ABSTRACT The combine harvester is a widely used piece of agricultural equipment in modern agriculture, and the seed loss rate is one of the important indexes used to measure its operational performance, so the monitoring of the seed loss rate is crucial for adjusting the operational parameters of combine harvesters and improving the quality of grain harvesting. Aiming at the problems of the slow response speed and low monitoring accuracy of the existing domestic seed loss rate monitoring models, this paper proposed a rice seed loss rate monitoring method based on the whale optimization algorithm-back propagation neural network (WOA-BP). The loss rate monitoring device consisted of a piezoelectric ceramic sensor module, charge amplification circuit, band-pass filter circuit, analog-to-digital (AD) converter, main control unit, etc. The WOA-BP algorithm, which has a high accuracy and fast response speed, was used to classify and count the signals to realise seed loss rate monitoring. The indoor test results showed that the relative errors of the monitoring results are less than 8.5% under the condition of a conveying speed of 1.3-2.1m/s, and the relative errors showed an increasing trend as the proportion of straw increased.

ABSTRACT At present, there are serious problems in sorghum harvesting, such as lodging entanglement and the loss of broken stems due to the lack of an external dividing device for the cutting table and holding device. Based on the physical and mechanical characteristics of sorghum plants, an integrated outer divider was developed. The main structural parameters and working parameters of the outer divider were determined. A comparative test of the working quality of the outer divider was carried out. The results show that the working quality of the cutting table with the outer divider is obviously better than that without the outer divider and that the harvest loss of the cutting table is effectively reduced. The Box–Behnken experimental design method was used to investigate the effects of the forward speed, rotation speed of the grain lifter and dividing angle of the outer divider on the lodging and broken stem loss rates during sorghum harvesting. The regression mathematical model and response surface of the lodging and broken stem loss rates and the analysis factors were established, and the optimal working parameters of the outer divider were determined as follows: the dividing angle of the outer divider was 20°, the forward speed was 0.8 m/s, and the rotating speed of the grain lifter was 330 rpm. Under these parameters, the loss rate of the fall was 1.08%, and the loss rate of broken stems was 1.05%, which met the requirements of sorghum cutting tables

ABSTRACT The anti-clogging device of a no-till seeder is an important component that affects the seeding quality. In one year two crop area of China, a no-tillage seeder for corn generally includes a passive anti-clogging device, and there are often problems with straw winding around working parts due to the low straw cleaning rate. To solve these problems, a support cutting anti-clogging device with vibration for a no-till seeder was designed in this study to efficiently cut wheat stalks and remove them to the sides of the seedbed. Through theoretical calculations and kinematic analysis, the main structural parameters of the device were limited to small ranges of values: the mounting angle of the vibrating knife was in the range θ1 = 70–82°, the amplification was in the range l1 = 14–24 mm, and the frequency was in the range ωm = 240–340 rad/min. To analyse the effects of the main parameters on the average straw cutting rate, soil bin experiments were carried out using an orthogonal multinomial regressive experimental design with three factors and three levels. The optimal structural parameters derived in this way were as follows: mounting angle for the vibrating knife θ1 = 70.7°, amplification l1 = 19 mm, and frequency ωm = 330.2 rad/min. The results of adaptability and comparison tests showed that the average straw cutting rate was 93.30% when the proposed anti-clogging device with vibration was used. Compared to traditional devices, the cutting rate for the device was increased by 12.82%, and the metrics were superior to those of a traditional anti-clogging device. This research can serve as a reference for designing anti-clogging devices for no-till seeders.

ABSTRACT The contribution of photovoltaic energy has steadily increased within the energy matrix worldwide. Within this renewable energy system, optimization is there is continually pursued, which can be achieved through various approaches, including advancements in photovoltaic cell technology, impedance adjustments, inverter efficiency, collected energy storage (either on- or off-grid), cell cooling, module cleaning, and solar position tracking, which was the focus of this study. In remote areas without electrical grid access, motorized systems may not be feasible. A tracking prototype was developed whose structure is classified as chronological due to its fixed rotation, manual as it requires daily adjustment, single-axis azimuthal, and "analog" as it lacks motors, sensors, or algorithms. The results showed that the developed tracking prototype achieved a 9.69% energy production increase during the research period, with peaks of 35.51% on sunny days, and a significant efficiency improvement during the early morning and late afternoon. Statistical analysis results revealed a significant energy production difference between panels. In terms of economy, the prototype proved unviable when compared to the cost of grid electricity.

ABSTRACT The plastic film materials are a widely used agricultural means of production. Recently, two types of new agricultural film mulches are developed and are used popularly. They are ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyolefin (PO) film mulches. The transmittances of film mulches are related to thermal reservation and plant photosynthesis. We experimentally measure transmittances of several EVA and PO film mulches under different wavelengths. We also find that the transmittances of mulches vary with light intensity change at one wavelength. The variable transmittances for these mulches are also measured in experiments. These data measured can provides help for agricultural production and accurate numerical simulation for the establishment microclimate of plastic greenhouse, even the degradation of plastic films.

