ABSTRACT Blue eggshells have become economically valuable due to their higher popularity among consumers when compared with eggs of other colors, particularly in East Asia. However, eggshell colors vary widely and gradually become lighter with the increase of age. Therefore, to determine the association between DNA methylation and gene expression on the molecular mechanism of eggshell color variation in Xuefeng Black-bone chickens, we collected the shell glands from chickens that produced dark blue eggshells and light blue eggshells, respectively, and performed whole genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) and RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) on them. The results showed that in the context of CG, DNA methylation levels were the highest compared to CHG and CHH contexts, and were negatively correlated with gene expression levels in three different gene regions in all samples, while there was no significant correlation in the contexts of CHG and CHH. Furthermore, when disregarding the location of coding genes, a total of 55 genes will show differences not only in expression levels but also in DNA methylation levels, and among the majority of differential expression genes (n=50), the DNA methylation levels in the gene body region were the highest. GO analysis and KEGG pathway analysis were performed in these genes and the results showed that the genes NR1H4 and HEPHL1, ABCA4 and ABCA12, and the pathways, cell adhesion molecular, ABC transporters, ECM-receptor interaction, and neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, may affect the color variation of the blue eggshell of Xuefeng Black-bone chickens. Asia However age Therefore Blackbone Black bone respectively WGBS (WGBS RNASeq Seq (RNA-Seq them CG samples Furthermore 5 n=50, n50 n n=50 , 50 (n=50) NRH NR H NR1H HEPHL1 HEPHL ABCA ABCA12 pathways transporters ECMreceptor ECM receptor interaction ligandreceptor ligand n5 n=5 (n=50 ABCA1 n= (n=5 (n= (n

ABSTRACT Caatinga is a biome unique to Brazil, where degradation caused by anthropogenic actions has led to loss of biodiversity and put many species at risk of extinction. The Ceará state is located within the Caatinga and has a rich avifauna. It comprises 433 species, including 13 species that are in danger of extinction, which are found in the Baturité Massif. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency and diversity of enterobacteria in wild birds and determine their susceptibility to antimicrobials. Cloacal swab samples were collected from 50 individuals of 28 different species, including the Ceara Gnatheter (Conopophaga cearae) and the Red-necked Tanager (Tangara cyanocephala), which are classified as vulnerable (VU) by the Brazilian Ministry of the Environment. A total of 55 isolates belonging to 14 different species of Enterobacteriaceae were identified. Among them, Pantoea agglomerans and Escherichia coli were the most prevalent species with isolation rates of 36% and 26%, respectively. The highest rate of antimicrobial resistance found was to ampicillin (41.8%), followed by nalidixic acid (36.3%) and amoxicillin associated with clavulanic acid (32.7%). Drugs that presented best efficacy were tobramycin (96.4%), ciprofloxacin (92.6%), and tetracycline (90.9%). Multidrug resistance was observed in 23.5% of the analyzed strains. This research provides important information about the composition of the cloacal microbiota of wild birds in Mulungu, Brazil, as well as their health status. Additionally, these results demonstrate that they harbor multidrug-resistant strains of Enterobacteriaceae. Brazil extinction avifauna 43 1 Massif antimicrobials 5 2 Conopophaga cearae Rednecked Red necked Tangara cyanocephala, cyanocephala , cyanocephala) VU (VU Environment identified them 36 26 26% respectively 41.8%, 418 41.8% 41 8 (41.8%) 36.3% 363 3 (36.3% 32.7%. 327 32.7% . 32 7 (32.7%) 96.4%, 964 96.4% 96 4 (96.4%) 92.6%, 926 92.6% 92 6 (92.6%) 90.9%. 909 90.9% 90 9 (90.9%) 235 23 23.5 Mulungu status Additionally multidrugresistant multidrug resistant 41.8 (41.8% 36.3 (36.3 32.7 (32.7% 96.4 (96.4% 92.6 (92.6% 90.9 (90.9% 23. 41. (41.8 36. (36. 32. (32.7 96. (96.4 92. (92.6 90. (90.9 (41. (36 (32. (96. (92. (90. (41 (3 (32 (96 (92 (90 (4 ( (9

