Abstract Background: Parthenium hysterophorus L., commonly known as parthenium weed, poses severe economic and environmental hazards to the agro-ecosystems of Pakistan. Objective: To estimate the yield loss and critical competition period of this weed in the spring sown maize crop. Method: Field studies were conducted at an agronomic research area in the College of Agriculture at the University of Sargodha in Punjab-Pakistan during two consecutive year spring seasons (2014 and 2015). Treatments were comprised of viz., control plots (weed free), and parthenium competition durations of 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 weeks after crop emergence (WAE), as well as weedy check for the full growing season of the crop. Results: Study results showed that the prolongation in parthenium competition duration from 2 WAE to the full crop season resulted in an increase in dry weight up to 541% and 450% in the years 2014 and 2015, respectively. Plant height, stem diameter, biological yield, 1000 grain weight and grain yield decreased significantly at 2 or more WAE parthenium competition periods. The maximum reduction in plant height (8.8 and 11.3%), stem diameter (30.6 and 12.7%), cob number m-2 (35.8 and 33.9%), grain rows cob-1 (26.6 and 29.4%), 1000 grain weight (15 and 9.8%), grain (34.1 and 39.1%) and biological yield (31.4 and 27.9%) were recorded with the longest parthenium competition duration (6 WAE) during the years 2014 and 2015, respectively. Conclusion: Based upon the results above, it is concluded that the critical competition period of parthenium in spring maize, as determined by a three-parameter logistic model, is 17 to 28 and 16 to 26 days after crop emergence during the years 2014 and 2015, respectively. Therefore, this weed must be controlled during these periods in order to avoid significant grain yield loss.

RESUMO: A infestação de plantas daninhas está entre os principais fatores que diminuem a produção de algodão. A alelopatia tem sido bem documentada como um fenômeno que oferece controle natural de plantas daninhas nos agroecossistemas. Foi realizado um experimento para descobrir o potencial herbicida de uma mistura de extratos aquosos de sorgo e brássicas (EASB) contra plantas daninhas no algodoeiro. Combinações de EASB, cada um com 16 L ha-1, foram pulverizadas isoladas e em combinação em um tanque misturado com e ¼ de doses de pendimethalin (0,625 e 0,416 kg i.a. ha-1) e S-metolachlor (1,075 e 0,716 kg i.a. ha-1). Doses recomendadas de pendimethalin (1,25 kg i.a. ha-1) e S-metolachlor (2,15 kg i.a. ha-1) também foram pulverizadas para fins de comparação. Como controle, também foi incluído no experimento um tratamento sem capina, onde nenhum herbicida foi pulverizado. Em combinação com os EASBs, as doses mais baixas () de ambos os herbicidas obtiveram, aproximadamente, o mesmo nível de redução de plantas daninhas e melhoramento das culturas, conforme determinado pelas doses recomendadas dos herbicidas. Além disso, uma análise econômica e marginal mostrou que foram obtidos máximos benefícios líquidos com o uso de extratos aquosos alelopáticos isoladamente e em combinação com doses menores dos herbicidas comerciais. Assim, em conclusão, a alelopatia pode ser empregada para o manejo de plantas daninhas e maximização da produtividade na agricultura moderna.

ABSTRACT: Weed infestation is among the main factors which decrease cotton yield. Allelopathy has been well-documented as a phenomenon offering natural weed control in agro-ecosystems. An experiment was conducted to figure out the herbicidal potential of a mixture of sorghum and brassica water extracts (SBWE) against weeds in cotton. Combinations of SBWE each at 16 L ha-1 were sprayed alone and in combination in a tank mixed with and ¼ doses of both pendimethalin (0.625 and 0.416 kg a.i. ha-1) and S-metolachlor (1.075 and 0.716 kg a.i. ha-1). Recommended doses of pendimethalin (1.25 kg a.i. ha-1) and S-metolachlor (2.15 kg a.i. ha-1) were also sprayed for comparison. As control, a weedy check treatment where nothing was sprayed was also included in the experiment. Lower doses () of both herbicides in combination with SBWE gave approximately the same level of weed reduction and crop improvement as given by the recommended doses of herbicides. Furthermore, economic and marginal analysis showed that maximum net benefits were obtained in using allelopathic water extracts alone and in combination with lower rates of commercial herbicides. Thus, in conclusion, allelopathy can be employed for weed management and yield maximization in modern agriculture.