Abstract Background: Several factors may affect herbicide fate in the soil, including soil moisture which can affect herbicide availability and degradation and mixture with other degradable herbicides. Objective: The objectives of this research were to evaluate the effects of soil moisture content and association with glyphosate on S-metolachlor persistence in lowland soil. Methods: Greenhouse experiments were conducted in 2011 and repeated in 2012 using a randomized complete block design in a factorial arrangement (3×3×5) with four replications. Factor A included three soil moisture contents (air-dried, water holding capacity, and saturated), and factor B included two herbicide combinations (S-metolachlor; S-metolachlor + glyphosate) plus an untreated check. Factor C included five intervals between application and sowing of the bioindicator species (rice): 150, 120, 90, 60, and 30 days before sowing. Herbicide injury, height in rice plants, and herbicide concentration in soil was evaluated. Results: S-metolachlor concentration and injury to rice were higher under dry soil conditions regardless of application timing. In contrast, rice injury was significantly lower in the soil saturated condition. The association with glyphosate did not affect S-metolachlor persistence in lowland soil. Conclusion: These results indicate that S-metolachlor exhibits shorter persistence under saturated soil conditions; and indicated that drought periods following S-metolachlor applications may increase carryover to sensitive crops planted in rotation. Background herbicides Objective Smetolachlor S metolachlor Methods 201 3×3×5 335 3 5 (3×3×5 replications airdried, airdried air dried, dried (air-dried capacity saturated, , saturated) (S-metolachlor check (rice) 150 120 90 60 plants evaluated Results timing contrast condition Conclusion rotation 20 3×3× 33 (3×3× (rice 15 12 9 6 2 3×3 (3×3 1 3× (3× (3 (

Abstract: Background: Farmers often use glyphosate for cost-effective land clearance to streamline coffee harvest processes despite recommendations against its application near the harvest period. However, as set by national and international regulatory authorities, this practice poses a high risk of exceeding the maximum residue limit (MRL) for glyphosate in coffee beans. Objective: In this study, glyphosate residues in green coffee beans were assessed, considering different herbicide application methods (mechanical or manual), nozzles (hooded or unhooded), application volumes, and ripening stages. Methods: Coffee beans were collected between 15 to 60 days before harvest, and glyphosate residues were determined by high-efficiency liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Results: Mechanical and manual applications using a protective spray bar device, avoiding the lower third of the coffee trees, maintained glyphosate residue levels within the MRLs established by Brazilian (1.0 mg kg−1) and European (0.1 mg kg−1) regulatory authorities. In contrast, applying glyphosate with the TK-VS-02 nozzle (high-flow impact) without a protective device resulted in levels below the Brazilian MRL but exceeded importing countries’ requirements. These residue levels persisted even when applications occurred outside the recommended rainy season but within the 15-day minimum safe re-entry interval. Applications using TK-VS-02 or AI11002 (low-flow air-induced) nozzles targeting the lower third of trees resulted in high glyphosate residue levels, surpassing national and international MRLs, even when applications were conducted 60 days before coffee harvest. Conclusions: These findings emphasize the importance of employing the right application technology to produce coffee that complies with the MRLs of any regulatory authority. Abstract Background costeffective cost effective period However authorities (MRL Objective study assessed mechanical manual, , manual) hooded unhooded, unhooded unhooded) volumes stages Methods 1 6 highefficiency efficiency LCMS/MS. LCMSMS LC MS/MS . MS (LC-MS/MS) Results 1.0 10 0 (1. kg−1 kg1 kg 0.1 01 (0. contrast TKVS02 TKVS TK VS 02 TK-VS-0 highflow flow impact countries requirements 15day day reentry re entry interval AI AI1100 lowflow low airinduced air induced air-induced Conclusions authority LCMS LCMS/MS MSMS (LC-MS/MS 1. (1 kg− 0. (0 TKVS0 TK-VS- AI110 ( TK-VS AI11 AI1