ABSTRACT Viral inactivated vaccines play a fundamental role in animal heath, both for individual protection and for the induction of antibodies that will be passively transmitted to the progeny. Depending on the field challenges, it is eventually necessary to combine more than one etiology. Inactivated polyvalent vaccines with appropriate combinations to ensure adequate and balanced responses may induce a satisfactory and long-lasting immune response. This study aimed to evaluate the antibody responses of a new oil-based inactivated pentavalent viral vaccine for intramuscular administration containing a newly developed immunomodulator, and compare it with conventional vaccines through antibody responses to the same antigens by ELISA in successive weeks after administration. Mortality rate, weight gain, egg production and hatching were also determined to evaluate safety. The results obtained revealed significant differences (p<0.05) between the group that received the new vaccine and the control group, presenting persistent and long-lasting IgG (IgY) antibodies in specific pathogen free (SPF) chickens for 146 days. In addition, there was a statistically significant (p<0.05) difference in the serological response of the new pentavalent vaccine in commercial poultry in relation to the monovalent commercial vaccines for infectious bronchitis, avian metapneumovirus, Newcastle disease, Gumboro, and reovirus fractions. There was no change in the productive parameters evaluated when compared to the conventional vaccine or the control. heath progeny challenges etiology longlasting long lasting oilbased oil based immunomodulator rate gain safety p<0.05 p005 p 0 05 (p<0.05 IgY (IgY SPF (SPF 14 days addition bronchitis metapneumovirus disease Gumboro fractions p<0.0 p00 (p<0.0 1 p<0. p0 (p<0. p<0 (p<0 p< (p< (p

ABSTRACT The study aimed to investigate the effect of methionine deficiency on conventional nutrient composition, NO and NOS activity in the liver and kidney, and expression of genes related to the NF-κB signal pathway. One hundred 1-day-old broilers were divided into control and methionine deficiency group, and provided with a standard diet. The methionine-deficient group was fed with a methionine-deficient diet for 42 days. Moisture content, protein content, and crude lipid content were determined by freeze drying, the Kjeldahl method, and the ether extraction method. The concentration of NO was measured using the nitrate reductase method, and the activity of NOS was measured using colorimetry. mRNA expression of related genes in the NF-κB signal pathway was detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The results showed the contents of crude protein and crude lipid in the liver and kidney of the methionine-deficient group were significantly higher than those in the control group (p<0.05 or p<0.01). There was no significant change in dry matter (p>0.05). Methionine deficiency resulted in significantly increased NO concentration and total nitric oxide synthase (TNOS) activities in the liver and kidney (p<0.01). In contrast, cNOS and inducible iNOS activities significantly decreased (p<0.01). The expression of NF-κB, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1, and IL-6 mRNA, which are related to the NF-κB signal pathway of the methionine-deficient group, were significantly higher than those in the control group (p<0.05 or p<0.01). It is concluded that long-term feeding diets lacking methionine will lead to changes in nutrient composition and inflammatory injury of the liver and kidney. NFκB NF κB 1dayold dayold 1 day old methioninedeficient deficient 4 days drying method colorimetry transcriptionpolymerase transcription polymerase RTPCR. RTPCR RT PCR . (RT-PCR) p<0.05 p005 p 0 05 (p<0.0 p<0.01. p001 p<0.01 01 p<0.01) p>0.05. p>0.05 (p>0.05) TNOS (TNOS (p<0.01) contrast NFκB, κB, TNFα, TNFα TNF α, α TNF-α IFNγ, IFNγ IFN γ, γ IFN-γ IL1, IL1 IL 1, IL-1 IL6 6 IL- longterm long term (RT-PCR p<0.0 p00 (p<0. p>0.0 (p>0.05 (p<0.01 p<0. p0 (p<0 p>0. (p>0.0 p<0 (p< p>0 (p>0. p< (p p> (p>0 (p>

