida e 63 que nunca tiveram ideação suicida. Os dados foram coletados online com instrumentos relacionados à tentativa de suicídio e ideação suicida, ansiedade social, autoestima, autoeficácia, expressão social, relações de amizade e estressores desenvolvimentais. O grupo que não possui ideação apresentou médias superiores em autoeficácia (M = 35,35; DP = 6,44), autoestima (M = 41,33; DP = 7,02) e relacionamento familiar (M = 59,63; DP = 10,01). O grupo que apresentou ideação suicida teve médias superiores em ansiedade social (M = 26,03; DP = 10,25). Fatores protetivos são essenciais para a prevenção ao risco de suicídio e auxiliam na resolução de problemas na adultez emergente.

Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the risk and protective factors for suicide attempt in emerging adulthood. 189 individuals (18 to 30 years old) participated in the study: 63 had already attempted suicide, 63 had a history of suicidal ideation, and 63 have never had suicidal ideation. They all completed an online research protocol about suicidal attempt and ideation, anxiety, self-esteem, self-efficacy, developmental stressors; social expression, and friendship. Those participants with no history of suicidal attempt showed higher scores of self-efficacy (M = 35.35, SD = 6.44), self-esteem (M = 41.33, SD = 7.02), and family relationships (M = 59.63, SD = 10.01). The suicidal ideation group showed higher scores of social anxiety (M = 26.03, SD = 10.25). Protective factors were essential to prevent the risk of suicide and help in solving problems in emerging adulthood.

Resumo Introdução: O objetivo da avaliação neuropsicológica é compreender a relação multifacetada entre comportamento, cognição e organização cerebral. O principal objetivo deste estudo foi conduzir uma revisão sistemática da literatura sobre impulsividade e controle inibitório em pré-adolescentes e adolescentes saudáveis. Métodos: Três pesquisadores conduziram uma revisão sistemática em 25 de novembro de 2014. O primeiro passo foi fazer pesquisas nas bases de dados Web of Knowledge e PubMed buscando artigos em inglês usando as seguintes palavras-chave: child; adolescents; impulsivity; inhibition; inhibitory control; e neuropsychology. O segundo passo foi analisar todas as referências citadas nos artigos selecionados a fim de identificar mais literatura. Resultados: Apenas 13 artigos preencheram todos os critérios de inclusão. Não houve consistência nos objetivos desses estudos, ou nos instrumentos ou procedimentos empregados. Conclusões: Não houve uniformidade entre os artigos que preencheram todos os critérios em termos de qualquer um dos itens analisados. Houve uma heterogeneidade considerável nesses estudos sobre impulsividade e controle inibitório, e poucos deles avaliaram amostras saudáveis.

Abstract Introduction: The aim of neuropsychological assessment is to understand the multifaceted relationship between behavior, cognition and brain organization. The main objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review of the literature on impulsivity and inhibitory control in healthy adolescents and preadolescents. Method: Three researchers conducted a systematic review on November 25, 2014. The first step was to conduct searches on the Web of Knowledge and PubMed databases for articles in English using the following keywords: child; adolescents; impulsivity; inhibition; inhibitory control; and neuropsychology. The second step was to analyze all the references cited in the articles selected from the search results in order to identify further literature. Results: Just 13 articles met all the inclusion criteria. There was no consistency in the aims of these studies, or in the instruments or procedures employed. Conclusion: There was no uniformity among the articles that met all the criteria in terms of any of the items analyzed. There was considerable heterogeneity in these studies of impulsivity and inhibitory control, and few of them evaluated healthy samples.

Resumo As funções executivas são habilidades que permitem um indivíduo direcionar seu funcionamento cognitivo, comportamental e emocional a metas. Para avaliá-las existem poucos instrumentos ecologicamente válidos. Para superar essa limitação, foi desenvolvida a Behavioural Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome (BADS). O objetivo deste estudo foi adaptar e investigar evidências de validade de conteúdo da BADS para o contexto brasileiro. Foram realizadas três traduções do instrumento, sintetizadas em uma única versão e encaminhada a três juízes. Posteriormente, a BADS foi submetida a um grupo focal (5 adultos saudáveis) e estudo-piloto (amostra clínica com 40 pacientes neurológicos, portadores de Parkinson). O cálculo do coeficiente de validade de conteúdo total foi considerado aceitável (> 0,80); e a média do coeficiente kappa para os subtestes foi de 0,55, e para o questionário foi de 0,75, moderado e sólido, respectivamente. Os dados sugerem que a BADS está apta a ser utilizada em novos estudos para a investigação de outras propriedades psicométricas, como validade de construto, fidedignidade e normatização.