Abstract Background The evolution of non-target site resistance (NTSR) to herbicides in weeds has made weed management extremely difficult. Weeds can develop NTSR to herbicides because of changes in one or more physiological processes. Objective This review aims to address the complexities of NTSR by investigating the factors influencing the evolution of NTSR in weeds. It explains mechanisms associated with NTSR and examines sustainable management strategies. Methods This review draws upon an extensive examination of existing literature on NTSR. It summarizes NTSR mechanisms in weeds and discusses strategies that delay the evolution of herbicide resistance. Results The analysis reveals that NTSR mechanisms threaten not only the efficacy of existing herbicides but also the utility of new herbicides. The study highlights that crop diversification, improved herbicide use patterns and understanding of weed biology, including fitness costs and gene flow, are crucial for developing sustainable weed management strategies. The study advocates a holistic approach, integrating diverse weed management practices and modern technologies, to effectively address the challenges posed by NTSR and ensure sustainable herbicide resistance management. Conclusions A holistic approach is urgently needed to manage NTSR. Understanding the complex interaction of genetic factors, inheritance patterns, effects of herbicide application patterns, and fitness costs is crucial for managing NTSR. This knowledge informs effective use of technology and conventional tools for effective weed control. nontarget non target (NTSR difficult processes diversification biology flow technologies control

Abstract: In recent times, there has been an environmental pressure to reduce the amount of pesticides applied to crops and, consequently, the crop production costs. Therefore, investments have been made in technologies that could potentially reduce the usage of herbicides on weeds. Among such technologies, Machine Learning approaches are rising in number of applications and potential impact. Therefore, this article aims to identify the main machine learning algorithms used in integrated crop-livestock systems for weed management. Based on a systematic literature review, it was possible to determine where the selected studies were performed and which crop types were mostly used. The main research terms in this study were: "machine learning algorithms" + "weed management" + "integrated crop-livestock system". Although no results were found for the three terms altogether, the combinations involving "weed management" + "integrated crop-livestock system" and "machine learning algorithms" + "weed management" returned a significant number of studies which were subjected to a second layer of refinement by applying an eligibility criteria. The achieved results show that most of the studies were from the United States and from nations in Asia. Machine vision and deep learning were the most used machine learning models, representing 28% and 19% of all cases, respectively. These systems were applied to different practical solutions, the most prevalent being smart sprayers, which allow for a site-specific herbicide application. Abstract times consequently costs Therefore weeds impact croplivestock livestock management review system. system . altogether criteria Asia models 28 19 cases respectively solutions sprayers sitespecific site specific application 2 1