ABSTRACT This study investigated the effect of adding Origanum syriacum L. essential oil and Rosmarinus officinalis L. extract incorporated with 5 % of Aloe barbadensis miller gel on the quality and storage stability of cooked chicken meat. The experiment included five treatments: 1) Control (No additives); 2) 600 ppm of Rosemary Extract (RE); 3) 500 ppm of Oregano essential oil (OE); 4) Combination of 600 RE and 500 ppm OE (CM); and 5) 200 ppm Sodium nitrite (E-250). Lipid and protein oxidation, sensory panel assessment, and other related parameters were evaluated at different storage times. No significant differences (p>0.05) were found among treatments regarding both ultimate pH and cooking loss %. All additives showed significant (p<0.05) effect at decreasing both TBARS and total carbonyl values. However, the combination of RE and OE showed the highest significant (p<0.05) preservative effect compared to the other treatments. Moreover, the CM treatment showed the highest antioxidant effect, decreasing total aldehydes (TA) formation. The sensory panel also showed that the CM treatment was the most effective additive at improving meat shelf life regarding the selected sensorial attributes. The OE effect was higher than the RE during storage time, and comparable to the E-250 regarding TBARS, DNPH, TA values, and current sensory attributes. The combination OE and RE incorporated with Aloe carrier gel was a successful replacement that could be used in the meat industry. In addition, the gel was a promising natural carrier for both OE and RE during storage. L 1 additives) 2 60 (RE) 3 50 (OE) 4 (CM) 20 E250. E250 E 250 . (E-250) oxidation assessment times p>0.05 p005 p 0 05 (p>0.05 p<0.05 (p<0.05 values However Moreover (TA formation attributes time E-25 DNPH industry addition 6 (RE (OE (CM E25 25 (E-250 p>0.0 p00 (p>0.0 p<0.0 (p<0.0 E-2 E2 (E-25 p>0. p0 (p>0. p<0. (p<0. E- (E-2 p>0 (p>0 p<0 (p<0 (E- p> (p> p< (p< (E (p

ABSTRACT Poultry slaughterhouse wastewater (PSW) has substantial organic load and nutrient contents, which must be removed before discharge due to being sanitary and environmental hazards. The present study is the first to analyze the individual and synergistic influences of combined hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), different ultraviolet lights (UV-A/UV-C), inorganic compound catalysts of titanium and zinc oxides (TiO2/ZnO), and ultrasound (US) processes on ammonia and phosphorus elimination from PSW using a Taguchi L36 orthogonal array. The results showed that, compared to other processes in isolation, the integrated process of H2O2, US, and heterogeneous photocatalysis (HPC) is significantly more effective at treating PSW in terms of N4 + -N removal (52.0%) and PO4-P elimination (59.5%). Furthermore, electrical energy consumption at 2.67 g-1 N4 + -N US$ and 2.14 g-1 PO4-P US$ was determined to be the most significant factor in the operating cost of the system, while the average chemical cost under optimal conditions was 0.34 US$/g. In general, the results indicate that the effectiveness of removing pollutants is directly influenced by the pH, catalyst concentration, and duration of the operation. Additionally, the presence of different types of pollutants in real wastewater might lead to reduced nutrient removal efficiencies. (PSW contents hazards H2O2 HO , H O (H2O2) UVA/UVC, UVAUVC UV A/UV C A (UV-A/UV-C) TiO2/ZnO, TiO2ZnO TiOZnO TiO2/ZnO TiO2 ZnO TiO (TiO2/ZnO) US (US L L3 array isolation HPC (HPC N 52.0% 520 52 0 (52.0% PO4P POP PO4 P PO 59.5%. 595 59.5% . 59 5 (59.5%) Furthermore 267 2 67 2.6 g1 g 1 g- 214 14 2.1 system 034 34 0.3 USg US$/g general pH concentration operation Additionally efficiencies H2O (H2O2 UVA UVC UVA/UVC AUV (UV-A/UV-C (TiO2/ZnO 52.0 (52.0 59.5 (59.5% 26 6 2. 21 03 3 0. (H2O 52. (52. 59. (59.5 (52 (59. (5 (59 (