Abstract Executive functions are skills that allow an individual to direct their cognitive, behavioral and emotional functioning to goal achievement. In order to evaluate them, there are few ecologically valid instruments. Behavioral Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome (BADS) was developed to overcome this limitation. The objective of this study was to adapt and investigate BADS content validity for the Brazilian context. Three translations of the instrument from English into Portuguese were done, and were later synthesized into a single version to be sent to three judges. Subsequently, BADS was applied to a focus group (5 healthy adults) and a pilot study (40 clinical neurological patients, with Parkinson's Disease). The calculation of the total content validity coefficient was considered acceptable (> 0.80); and the average coefficient kappa subtests was 0.55 and the survey was 0.75, moderate and solid, respectively. The data suggest that BADS can be used in further studies to investigate other psychometric properties as construct validity, reliability and standardization.

Resumen Las funciones ejecutivas son habilidades que permiten a los individuos direccionar su funcionamiento cognitivo, conductual y emocional, hacia sus metas. Para evaluarlas existen pocos instrumentos ecológicamente válidos. Para superar esta limitación, fue desarrollada la Behavioural Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome (BADS). El objetivo de este estudio fue adaptar e investigar evidencias de validez del contenido de la BADS para el contexto brasileño. Se realizaron tres traducciones del instrumento, sintetizadas en una sola versión y encaminada a tres jueces. Posteriormente, la BADS fue sometida a un grupo de enfoque (5 adultos sanos) y a un estudio piloto (muestra clínica de 40 pacientes neurológicos, con Parkinson). El cálculo del coeficiente de validez de contenido total fue considerado aceptable (> 0.80); y la media del coeficiente kappa para los sub-tests fue de 0.55 y para el cuestionario fue de 0.75, moderado y fuerte, respectivamente. Los datos sugieren que la BADS puede ser utilizada en nuevos estudios para la investigación de otras propiedades psicométricas, como validez del constructo, confiabilidad y baremación.

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate executive functioning (EF) and impulsiveness in three groups of people aged 30 to 79 years: post-frontal stroke (n= 13) and post-extra-frontal chronic stroke of the right hemisphere (n= 31) and control (n= 38). The years of education varied between the groups was as follows, frontal lesion group:M= 12 (SD= 6.11); extra-frontal lesion group: M = 9.06 (SD = 4.94); and control: M= 9.61 (SD= 4.24) years. The following instruments were used: Behavioural Assessment Dysexecutive Syndrome, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WSCT), Barratt Impulsivity Scale, Impulsivity Evaluation Scale, Delay Descounting Task and Go/No-Go Task. We found differences in EF between the extra-frontal lesion group and the control group with respect to cognitive flexibility (p= .018); number of WCST trials (p= .018); WCST perseverative errors (p= .014) and omission by impulsivity errors on the go/no-go task for 250 ms (p= .008) and 1750 ms trials (p= .006). The frontal lesion group made more errors of omission than the control group in the 1750 ms go/no-go trials (p= .006). These results suggest that extra-frontal lesions impair EF by influencing attentional impulsivity.

Objetivo: Investigar os efeitos da exposição ao etanol em ratos adolescentes durante a idade adulta sobre os comportamentos agressivos e semelhantes à ansiedade, bem como sobre as medidas de níveis de marcadores inflamatórios.Métodos:Os grupos de ratos Wistar machos (peso médio de 81,4 g; n = 36) foram alojados em grupos de quatro até o dia pós-natal (DPN) 60. Entre os DPNs 30 e 46, os ratos receberam um dos três tratamentos: 3 g/kg de etanol (15% w/v, oralmente, n = 16), 1.5 g/kg de etanol (12,5% w/v, oralmente, n = 12), ou água (n = 12) a cada 48 horas. Os comportamentos agressivos (teste residente-intruso) e semelhantes à ansiedade (labirinto em cruz elevado) foram avaliados durante a idade adulta dos animais.Resultados:Os animais que receberam doses menores de álcool mostraram níveis reduzidos de fator neurotrófico derivado do cérebro (BDNF) no hipocampo quando comparados ao grupo controle. Nenhuma diferença significativa foi verificada no córtex pré-frontal.Conclusões:A exposição intermitente ao álcool durante a adolescência é associada com menores níveis de BDNF no hipocampo, provavelmente divido a administração episódica de álcool, mas o uso não alterou o nível de agressão contra o macho intruso ou os comportamentos semelhantes à ansiedade durante a fase adulta.