Abstract: Background: In a prior study, Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffiths and Maubl. and Bipolaris bicolor (Mitra) Shoemaker., were found to suppress the growth of Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn, but limited information exists on their response to environmental factors and herbicides for integrated E. indica control. Objective: This study aimed to determine the tolerance levels of L. theobromae and B. bicolor to pH, temperature, photoperiod, relative humidity, and herbicides. Methods: The mycelia and conidia of L. theobromae and B. bicolor were exposed to a range of environmental conditions and herbicides in a controlled setting, including different levels of temperature (25, 30, 35 ⁰C), pH (4, 6, 8, 10), photoperiod (24 hours of darkness; alternating 12 hours of blue light followed by 12 hours of darkness; and alternating cycles of 6 hours of blue light and 6 hours of darkness), and relative humidity (75, 85, 95%). Herbicides such as topramezone, diuron, oxyfluorfen, and imazethapyr were applied at their recommended rates. Conidial germination was assessed by counting after an 18-hour incubation using a haemocytometer, while the diameter of mycelium growth was measured after 3 days of incubation, except for the herbicide effects evaluation, which were extended over 7 days. Results: Laboratory assays demonstrated that L. theobromae exhibited higher conidial germination of 85-95% and superior mycelial growth under varied pH, temperature, and photoperiod conditions compared to B. bicolor. Lasiodioplodia theobromae's mycelia remained unaffected by herbicides at full labelled rates, but they inhibited the conidial germination of the fungus. For B. bicolor, the conidia were not affected by imazethapyr and topramezone, but its mycelial growth was reduced by imazethapyr, oxyfluorfen, and diuron. Conclusions: These results indicate that the mycelia of L. theobromae presents a more favorable option for tank mixing with test herbicides, offering potential for the formulation of an integrated control strategy against E. indica. Abstract Background Pat. Pat (Pat. Maubl Mitra (Mitra Shoemaker Shoemaker. L (L. Gaertn E Objective B Methods setting 25, 25 (25 30 ⁰C, ⁰C C , ⁰C) 4, 4 (4 8 10, 10 10) 24 (2 darkness 1 darkness, darkness) 75, 75 (75 85 95%. 95 95% . 95%) topramezone diuron oxyfluorfen rates 18hour hour 18 haemocytometer evaluation Results 8595% 8595 85-95 theobromaes s fungus Conclusions (Pat (L 2 ( (7 9 859 85-9 85-

Abstract: Background: Atrazine, a pre-emergent weed control, can be mixed with paraforce or 2,4-D, however, the efficiency of the mixture nor the growth and yield performance of maize varieties under this treatment in the tropics is well establihsed. Objective: To determine efficacy of atrazine mixed with paraforce or 2,4-D as weed control method and yield performance of four yellow maize varieties (PVASYN8F2, BR9928-5R-Y, DSTRSYN2-Y and PVASYN2F2). Methods: In two years, four yellow maize varieties (PVASYN8F2, BR9928-5R-Y, DSTRSYN2-Y and PVASYN2F2.) and atrazine (1.5kg ha-1) mixed with paraforce, atrazine mixed with 2,4-D (1.5 L ha-1 in equal ratio; hand weeding and weedy (check) plots were arranged in split-plot using randomized complete block design with three replications. Fertilizers and pest control were done as practiced in the Teaching and Research Farm. Data were collected on maize vegetative and reproductive characters and analyzed using SAS ver 9.4 and Microsoft Excel. Results: Weed control efficiency (80%) and number of leaves per plant recorded for atrazine + paraforce plot were the highest. No significant grain yield difference was recorded among the varieties, but maximum grain loss was observed in no weeding field and the lowest was found in field treated atrazine + paraforce followed by Atrazine + 2,4-D. BR-9928-5R-Y among the varieties showed the least 44% grain loss while PVA SYN 2 F2 had the highest 53%. Conclusions: Atrazine + paraforce outperformed atrazine + 2,4-D as a pre-emergent weedicide and BR-9928-5R-Y variety produced the highest grain yield and minimum grain loss across all the treatments. Abstract Background preemergent pre emergent 2,4D, 24D D 2,4 D, 4 however establihsed Objective 2,4D PVASYN8F2, PVASYN8F2 PVASYNF PVASYN F (PVASYN8F2 BR99285RY, BR99285RY BRRY BR9928 5R Y, Y BR R BR9928-5R-Y DSTRSYN2Y DSTRSYNY DSTRSYN2 DSTRSYN PVASYN2F2. PVASYN2F2 . PVASYN2F2) Methods years 1.5kg 15kg kg 1 5kg ha1 ha 1.5 15 5 (1. ha- ratio check (check splitplot split replications Farm 94 9 9. Excel Results 80% 80 (80% 2,4D. D. 9928 44 53 53% Conclusions treatments 4D 24 2, PVASYN8F (PVASYN8F RY BR992 PVASYN2F 1. (1 8 (80 992 BR99 ( (8 99 BR9