ABSTRACT This study was conducted to investigate the influence of two different production systems on the welfare of a new Turkish egg-laying hybrid known as Akbay. A total of 180 Akbay hens at the 80th week of production either reared in a free-range system or conventional cages were used. Live body weight at the 80th week of production was recorded, as well as the weight of immune organs and liver. Plumage damage, foot lesions, stress, and fear were examined. It was observed that the live body weight at the 80th week of production was significantly (p<0.05) higher in the free-range birds as compared to those housed in cages. The rectal temperature was statistically higher (p<0.05) in hens reared in the free-range systems than in those housed in the conventional cages. The percentage of hens with mild to severe foot lesions was higher in the free-range system than in the conventional cages. Plumage damages were more common and severe among hens in cages than among free-range hens. No significant differences were recorded for tonic immobility (TI), the duration of the first head movement, and the number of inductions during TI. The fluctuating asymmetry of the leg and the weight of immune organs and liver were also not significantly different between the housing systems. The housing of laying hens in free range systems improved live body weight with a reduction in stress and feather damage. However, it is suggested that further research should aim at improving the foot lesion issues associated with this housing system. egglaying egg 18 th freerange used damage examined p<0.05 p005 p 0 05 (p<0.05 TI, TI , (TI) movement However 1 p<0.0 p00 (p<0.0 (TI p<0. p0 (p<0. p<0 (p<0 p< (p< (p

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of adding symbiotics to the diet of laying hens in the post-peak laying period on performance variables, egg quality, and nutrient digestibility. One hundred and ninety-eight 70-week-old Dekalb White laying hens were distributed in a completely randomized design with 6 treatments, each with 6 replications of 5 and 6 birds. The treatments were: corn and soybean meal (CSM); CSM + meat and bone meal (MBM); MBM + 0.05% zinc bacitracin additive (ZnBac); MBM + 0.1% Symbiotics in three phases: layer-type chick, pullet, and laying hen (Symb-S; Symb-G and Symb-L). Data were compared by Orthogonal Contrast. The CSM treatment showed better shell thickness when compared to MBM, and a better percentage of albumen. RF and BacZn showed better yolk coloration. ZnBac showed better yolk weight when compared to Symb-S. CSM and ZnBac increased red and yellow yolk colors and Symb-G had an effect for luminosity. The gross energy apparent metabolizability coefficient (GEAMC) was better for CSM and Simb-G. The crude protein apparent metabolizability coefficient (CPAMC) was better with MBM. The dry matter apparent metabolizability coefficient (DMAMC) was better for MBM, Symb-S, and Symb-L. Thus, it is possible to replace antibiotics with symbiotics for laying hens in the post-peak phase. postpeak post peak variables quality digestibility ninetyeight ninety eight 70weekold weekold 70 week old birds (CSM) (MBM) 005 0 05 0.05 (ZnBac) 01 1 0.1 phases layertype layer type chick pullet SymbS Symb S (Symb-S SymbG G SymbL. SymbL L . Symb-L) Contrast albumen coloration SymbS. S. Symb-S luminosity GEAMC (GEAMC SimbG. SimbG Simb G. Simb-G CPAMC (CPAMC DMAMC (DMAMC SymbS, S, L. Symb-L Thus phase 7 (CSM (MBM 00 0.0 (ZnBac 0.

ABSTRACT Salmonella spp. is one of the major bacterial causes of foodborne gastroenteritis in humans. The aim of this study was to investigate antimicrobial susceptibility to cephalosporins and quinolones, and to identify the genetic mechanisms related to this resistance in strains of Salmonella spp. Seventy chicken carcass samples were collected from slaughterhouses in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The phenotypic profile was detected by the disk-diffusion method and the search for genes encoding betalactamases, and resistance to quinolones was evaluated by PCR. The search for mutations in gyrA and parC was carried out by sequencing these genes. Eleven strains of Salmonella spp. of different serotypes were isolated. All the strains were resistant to at least one of the antimicrobials tested, and 63.64% (7/11) showed resistance to three or more antimicrobials. In the phenotypic test for ESBL production, 36.36% (4/11) of the strains were considered positive. PCR detected the resistance genes bla CMY-2, qnrB, bla CTX-M, and bla TEM. Among the isolates, 45.45% (5/11) simultaneously presented the bla CTX-M, bla TEM, qnrB genes and a mutation (Thr-57→Ser) in parC. Point mutations in the parC gene were detected in all the analyzed samples. Genes such as bla SHV, qnrA, qnrC, qnrD, qnrS, aac(6’)-Ib, qepA, and oqxAB were not detected. The study identified Salmonella spp. resistant to cephalosporins and quinolones, with resistance genes and mutations in parC, highlighting concerns about the adoption of biosecurity measures, responsible use of antimicrobials, and surveillance of resistant strains in the poultry chain. spp humans Janeiro Brazil diskdiffusion disk diffusion betalactamases isolated tested 6364 63 64 63.64 7/11 711 7 11 (7/11 production 3636 36 36.36 4/11 411 4 (4/11 positive CMY2, CMY2 CMY 2, 2 CMY-2 CTXM, CTXM CTX M, M CTX-M TEM isolates 4545 45 45.45 5/11 511 5 (5/11 Thr57→Ser Thr57Ser ThrSer Thr 57→Ser 57 Ser (Thr-57→Ser SHV qnrA qnrC qnrD qnrS aac6Ib, aac6Ib aacIb aac 6 Ib, Ib aac(6’)-Ib qepA measures chain 636 63.6 7/1 71 1 (7/1 363 3 36.3 4/1 41 (4/1 CMY- 454 45.4 5/1 51 (5/1 Thr57 57Ser 63. 7/ (7/ 36. 4/ (4/ 45. 5/ (5/ Thr5 (7 (4 (5 (