ABSTRACT The seed deterioration process during storage is inevitable, but it can be slowed down using packaging that reduces the influence of the external environment on stored corn seeds. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the physiological quality of corn seeds stored in different packages and subjected to storage conditions in the central region of Brazil. Thirty-seven corn genotypes were analyzed in three storage environments: multiwall paper, 10 °C temperature, and 40% relative air humidity; multiwall paper under uncontrolled conditions; and hermetic packaging under uncontrolled conditions. The results of germination, water content, electrical conductivity, accelerated aging, soilless cold test, and field emergence test were used. Physiological quality assessments indicated that storage under conditions of 10 °C temperature and 40% relative air humidity is more efficient in preserving corn seeds' physiological quality than packaging in an uncontrolled environment.

ABSTRACT Vegetation indices are a quick and practical alternative for monitoring crops due to the availability of satellite images on various platforms for free, allowing a quick analysis of the vegetative state of the crop and interventions in the field in case of signs of diseases and pests. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the vegetative state of the coffee crop using vegetation indices (NDVI, SAVI, ARVI, EVI, and VDVI) in an agricultural year. The study was carried out on a commercial farm using satellite images from the Planet platform, during an agricultural coffee growing season (2021/2022). The indices selected for the study were the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Soil-Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI), Atmospherically Resistant Vegetation Index (ARVI), Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), and Visible Difference Vegetation Index (VDVI). The index data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, classification/interpretation proposal, and the Kappa index. NDVI and SAVI are efficient in monitoring coffee cultivation in an agricultural year, as the Kappa index was higher than 90%. ARVI and EVI had Kappa index values close to 90% and can be used to monitor the crop. VDVI was inefficient, with a low Kappa index value when compared to the others. The proposed classification for vegetation indices based on NDVI classes and values consisted of an important tool for classifying and interpreting the values of these indices, assisting monitoring and management of coffee cultivation. free pests context NDVI, (NDVI year platform 2021/2022. 20212022 2021/2022 . 2021 2022 (2021/2022) , (NDVI) SoilAdjusted Soil Adjusted (SAVI) (ARVI) (EVI) VDVI. (VDVI) statistics correlation classificationinterpretation interpretation proposal 90 inefficient others 2021202 2021/202 202 (2021/2022 (SAVI (ARVI (EVI (VDVI 9 202120 2021/20 20 (2021/202 20212 2021/2 2 (2021/20 2021/ (2021/2 (2021/ (2021 (202 (20 (2 (

ABSTRACT The MATOPIBA, encompassing parts of the states of Maranhão, Piauí, and Bahia, as well as the entire state of Tocantins, is an expanding agricultural region characterized by water resource management challenges. The availability of water in the hydrographic basins of this region plays a fundamental role in sustaining agricultural activities and preserving local ecosystems. Remote sensing information was used to estimate the flow in 32 hydrographic basins sited in the MATOPIBA region. For this purpose, precipitation and evapotranspiration variables obtained from TerraClimate using the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform, were considered to calculate monthly, annual, and long-term simplified water balances. To verify the performance of the remotely sensed flow data, the results were compared with those of the Agência Nacional de Águas e Saneamento Básico (ANA), using statistical performance parameters. The results showed that the estimates of long-term and annual mean flows were better than monthly ones. These findings reveal that the simplified water balance done long-term using remote sensing satisfactorily determines mean streamflow in the hydrographic basins of the study area. Maranhão Piauí Bahia Tocantins challenges ecosystems 3 purpose GEE (GEE platform longterm long term balances data ANA, ANA , (ANA) parameters ones area (ANA

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the impact of wear on different models of hydraulic ceramic spray nozzles focusing on changes in flow rate and the droplet size distribution in applications by medium-scale farmers in the agricultural region of Mato Grosso do Sul. Additionally, the study assessed the adequacy of nozzle replacement practices in accordance with recommended guidelines. Seven hydraulic ceramic nozzle models —JA3, AD/D 11002, BD 11002, JCI 80025, AXI 11003, CVI 110025, and AVI 11002—were tested. Nominal flow rates for each nozzle model were measured following ISO 10625 standardization criteria. The evaluated parameters included nominal flow rate, volumetric median diameter (VMD), relative span, and the percentage of the volume composed of droplets smaller than 100 µm (P<100). Prolonged use of hydraulic spray nozzles resulted in increased flow rates and modifications to droplet population characteristics, especially in the variation of the volume percentage of droplets smaller than 100 µm, which are more susceptible to drift. Although wear affected the volumetric median diameter, the change was not substantial enough to alter the droplet size classification. mediumscale medium scale Sul Additionally guidelines JA3, JA3 JA —JA3 ADD AD D 11002 80025 11003 110025 11002were tested 1062 criteria VMD, VMD , (VMD) span 10 P<100. P100 P P<100 . (P<100) characteristics drift classification —JA 1100 8002 106 (VMD 1 P10 P<10 (P<100 110 800 P1 P<1 (P<10 11 80 P< (P<1 8 (P< (P