Abstract: Background: Weeds pose a significant challenge to Argentine crops, leading to herbicide resistance and environmental concerns. Objective: To identify key weed problems, assess management practices, and herbicide use. Methods: A web-based survey system, with closed questions, was distributed from March to August 2020 among 147 agricultural stakeholders related to soybean, corn, wheat, and sunflower crops in Argentina. Results: Notable troublesome weeds included Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronq., Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop., Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn., Amaranthus hybridus L., and Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. Herbicide usage was as follows: 86% used burndown fallow chemical control, 51% adhered to labeled application rates, 40% applied herbicides at the labeled growth stage, and 37% rotated modes of action. Non-chemical controls were also employed, with 67% favoring crop rotation and 36% focused on preventing weed seed production. Glyphosate was the dominant herbicide, employed by over 90% of respondents. For summer crops, frequently used herbicides included paraquat, 2,4-D (80% of respondents), atrazine (60% of respondents), sulfentrazone, flumioxazin, S-metolachlor (60% of respondents), and clethodim (65% of respondents). In winter cereals, 2,4-D, flurochloridone, flumioxazin, and pyroxasulfone were the top choices. Conclusions: This survey underscores the high reliance on chemical control in Argentina's major crops. The findings provide crucial insights for regional policy planning, emphasizing the importance of integrating diverse weed management tactics. It also highlights the need for proactive integrated management strategies at the field level to mitigate and prevent weed issues in Argentina, offering a valuable approach for analyzing weed problems in extensive crops worldwide. Abstract Background concerns Objective practices use Methods webbased web based system questions 202 14 soybean corn wheat Argentina Results L. L (L. Cronq Cronq. Scop Scop. Gaertn Gaertn. Pers follows 86 51 rates 40 stage 37 action Nonchemical Non 67 36 production 90 respondents paraquat 2,4D 24D D 2,4 2 4 80% 80 (80 respondents, , respondents) 60% 60 (60 sulfentrazone flumioxazin Smetolachlor S metolachlor 65% 65 (65 . cereals 2,4D, D, flurochloridone choices Conclusions Argentinas s planning tactics worldwide 20 1 (L 8 5 3 6 9 4D 24 2, (8 (6 (

Abstract: Background: Chickpeas (Cicer arietinum) are an important type of pulse whose production is hindered by poor weed control. Objective: To assess lactofen selectivity levels and to uncover tolerance mechanisms in commercial genotypes. Methods: Four genotypes and weed species were grown under controlled-environment conditions and subjected to lactofen dose-response assays (11.2–2,880 g a.i. ha−1). Visual evaluations performed until 35 days after application, when biomass was quantified and selectivity indexes obtained using regression analysis. Following 14C-lactofen application, absorption and translocation were assessed until 168h after treatment (HAT), when chickpea plants were washed to remove the unabsorbed herbicide or subjected to autoradiography and tissue combustion. Lastly, 14C-lactofen was applied and metabolites extracted at 96 HAT, and their retention factors (Rf) determined by thin layer chromatography and radioscanner reading. Results: Tridax procumbens and Amaranthus spinosus were highly susceptible to lactofen. Chickpea genotypes tolerated lactofen at the highest labelled used rate in soybeans (180 g a.i. ha−1). Lactofen absorption was high (88.1%–94.6%) and translocation was limited (< 2.5%) across genotypes - a similar trend observed in susceptible species, and hence are not implicated in lactofen tolerance. One main metabolite was found in chickpea genotypes, accounting for 12.5%–19.4% of applied radioactivity; the chickpea genotype with the highest tolerance level (BRS Cicero) was the only one in which two metabolites were quantified. Altogether, these results suggest that lactofen tolerance in chickpeas could be conferred by enhanced herbicide metabolism. Conclusions: Lactofen could become an option for selective, post-emergence weed control in chickpeas. Abstract Background Cicer arietinum Objective Methods controlledenvironment controlled environment doseresponse dose response 11.2–2,880 1122880 11 2 880 (11.2–2,88 ai i a.i ha−1. ha1 ha ha−1 . 