ABSTRACT Eggs are a cornerstone of the food industry. They are a versatile ingredient used in a wide variety of products for their rich protein, vitamin and mineral contents. The use of efficient and high-quality eggs is of great importance in hatcheries, as well as in direct food consumption. The use of quality and efficient eggs in hatcheries has a strong impact on chick, egg, and white meat production. Artificial intelligence-based smart systems usage for product quality classification is growing steadily in productive sectors. In many of these systems, product images are used as input data. The use of such smart systems provides both fast and low-error quality control. Smart systems can quickly and accurately classify new products with algorithms trained by product images. In this study, an intelligent classification system using a machine learning algorithm, which is a subfield of artificial intelligence, was designed to classify the quality and efficiency of chick eggs in a chicken hatchery. Eggs are most commonly classified according to their size as either Large (L), Medium (M) or Small (S). In this study, 425 egg images were obtained using the image acquisition system designed on the hatchery belt system, and the data for each egg was recorded in a dataset. In the next stage, image processing methods (Morphological operations and Hough Transform) and the SVM machine learning algorithm were used together in the proposed model. According to our results, the classification of eggs into L, M, and S was successfully achieved at 98.0% using the SVM algorithm on the dataset. industry protein contents highquality high consumption production intelligencebased intelligence based sectors lowerror low error control study L , (L) M (M S. . (S) 42 dataset stage Morphological Transform model results 980 98 0 98.0 (L (S 4 9 98.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to determine the meat quality characteristics of broilers that were brought to the slaughterhouse from different transport distances and received post-slaughter carcass electrical stimulation. For this purpose, broilers were transported to the slaughterhouse from different distances, from farms belonging to the same enterprise. Broilers coming from different distances were randomly divided into two subgroups after slaughter. Electrical stimulation was applied to one of the groups, on the pectoral muscle. After electrical stimulation, pH measurements of the carcasses were made in both groups in the first 15 minutes. The carcasses were then cut, and the breast and thigh meats were separated. Subsequently, these samples were kept at +4°C for 24 hours, and pH measurements, electrical conductivity, color parameters, cooking loss and texture profile analyses were made. For the breast meat samples, it was determined that the difference in transport distance between the groups caused a difference in crude protein, crude fat, and crude ash values. It was detected that as the transport distance to the slaughterhouse increased, the protein and ash values decreased, while the fat value increased. pH15min was measured to be lower in breast meat samples taken from a closer distance to the farm. In thigh meat samples, the difference in transport distance was significant in crude fat and crude ash values. It was determined that the difference between the groups in the values obtained as a result of the electrical stimulation applied after slaughter were not significant, except for redness values of thigh meat. postslaughter post purpose enterprise muscle 1 minutes cut separated Subsequently 4C C 4 2 hours conductivity parameters increased decreased pHmin min farm