Objective:To investigate the effects of ethanol exposure in adolescent rats during adulthood by assesssing aggression and anxiety-like behaviors and measuring the levels of inflammatory markers.Methods:Groups of male Wistar rats (mean weight 81.4 g, n = 36) were housed in groups of four until postnatal day (PND) 60. From PNDs 30 to 46, rats received one of three treatments: 3 g/kg of ethanol (15% w/v, orally, n = 16), 1.5 g/kg of ethanol (12.5% w/v, PO, n = 12), or water (n = 12) every 48 hours. Animals were assessed for aggressive behavior (resident x intruder test) and anxiety-like behaviors (elevated plus maze) during adulthood.Results:Animals that received low doses of alcohol showed reduced levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the hippocampus as compared to the control group. No significant difference was found in prefrontal cortex.Conclusions:Intermittent exposure to alcohol during adolescence is associated with lower levels of BDNF in the hippocampus, probably due the episodic administration of alcohol, but alcohol use did not alter the level agression toward a male intruder or anxiety-like behaviors during the adult phase.

Different emotional reactions can be induced by the presentation of visual stimuli with affective content. Emotional stimuli are processed and linked with cognitive functions, such as attention, memory, and anxiety, and have implications in the mental health field. Previous studies have reported that positive and negative emotions tend to change cognitive processes in individuals, ultimately resulting in better and worse performance, respectively. Many studies have emphasized the crucial role of affect in directing attention to relevant stimuli, enhancing learning and memory, facilitating decision making, selecting goals, and conflict resolution. The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of pleasant visual stimuli on memory, focused attention, and anxiety and further understand the effects of emotional induction. The study investigated the effects of presenting a pleasant visual stimulus in a 1.5 min video to a sample of 145 college students on focused attention, working memory (Personnel Selection Testing, memory subtest), and anxiety (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory). Nonsignificant differences were observed in focused attention, working memory, and anxiety state. Statistically significant differences were found in trait anxiety and the comparison between men and women with regard to memory and anxiety. The positive stimulus was not sufficient to alter cognition or emotion in our research participants. Emotion was found to not be the only factor that influences memory, and other factors appear to be important, such as prior knowledge and cognitive, social, and physiological factors, including personal history, the environment, and culture.

As tarefas de fluência verbal são amplamente empregadas na clínica neuropsicológica para avaliar os componentes de funções executivas e processamento léxico-semântico (linguagem e memória semântica). O desempenho nessas tarefas pode ser influenciado por diferentes variáveis, como idade, escolaridade e diferentes patologias. Este estudo investigou se a idade, escolaridade, frequência dos hábitos de leitura e escrita, o desempenho em tarefas de julgamento semântico e sintomas de depressão predizem os desempenhos em tarefas de fluência verbal de critério livre, fonêmico-ortográfico e semântico. Participaram desse estudo 260 adultos saudáveis entre 19 e 75 anos. Foi utilizada a correlação de Pearson e da análise de regressão múltipla. As variáveis analisadas foram associadas em diferentes modelos combinatórios e apresentaram distintos níveis de explicação de acordo com o tipo de fluência verbal. A escolaridade foi a variáveis que melhor contribuiu para a explicação do desempenho nas tarefas de fluência verbal, seguida pela idade, principalmente na tarefa fonêmico-ortográfica. O desempenho nas tarefas de julgamento semântico predisse a performance da fluência verbal isoladamente ou em combinação com as demais variáveis. Esses resultados corroboram a importância da escolaridade na cognição, sustentando a hipótese da reserva cognitiva e confirmam a implicação do processamento léxico-semântico na fluência verbal.

Verbal fluency tasks are widely used in (clinical) neuropsychology to evaluate components of executive functioning and lexical-semantic processing (linguistic and semantic memory). Performance in those tasks may be affected by several variables, such as age, education and diseases. This study investigated whether aging, education, reading and writing frequency, performance in semantic judgment tasks and depression symptoms predict the performance in unconstrained, phonemic and semantic fluency tasks. This study sample comprised 260 healthy adults aged 19 to 75 years old. The Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression models were used for data analysis. The variables under analysis were associated in different ways and had different levels of contribution according to the type of verbal fluency task. Education had the greatest effect on verbal fluency tasks. There was a greater effect of age on semantic fluency than on phonemic tasks. The semantic judgment tasks predicted the verbal fluency performance alone or in combination with other variables. These findings corroborate the importance of education in cognition supporting the hypothesis of a cognitive reserve and confirming the contribution of lexical-semantic processing to verbal fluency.