ABSTRACT The influence of other working parts on the cab of a combine harvester will lead to increased vibration. The traditional time-frequency domain method for vibration signal analysis will result in a mixture of high and low frequencies, and it is impossible to remove irrelevant signals, resulting in unclear characteristic frequency characterization. In this paper, the vibration signal of a harvester under four working conditions is analysed by using the traditional analysis method and a low-pass filter-EEMD combination method. The analysis results show that after low-pass filtering and EEMD signal processing, the vibration signal is decomposed and reconstructed, and irrelevant signal components are eliminated to avoid mode aliasing. After processing, the peak vibration acceleration of the signal is 0.104 m/s2, 0.113 m/s2, 0.089 m/s2 and 0.112m/s2, respectively. This is closer to the simulated acceleration value of the harmonic response mode in the X direction of the cab. In addition, it can effectively extract the external excitation characteristic frequencies (6.4 Hz, 61.44 Hz, 40.96 Hz) of the shaker, grass crusher and engine that cause the increase in cab vibration, helping to quickly find the vibration source in the vibration and noise reduction project of the harvester. It can improve the reliability of the combine, reduce the vibration and failure rate, enhance the driver's comfort and promote the development of agricultural engineering. timefrequency time signals characterization paper lowpass pass filterEEMD filter processing reconstructed aliasing 0104 0 104 0.10 ms2 ms m s2 s 0113 113 0.11 0089 089 0.08 m/s 0112ms2 112m 0.112m/s2 respectively addition 6.4 64 6 4 (6. Hz 6144 61 44 61.4 4096 40 96 40.9 shaker rate drivers driver engineering 010 10 0.1 011 11 008 08 0.0 0112ms 0.112m/s 6. (6 614 61. 409 9 40. 01 1 0. 00 (

ABSTRACT A sunken solar greenhouse is a unique structure used in China that has good thermal performance and a low cost. To explore the thermal environment and the marginal effect area under the trellis membrane in a sunken solar greenhouse, daytime heat absorption and nighttime exothermic models of the greenhouse were established based on existing theories and hypotheses. An experimental study of the three-dimensional thermal environment of a solar greenhouse was also conducted in the Jinzhong Basin of Shanxi Province. The daytime heat absorption model described how the internal thermal environment of the greenhouse changes in three dimensions, while the nighttime model calculated the amount of heat released at night. The results showed that the rate of change in the maximum temperature difference along the height direction in the greenhouse was 13 times that along the vertical direction, and three times that along the horizontal direction. We also observed that the marginal effect area under the membrane varied over time and by month. The minimum value of the marginal effect area occurred at the middle cross-section, spanning the middle position of the greenhouse, and the maximum height was 2.7 m. The results of this study can provide theoretical guidance and experimental data for the thermal environment of greenhouses of the same type in the Jinzhong Basin of Shanxi Province, thus providing a basis for environmental regulation and low-temperature margins in greenhouses. cost hypotheses threedimensional dimensional Province dimensions night 1 month crosssection, crosssection cross section, section cross-section 27 2 7 2. m lowtemperature

ABSTRACT Current corn sowing equipment shows relatively low levels of automation and intelligent response. Issues such as wheel slipping and chain jumping occur in seeders driven by wheels and chains, leading to a decrease in the seeding qualification rate. To solve the problems of wheel slipping and low control strategy accuracy, an electric control sowing system has been designed. This system uses radar to collect the locomotive speed and automatically adjusts the motor speed. To improve the control accuracy of the electric control system, a dual closed-loop control method is employed, and the proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller parameters are optimized by combining the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm and the fuzzy algorithm. Control accuracy tests and field tests are conducted for both the traditional PID control system and the fuzzy PID control system based on the PSO algorithm. The average error of this system is 0.622%, which is 1.6% lower than that for the traditional method. Field tests show that in operation, the sowing system achieves the average seeding qualification index of 93.99%, which is 3.19% higher than that for the traditional PID control method. The fuzzy PID control system shows improved sowing effectiveness compared to the traditional PID control method. response chains rate designed closedloop closed loop employed proportionalintegralderivative proportional integral derivative (PID (PSO 0622 0 622 0.622% 16 1 6 1.6 operation 9399 93 99 93.99% 319 3 19 3.19 062 62 0.622 1. 939 9 93.99 31 3.1 06 0.62 93.9 3. 0.6 93. 0.