1 ha−1) 3 application analysis 14Clactofen Clactofen 14C C h HAT , (HAT) combustion Lastly 9 Rf (Rf reading Results 180 (18 88.1%–94.6% 881946 88 94 6 (88.1%–94.6% < ( 2.5% 25 5 125194 12 19 4 12.5%–19.4 radioactivity BRS Cicero Altogether metabolism Conclusions selective postemergence post emergence 11.2–2,88 112288 (11.2–2,8 ha− (HAT 18 (1 88.1%–94.6 88194 8 (88.1%–94.6 2.5 12519 12.5%–19. 11.2–2,8 11228 (11.2–2, 88.1%–94. 8819 (88.1%–94. 2. 1251 12.5%–19 11.2–2, 1122 (11.2–2 88.1%–94 881 (88.1%–94 125 12.5%–1 11.2–2 112 (11.2– 88.1%–9 (88.1%–9 12.5%– 11.2– (11.2 88.1%– (88.1%– 12.5% 11.2 (11. 88.1% (88.1% 12.5 11. (11 88.1 (88.1 12. 88. (88. (88 (8

Abstract: Background: Increased energy consumption in agriculture has led to growing environmental concerns and higher costs. The evolution of herbicide resistance in weeds may affect the herbicide application rate, energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Objective: This study investigated the effect of herbicide resistance in weeds on energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions in wheat fields of Golestan province, Iran. Methods: The data were collected from 351 wheat fields in Golestan province with respect to the proper distribution of sampling points. The farms were categorized into four classes according to the previous studies: 1) non-resistant fields; 2) fields with resistance to ACCase (acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase) inhibitors; 3) fields with resistance to ALS (acetolactate synthase) inhibitors; and 4) fields with resistance to both ACCase and ALS inhibitors. Then, input and output energy, energy use efficiency, energy productivity, specific energy, net energy, percentage of direct, indirect, renewable and non-renewable energies, and greenhouse gas emission during wheat production were calculated. Results: Compared to non-resistant fields, evolution of resistance to herbicides led to increased energy consumption (5.7-8.2%) and yield loss (21.8-25.6%) and consequently, there was a decrease in net energy (25.6-31.3%), energy productivity (27.2-31.8%) and energy use efficiency (24.7-30.4%). Also, greenhouse gas emissions from the non-resistant fields were 7.4-10.0% lower than in the fields with herbicide-resistant weeds. Conclusions: Noting the negative effect of herbicide resistance in terms of energy consumption and greenhouse gas emission, efforts to properly manage herbicide-resistant weeds are essential both economically and ecologically. Abstract Background costs rate Objective Iran Methods 35 points studies 1 nonresistant non resistant 2 acetylcoenzyme acetyl coenzyme carboxylase inhibitors 3 acetolactate synthase 4 Then direct indirect nonrenewable energies calculated Results 5.78.2% 5782 5.7 8.2% 5 7 8 (5.7-8.2% 21.825.6% 218256 21.8 25.6% 21 25 6 (21.8-25.6% consequently 25.631.3%, 256313 25.6 31.3% , 31 (25.6-31.3%) 27.231.8% 272318 27.2 31.8% 27 (27.2-31.8% 24.730.4%. 247304 24.7 30.4% . 24 30 (24.7-30.4%) Also 7.410.0% 74100 7.4 10.0% 10 0 7.4-10.0 herbicideresistant Conclusions ecologically 78 5.78.2 578 57 5. 82 8.2 (5.7-8.2 825 21.825.6 21825 218 21. 256 (21.8-25.6 631 25.631.3% 25631 25. 313 31.3 (25.6-31.3% 231 27.231.8 27231 272 27. 318 31.8 (27.2-31.8 730 24.730.4% 24730 247 24. 304 30.4 (24.7-30.4% 410 7.410.0 7410 74 7. 100 10.0 7.4-10. 5.78. 8. (5.7-8. 21.825. 2182 (21.8-25. 63 25.631.3 2563 31. (25.6-31.3 23 27.231. 2723 (27.2-31. 73 24.730.4 2473 30. (24.7-30.4 41 7.410. 741 10. 7.4-10 5.78 (5.7-8 21.825 (21.8-25 25.631. (25.6-31. 27.231 (27.2-31 24.730. (24.7-30. 7.410 7.4-1 (5.7- 21.82 (21.8-2 25.631 (25.6-31 27.23 (27.2-3 24.730 (24.7-30 7.41 7.4- (5.7 (21.8- 25.63 (25.6-3 (27.2- 24.73 (24.7-3 (5. (21.8 (25.6- (27.2 (24.7- (5 (21. (25.6 (27. (24.7 ( (21 (25. (27 (24. (2 (25 (24