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of a blend of essential oils from eucalyptus, citrus, bromohexene HCl, thymole and camphor on the growth performance, carcass characteristics, meat quality, intestinal morphology, serum biochemistry, and immune response of broiler chickens. A total of 240 day-old chicks were divided into four groups, each with six replicates containing ten birds. The experiment was conducted under a completely randomized design (CRD). Different concentrations of the oil blend (0mL/kg, 0.15mL/kg, 0.30mL/kg and 0.45mL/kg) were added to the diet. The findings showed that, in comparison to the other groups, the birds that were given a blend of essential oils at concentrations of 0.30 and 0.45 mL/kg showed improved weight gain, feed efficiency, carcass yield, villus height, crypt depth, and greater immune response against Newcastle disease vaccination (p<0.05). Nonetheless, there was no statistically significant difference in the yields of the breast and thighs, feed consumption, mortality, weights of the liver, wing, heart, and gizzard, or abdominal fat between the treatments. The addition of a blend of essential oils at the doses of 0.30 and 0.45 mL/kg significantly lowered the pH of the meat in comparison to the other groups (p<0.05). All blood biochemical markers, including total serum protein, albumin, globulin, glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, and uric acid, revealed no variations between the treatments. In conclusion, adding 0.30mL/kg of a blend of essential oils to broiler diets may be the optimum level to improve overall performance without adversely affecting the blood biochemical profile. eucalyptus citrus HCl characteristics quality morphology biochemistry chickens 24 dayold day old CRD. CRD . (CRD) 0mL/kg, 0mLkg mLkg 0mL kg mL (0mL/kg 015mLkg 0 15mL 0.15mL/kg 030mLkg 30mL 0.45mL/kg 045mLkg 45mL diet 030 30 0.3 045 45 0.4 gain efficiency yield height depth p<0.05. p005 p p<0.05 05 (p<0.05) Nonetheless thighs consumption mortality liver wing heart gizzard treatments markers protein albumin globulin glucose cholesterol triglyceride acid conclusion profile 2 (CRD 0mL/kg 03 3 0. 04 4 p00 p<0.0 (p<0.05 p0 p<0. (p<0.0 p<0 (p<0. p< (p<0 (p< (p

ABSTRACT This study aimed to compare the egg quality between the bluish-shelled (BSh) and whitish-shelled (WSh) eggs of Taiwanese Tsaiya ducks. Experiments were conducted to determine eggshell thickness and strength, heat absorption capability, and egg yolk lipid peroxidation. Our results showed that the eggshell thickness and strength of BSh eggs were higher than that of WSh eggs during both the autumn and winter seasons (p<0.05). The egg surface temperature in either indoors and outdoors conditions was higher in the BSh group than in the WSh group. The extent of lipid peroxidation was determined to analyze the anti-oxidative ability of egg yolk. When eggs were stored at room temperature in autumn for 0 day and 7 days, the levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in BSh eggs (1.21±1.04 and 1.49±0.69, respectively) were lower than those of WSh eggs (3.42±1.32 and 3.74±1.86, respectively) (p<0.05). Moreover, TBARs in the BSh group stored at 4°C for 14 days were also lower than those of the WSh group, indicating that despite the heat absorption capability of BSh eggs being higher, the anti-oxidative ability remained sound. Then, we determined serum red blood cells, which are the original source of the anti-oxidant component biliverdin in the egg shell. The results showed that the levels of red blood cells and packed cell volume in the BSh group were higher than those of the WSh group (p<0.05). All in all, we suggest that BSh eggs with higher eggshell thickness and strength and antioxidant capacity may possess greater quality and shelf life. bluishshelled bluish shelled (BSh whitishshelled whitish (WSh ducks p<0.05. p005 p p<0.05 . 05 (p<0.05) antioxidative anti oxidative TBARS (TBARS 1.21±1.04 121104 1 21 04 (1.21±1.0 149069 49 69 1.49±0.69 respectively 3.42±1.32 342132 3 42 32 (3.42±1.3 374186 74 86 3.74±1.86 Moreover 4C C 4 sound Then oxidant shell all life p00 p<0.0 (p<0.05 1.21±1.0 12110 2 (1.21±1. 14906 6 1.49±0.6 3.42±1.3 34213 (3.42±1. 37418 8 3.74±1.8 p0 p<0. (p<0.0 1.21±1. 1211 (1.21±1 1490 1.49±0. 3.42±1. 3421 (3.42±1 3741 3.74±1. p<0 (p<0. 1.21±1 121 (1.21± 149 1.49±0 3.42±1 342 (3.42± 374 3.74±1 p< (p<0 1.21± 12 (1.21 1.49± 3.42± 34 (3.42 37 3.74± (p< 1.21 (1.2 1.49 3.42 (3.4 3.74 (p 1.2 (1. 1.4 3.4 (3. 3.7 1. (1 3. (3 (