ABSTRACT To address the poor fitness and low accuracy of multiobjective parameter optimization, the BP neural network-based constrained multiobjective optimization method was applied to optimize a seed-metering device. Taking the 2BQ-15 type Panax notoginseng seed-metering device as the research object, the picking hole column diameter, forward velocity, and dropping seed point-to-picking hole roll distance were selected as the experimental factors, and the quality index, missing index and multiple index were selected as the performance indicators. The experimental scheme was designed by the quadratic orthogonal rotation combination, and the BP neural network of the precision seed-metering device was built from the experimental data. The seed-metering device was optimized by the proposed method, and the optimal parameter combinations were obtained as follows: the picking hole column diameter was 27 mm, the forward velocity was 0.50 m/s, and the dropping seed point-to-picking hole roll distance was 330 mm. Under such parameter combinations, the quality index is 93.4%, the missing index is 3.15%, and the multiple index is 3.35%. Finally, a verification test was carried out on the basis of the optimization results, the errors were within the allowable range, and the test results and optimized results were consistent. networkbased based seedmetering metering 2BQ15 BQ 2BQ 15 2BQ-1 object pointtopicking point factors indicators combination data follows 2 mm 050 0 50 0.5 ms m s m/s 33 934 93 4 93.4% 315 3 3.15% 335 35 3.35% Finally range consistent 2BQ1 1 2BQ- 05 5 0. 9 93.4 31 3.15 3.35 93. 3.1 3.3 3.

ABSTRACT Rapeseed cutting and sunning are important processes associated with rapeseed harvesting in China. However, existing rapeseed windrowers have problems such as a tendency to entangle rapeseed plants, low laying quality, low operational efficiency, and high cutting power consumption for tall rapeseed plants. Hence, a new type of rapeseed windrower was designed. A new cutter with a planetary gear driving double moving cutting bars was designed, a motion model of the planetary gear mechanism was established, and the motion and structural parameters of the cutter were analysed. A theoretical analysis of this new cutting system showed that it not only had low cutting impact, minimal disturbance to rapeseed stalks, and high cutting continuity, but also low power consumption and stable operating performance. A reel based on a double-crank planar five-link mechanism was designed, and kinematics modelling and analysis of the new reel were carried out. The structure and motion parameters for the new reel were obtained. Finally, field experiments were conducted on both the newly designed rapeseed windrower and the original one. The results indicated that the newly designed windrower was suitable for high-quality, efficient cutting and sunning operations for tall rapeseed plants. China However plants quality efficiency Hence established analysed impact stalks continuity performance doublecrank crank fivelink five link out obtained Finally one highquality, highquality high-quality

ABSTRACT Accurate crop classification, crucial for a macro-level understanding of food production, formulating relevant agricultural policies, and predicting comprehensive agricultural productivity, enables precise crop distribution. In remote sensing image classification, feature selection and representation play a pivotal role in accuracy. An augmented U-Net algorithm, named ASPP-SAM-UNet, integrating spatial attention mechanisms and multi-scale features is proposed for the enhancement of typical crop classification accuracy in remote sensing. The ASPP-SAM-UNet design integrates features over multiple scales, boosts the representational capacity of shallow features, and expands the neural network’s receptive field by incorporating Atrous Spatial Pyramid Pooling (ASPP) into the convolutional components of the standard U-Net encoder via residual connections. The integration of the residual module allows for a profound fusion of deep and shallow features, thereby enhancing their utility. The spatial attention mechanism amalgamates spatial and semantic information, empowering the decoder to reclaim more spatial information. This study focused on Bayan County, Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province, China, employing GF-6 WFV remote sensing images for crop classification. Empirical outcomes showed a significant improvement in classification accuracy with the advanced algorithm, boosting the overall accuracy (OA) from 89.49 to 92.80%. Specifically, the segmentation accuracy for maize, rice, and soybean increased from 89.90, 89.96, and 87.37% to 93.47, 94.82, and 89.35%, respectively. The suggested algorithm offers a pioneering performance standard for crop classification leveraging GF-6 WFV remote sensing imagery. macrolevel macro level production policies productivity distribution UNet U Net ASPPSAMUNet, ASPPSAMUNet ASPP SAM UNet, multiscale multi scale scales networks network s (ASPP connections utility information County City Province China GF6 GF 6 GF- OA (OA 8949 89 49 89.4 9280 92 80 92.80% Specifically maize rice 8990 90 89.90 8996 96 89.96 8737 87 37 87.37 9347 93 47 93.47 9482 94 82 94.82 8935 35 89.35% respectively imagery 894 8 4 89. 928 9 92.80 899 89.9 873 3 87.3 934 93.4 948 94.8 893 89.35 92.8 87. 93. 94. 89.3 92.