Females are often less aggressive than males, but they exhibit high levels of agonistic behavior against an intruder in the area of the nest during lactation. This behavior is referred to as maternal aggression. In rats, maternal aggressive behavior occurs more often from postpartum day 3 (PPD 3) to PPD 12. Social instigation is an experimental protocol used to increase the levels of aggression that are typical of the species. In the present study we used social instigation to analyze the expression of a marker of neuronal activity, c-fos. Lactating rats on PPD 5, in the presence of their pups, were divided into four groups: (1) no social instigation and no aggressive behavior, (2) social instigation and no aggressive behavior, (3) no social instigation and aggressive behavior, and (4) social instigation and aggressive behavior. Sixty minutes after the aggression test we used immunohistochemistry to detect Fos in two brain regions, the ventral-orbital region of the prefrontal cortex (VO PFC) and dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN). Our results showed that rats with aggressive behavior that were provoked exhibited an increase in Fos expression in the VO PFC compared with the control group (i.e., no social instigation and no aggressive behavior). No change in Fos expression was found in the DRN. These results complement previous findings with microinjection of serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine-1B receptor agonists into the same region, demonstrating that the VO PFC is an important region in the modulation of maternal aggressive behavior.

Este estudo teve por objetivo comparar homens dependentes de substâncias psicoativas, com não dependentes, quanto às funções executivas e à expressão emocional e comportamental relacionando com a presença de ideação suicida. A amostra foi composta por 25 dependentes de substâncias psicoativas e 25 não dependentes. Empregou-se na coleta de dados um questionário sociodemográfico e de aspectos de saúde, a Entrevista Diagnóstica (MINI-Plus), o Inventário de Expressão de Raiva como Estado e Traço, a Escala de Impulsividade de Barratt (BIS-11), o Teste Wisconsin de Classificação de Cartas e a Escala de Ideação Suicida de Beck. Conclui-se que os dependentes de substâncias psicoativas do estudo não apresentaram alterações cognitivas significativas, o que não vai ao encontro da literatura, porém apresentaram alterações quanto à impulsividade e à expressão de raiva.

This study aimed to compare men with substance use disorders and those who are no addicted/non-dependent on drugs in terms of their executive functions, emotional and behavioral expressions giving particular emphasis on the presence of suicidal ideation. The sample consisted of 25 individuals with substance use disorders and 25 non-dependent individuals. The data collection consisted of a questionnaire including sociodemographic and health data, the Diagnostic Interview (MINI-Plus), the Anger Expression Inventory - State and Trait (STAXI), the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (I-BIS11), the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) and the Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation (BSI). The data revealed that the substance dependent individuals showed no significant cognitive impairment, fact that does not math with the literature. However, they presented alterations with respect to impulsivity and expression of anger.

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi verificar a frequência de comorbidades psiquiátricas, utilizando Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview, em diferentes grupos de dependentes químicos em abstinência, em ambiente protegido, classificados de acordo com o tipo de droga utilizada: (1) grupo controle (n = 37); (2) dependentes em abstinência de álcool (n = 8); (3) dependentes em abstinência de álcool, maconha e crack/cocaína (n = 24); e (4) dependentes em abstinência de múltiplas substâncias psicoativas (n=25), ou seja, indivíduos que faziam uso de vários tipos de drogas sem apresentar uma droga de escolha. Participaram 94 homens, com idade média de 30,41 anos (DP = 9,88). O período de abstinência variou entre 30 e 240 dias. A maioria dos participantes tinha baixa escolaridade e era solteira. Os resultados apontaram maior ocorrência de psicopatologias e risco de suicídio nos grupos formados por pacientes com histórico de consumo múltiplo de substâncias, sugerindo a importância da avaliação de outros transtornos associados à dependência química.

The objective of this research was to determine the frequency of psychiatric comorbidity, using Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview, in different groups of former drug addicts, classified according to the type of drug used: (1) control group (n = 37), (2) ex-users of alcohol only (n = 8), (3) former users of alcohol, marijuana and crack /cocaine (n = 24), and (4) ex-poly drug users (n = 25), in other words, individuals who use various types of drugs without a clear drug of choice. Participants comprised 94 men, mean age 30.41 years (SD = 9.88). The withdrawal period varied between 30 and 240 days. Most participants had little schooling and were single. The results showed a higher incidence of psychopathology and suicide risk in the groups formed by patients with a history of multiple substance use, suggesting the importance of evaluation of other disorders associated with addiction.