Abstract: Background: RNA interference (RNAi) is a natural post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) system of eukaryotic cells and can be used as spray-induced gene silencing (SIGS) to target genes. Due to the complexity of plant cell structure and genome, using SIGS in plants has faced many barriers. Objective: We aimed to develop a delivery strategy and appropriate siRNA design to induce PTGS by SIGS. Methods: The rice Phytoene desaturase (OsPDS) gene was used as a model to test our SIGS. Three siRNAs (siPDS1, siPDS2, and siPDS3) targeting different regions of the OsPDS transcript were applied individually or mixed siPDS2+siPDS3 in solution with SilwetTM adjuvant. Treatments were applied using a micropipette in rice seedlings (V2-stage), with the addition of proper control treatments: untreated-check and adjuvant-check. Seedlings were accessed phenotypically, physiologically, and molecularly. Results: The most prominent phenotype was observed for siPDS1 and siPDS2+siPDS3. Reduction in plant growth, chlorophyll index and shoot dry mass were reduced after siPDS2+siPDS3 application, while increasing anthocyanin content. OsPDS was downregulated after siPDS1 application with no change in the non-treated upper leaf. Conclusions: Our siRNA design and delivery strategy efficiently delivered the siRNA inside the plant and promoted target PTGS and compatible phenotype. The system used in this experiment did not show systematicity in the plant, probably due to the fast oxidative stress that hindered the systematic effect. This is an advance on the SIGS and can be a valuable tool for PTGS to find new targets for RNAi. Abstract Background RNAi (RNAi posttranscriptional post transcriptional (PTGS sprayinduced spray induced (SIGS genes genome barriers Objective Methods (OsPDS siPDS1, siPDS (siPDS1 siPDS2 siPDS3 siPDS2siPDS3 siPDSsiPDS siPDS2+siPDS adjuvant V2stage, V2stage Vstage V2 stage , V (V2-stage) treatments untreatedcheck untreated check adjuvantcheck. adjuvantcheck check. adjuvant-check phenotypically physiologically molecularly Results growth content nontreated non treated leaf Conclusions effect (siPDS siPDS2siPDS (V2-stage

Abstract Background Sowing dates and weed management practices could alter several phenological phases of direct seeded rice. However, limited is known about the impacts of these aspects on phenology, thermal efficiencies, and agro-meteorological indices of direct seeded rice. Objective The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of sowing dates and weed management strategies on phenology, thermal efficiencies, and agro-meteorological indices of direct seeded rice. Methods Two sowing dates [10th May (early) and 3rd June (late)] and six weed management strategies [i.e., weedy-check, 4-time mechanical weeding (weed-free), bensulfuron methyl + pretilachlor as pre-emergence, oxyfluorfen as pre-emergence, bensulfuron methyl + pretilachlor as pre-emergence + 2,4-D as post-emergence, and oxyfluorfen as pre-emergence + 2,4-D as post-emergence] were included in the study. Results Early sowing took more days to reach various phenological phases, accumulated higher heat units, and recorded significantly higher thermal efficiencies, and yield than late sowing. Mechanical weeding took more time to complete different developmental stages, hence, accumulated higher heat units and recorded significantly higher thermal-use efficiencies and yield followed by application of bensulfuron methyl + pretilachlor as pre-emergence + 2,4-D as post-emergence. Conclusion Earlier sowing with 4 mechanical weedings or successive pre-emergence application of bensulfuron methyl + pretilachlor followed by post-emergence application of 2,4-D is recommended for better phenological development and yield of direct seeded rice. rice However phenology agrometeorological agro meteorological 10th th early (early rd (late) i.e., ie i e [i.e. weedycheck, weedycheck weedy check, check weedy-check 4time weedfree, weedfree free , (weed-free) preemergence, preemergence pre emergence, emergence 2,4D 24D D 2,4 2 postemergence, postemergence post stages hence thermaluse use postemergence. emergence. (late i.e. [i.e (weed-free 4D 24 2, i.e