ABSTRACT Avian mycoplasmosis is a disease of significant economic impact, potentially leading to restrictions on the international trade of poultry products. Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) and Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) are well-established as pathogenic, while Mycoplasma gallinaceum (Mgc) is considered commensal. Nevertheless, the latter can exacerbate clinical conditions in cases of co-infections with other pathogens. Due to the slow growth rates of MS and MG, they are susceptible to being outpaced by fast growing mycoplasmas, thereby complicating cultivation, and potentially yielding false-negative results. Thus, this study aimed to report a mixed infection of Mgc and MS in commercial laying hens and the compromised isolation of MS caused by this non-pathogenic mycoplasma. Twenty tracheal samples from chickens were collected, subjected to PCR, and cultured in a modified Frey’s medium. Samples displaying colonies compatible with mycoplasmas underwent three passages to obtain pure cultures. PCR-positive samples for the Mycoplasma spp., and negative ones for MS and MG, were subsequently subjected to DNA sequencing. All clinical samples tested via PCR were positive for MS (20/20) and negative for MG (0/20). During isolation, only five samples exhibited colonies with characteristic mycoplasma growth. However, PCR analysis of these cultures produced negative results for MS and MG, but were positive for Mycoplasma spp. DNA sequencing confirmed that all isolated strains were Mgc. Mgc displayed rapid growth, posing challenges to obtaining MS strains for isolation. The coexistence of MS and Mgc in the respiratory tract of commercial laying hens has the potential of inducing a synergistic effect on respiratory manifestations. impact products (MS (MG wellestablished well established pathogenic (Mgc commensal Nevertheless coinfections co infections pathogens cultivation falsenegative false Thus nonpathogenic non collected Freys Frey s medium PCRpositive spp 20/20 2020 20 (20/20 0/20. 020 0/20 . 0 (0/20) However manifestations 20/2 202 2 (20/2 02 0/2 (0/20 20/ (20/ 0/ (0/2 (20 (0/ (2 (0 (

ABSTRACT The objective of the current study was to investigate the effects of different levels of andiroba oil (AO) in a bioproduct based on andiroba oil (BBAO) on the physical quality, bacteriological concentration, chemical composition, yolk lipid oxidation, and sensory characteristics when coating eggs and storing them for seven days at room temperature. The eggs were arranged in a completely randomized design, in which treatments consisted of a control group (eggs stored for seven days without the application of BBAO) and eggs covered with biofilms produced with BBAO with different levels of AO (1%, 5%, 10%, and 15%). Each treatment contained 50 eggs, and each egg was considered a replicate. Data collected were subjected to Tukey test and linear or polynomial regression at 0.05 statistical significance. The results indicate that the application of BBAO on eggs stored for 7 days at room temperature resulted in better (p<0.05) conservation of their physical quality and chemical composition, and a reduction (p<0.05) or elimination of bacteriological concentrations. This conservation effect became increasingly pronounced as the concentration of AO in the BBAO increased. However, it is crucial to consider the implications of BBAO on sensory characteristics, as higher concentrations of AO in BBAO lead to a decreased (p<0.05) sensory acceptance of the eggs. Therefore, it was concluded that the use of AO in the bioproduct, especially at high levels, can provide better conservation of the eggs for seven days at room temperature, particularly concerning the physical, chemical, and microbiological characteristics; however, it can also cause significant changes in sensory attributes. (AO (BBAO composition oxidation design 1%, 1 (1% 5 5% 10 10% 15%. 15 15% . 15%) replicate 005 0 05 0.0 significance p<0.05 p005 p (p<0.05 increased However Therefore however attributes 1% (1 00 0. p<0.0 p00 (p<0.0 ( p<0. p0 (p<0. p<0 (p<0 p< (p< (p