Abstract Background: The interference caused by volunteer soybean plants from grains lost before or during harvest can cause economic losses to bean producers due to the competition they cause, especially for succeeding crops. Objective: Therefore, the objective of this work was to determine the competitive ability and economic damage level (EDL) of bean cultivars in the presence of different densities of soybean volunteer plants. Methods: The experiments were installed in completely randomized design, and replicated for two consecutive years, 2020/21 and 2021/22. Treatments consisted of the carioca bean cultivars BRS Tangará, IAC 1850, and BRS Estilo and the black type IPR Uirapuru, IPR Urutau, and BRS Esteio, and 12 volunteer soybean densities established for each cultivar, ranging from 0 to a maximum of 66 plants m−2. Plant density, soil cover, leaf area, and shoot dry matter of volunteer soybean plants were determined 40 days after emergence. For bean, productivity, control cost, selling price, and control efficacy were determined. Results: Bean cultivars IPR Tangará, BRS Estilo, IPR Uirapuru and BRS Esteio showed greater competitive ability in the presence of soybean. The highest EDL values ranged from 1.00 to 2.89 plants m−2 for BRS Estilo, IPR Uirapuru, IPR Urutau and BRS Esteio cultivars when competing with soybean. Conclusions: Bean cultivars have different competitive abilities, and EDL is directly influenced by these different genetic traits. Background crops Objective Therefore (EDL Methods design years 202021 2020 21 2020/2 202122 2021 22 2021/22 Tangará 1850 1 cultivar 6 m2 m 2 density cover area 4 emergence productivity cost price Results 100 00 1.0 289 89 2.8 m− Conclusions abilities traits 20202 202 2020/ 20212 2021/2 185 10 1. 28 8 2. 20 2021/ 18

Abstract Background: Conventional method of rice cultivation has proven to be resource intensive, limiting its long term sustainability. On the contrary direct seeding offers a potential rice establishment method provided its increased susceptibility to weed infestation is taken care of. Objective: The principle aim of this study was to evaluate both pre- and post-emergence herbicides for effective weed suppression, while optimizing time window for herbicide application. Methods: A comprehensive two year study was conducted to assess the efficacy of new generation pre- and post-emergence herbicides including pendimethalin followed by 2,4-D, penoxsulam, pyrozosulfuron ethyl + pretilachlor, triafamone + ethoxysulfuron, ethoxysulfuron, fenoxyprop p-ethyl along with weed-free and weedy check treatments. Results: All herbicides substantially reduced weed biomass by 58–94% at 45 days after sowing. Pre- mix triafamone + ethoxysulfuron proved most effective against grasses and sedges, followed by penoxulam for sedges and pendimethalin followed by 2,4 -D for broadleaved weeds (BLW). Herbicide application significantly improved yield-related parameters compared to the weedy check. Application of pre-mix triafamone + ethoxysulfuron excelled, yielding 7.3 tons per hectare, a remarkable 383% increase over the weedy check. Key yield attributes such as panicles per square meter (349), grains per panicle (91), and 1,000-grain weight (25 g) were significantly elevated due to the application of triafamone + ethoxysulfuron (60 g a.i ha-1). Conclusion: Application of triafamone+ ethoxysulfuron an early post emergence herbicide witnessed significantly greater seed yield which was comparable to weed free situation besides, controlling diverse weed flora with higher weed control efficiency of 87 to 90%. Background intensive sustainability Objective pre postemergence suppression Methods 2,4D, 24D D D, 2 4 2,4-D penoxsulam pretilachlor pethyl p weedfree treatments Results 5894 58 94 58–94 sowing Pre 24 2, BLW. BLW . (BLW) yieldrelated related premix excelled 73 7 3 7. hectare 383 349, 349 , (349) 91, 91 (91) 1,000grain 1000grain grain 1,000 1 000 25 (2 60 (6 ai i ha1. ha1 ha ha-1) Conclusion besides 8 90 90% 4D 2,4D 589 5 9 58–9 (BLW 38 34 (349 (91 000grain 1000 1,00 00 ( 6 ha-1 58– (34 (9 100 1,0 0 ha- (3 10 1,

Abstract: Background: Echinochloa colona (junglerice), a troublesome weed in rice, is resistant to 15 herbicide active ingredients. High temperatures are linked to reduction of herbicide efficacy. Objective: Evaluate growth and seed production of junglerice, after five generations of recurrent selection with sublethal dose of rice herbicides under heat stress. Methods: Junglerice plants previously subjected to recurrent selection with herbicides and heat stress for three cycles were exposed to further iterative cycles of selection with heat stress (45 °C) and sublethal dose of florpyrauxifen-benzyl (FPB, 0.125x), imazethapyr (0.125x), quinclorac (0.25x), and glufosinate (0.25x). Plant injury was evaluated 1 and 3 weeks after treatment. Panicle number; plant height; and dry biomass of shoot, panicles, and seeds were recorded. Seed number plant-1 and reproductive effort were estimated. Results: The joint effect of heat stress and sublethal dose of herbicides reduced the sensitivity of junglerice to all herbicides tested. Plants treated with FPB and quinclorac produced more shoot biomass and seed number after five generations. Heat-stressed plants treated with FPB produced more seeds than non-stressed plants. Imazethapyr reduced seed production. Heat-stressed junglerice treated with glufosinate produced fewer seeds than non-stressed plants. Conclusions: The joint effect of heat stress and sublethal dose of herbicides reduced junglerice sensitivity to the four rice herbicides tested after five generations. Heat stress and sublethal dose of the relatively recent auxinic herbicide florpyrauxifen-benzyl reduced junglerice sensitivity and increased seed production. Abstract Background , (junglerice) ingredients efficacy Objective Methods 45 (4 °C C florpyrauxifenbenzyl florpyrauxifen benzyl FPB, (FPB 0.125x, 0125x x 0.125x 0 125x 0.125x) (0.125x) 0.25x, 025x 0.25x 25x (0.25x) 0.25x. . treatment height panicles recorded plant1 plant- estimated Results Heatstressed stressed nonstressed non Conclusions (junglerice 4 ( (0.125x (0.25x

Abstract: Background: The resistance of grass weeds to herbicides is expanding in wheat fields. An effective strategy for managing herbicide resistance is to prevent the likelihood of resistance development spreading from field margins to within fields. Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the resistance development in winter wild oat (Avena sterilis subsp. ludoviciana) populations collected from within fields and field margins of 11 winter wheat fields to the commonly used ACCase and ALS-inhibiting herbicides. Methods: Seeds of 22 A. sterilis subsp. ludoviciana populations were collected, both from field margins and within winter wheat fields. The seeds were grown in greenhouse, and the seedlings at the three- to four-leaf stage were treated with the recommended field rates of the following four herbicides, clodinafop-propargyl (CP), pinoxaden (PN), mesosulfuron+iodosulfuron (MI), and mesosulfuron+iodosulfuron+diflufenican (MD). Results: All populations from within fields evolved resistance to CP, but none showed cross-resistance to PN. Importantly, there were notable variations in CP and MI resistance, with less than half of the samples from within fields demonstrating higher resistance, while for the remaining populations no differences were observed between field-margin and within-fields samples. Contradictory trend was observed in response to MD, where around 70% of populations followed the trend for CP and MI, surprisingly, around 30% of populations exhibited opposite results. Conclusions: Overall, the incidence of herbicide resistance to CP, MI, and MD was more common in populations from within fields, suggesting stronger selection pressure. However, some field margin populations showed MD resistance, underscoring the need for weed control in field margins as a proactive resistance management strategy. Abstract Background Objective Avena subsp 1 ALSinhibiting ALS inhibiting Methods 2 A greenhouse three fourleaf leaf clodinafoppropargyl clodinafop propargyl , (CP) PN, PN (PN) mesosulfuroniodosulfuron mesosulfuron iodosulfuron (MI) mesosulfuroniodosulfurondiflufenican diflufenican MD. . (MD) Results crossresistance cross Importantly fieldmargin withinfields 70 surprisingly 30 results Conclusions Overall pressure However (CP (PN (MI (MD 7 3