Abstract Forest Health Monitoring (FHM) and International Society of Arboriculture (ISA) methods are used for individual tree health assessment. However, comparing the reliability of both methods in assessing large and old tree health has yet to be evaluated. This study aims to determine reliability of two methods in evaluating the health condition of old (>100 years old) and large Dipterocarp trees in Bogor Botanic Garden (BBG), Indonesia. The parameters observed were growth, morphometry, and tree health of 44 trees. The results showed that, overall, the two methods demonstrated quite similar in assessing the health condition of targeted trees. Visual tree damage domination by conks, fruiting bodies, and other indicators of advanced decay, open wounds, and termite gallery. The average risk rating of three parts of the tree (branches/crown, trunk, roots) is low to moderate. The two approaches could be used simultaneously or separately according to the purpose of the assessment. FHM (FHM ISA (ISA assessment However evaluated >100 100 (>10 BBG, BBG , (BBG) Indonesia growth morphometry 4 that overall conks bodies decay wounds gallery branches/crown, branchescrown branches crown (branches/crown trunk roots moderate >10 10 (>1 (BBG branches/crown >1 1 (> > (

Abstract The physical protection of soil organic matter through its occlusion in aggregates is a mechanism which reduces their accessibility by microorganisms. When the physically protected carbon (C) becomes accessible to the microbiota, it generates a flow of CO2. The objective of this study was to evaluate the C mineralization rate in macro and microaggregates of macerated and non-macerated soils under different leguminous tree, pasture, and secondary forest (capoeira). The CO2 mineralization curves showed that maceration increased the amount of C mineralized in macroaggregates, mainly in leguminous tree. Maceration provided an increase of approximately 50% and 47% in acacia and ingá, respectively, and 35% in sabiá. Capoeira and pasture did not respond to maceration. microorganisms (C microbiota CO nonmacerated non tree capoeira. capoeira . (capoeira) macroaggregates 50 47 ingá respectively 35 sabiá (capoeira 5 4 3

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the potential of native species used in ecological restoration in Brazil (Peltophorum dubium - canafístula, Hymenaea courbaril - jatobá, Jacaranda cuspidifolia - jacarandá, and Enterolobium contortisiliquum - timboril) as raw material for the supply of sawmills. Due to the difficulties in sampling trees of native species, four trees per species were collected, at age of 12 years, in a legal reserve area. The sampled trees were evaluated as being quite characteristic of trees of the same genetic material. The trees’ diameter was measured, the percentage of bark and the taper were measured, and the lumber yield of each species was calculated. The boards were air-dried. Based on the DBH, timboril had the greatest potential for biomass production, but its wood quality was unsatisfactory. To supply raw material for sawmills, in addition to jatobá, we suggest investing in plantations of canafístula and jacarandá. Peltophorum jatobá jacarandá sawmills collected 1 years area measured calculated airdried. airdried air dried. dried air-dried DBH production unsatisfactory

Abstract Lignin is related to mechanical support, fluidity of water transport by xylem and resistance to pest and pathogen infections. This research measured the concentration of lignin and its correlation with field performance of Cordia trichotoma (Vell.) Arrab. ex Steud seedlings submitted to hardening. Seedlings were treated with 20 stem bending for 4 or 8 weeks, application of 50 μmol L-1 of methyl jasmonate for 4 or 8 weeks and a control treatment. In the nursery after treatments, six seedlings were randomly selected for determination of root electrolytes and lignin content from stem and root tissues. Application of jasmonates or stem bending in the nursery promoted an increase in stem lignin concentration but did not induce a greater lignification of root systems. After 450 days of planting, saplings height and diameter increments and percentage survival were calculated along shoot lignin content. Saplings showed no differences in shoot lignin from nursery hardening. support infections Vell. Vell (Vell. Arrab hardening 2 5 L1 L 1 L- treatment treatments tissues systems 45 planting (Vell

Abstract This study investigated the electrical resistivity of 105 timber species from the Peruvian tropical forest; with a focus on promoting sustainable use by considering the wood’s equilibrium moisture content (EMC). Employing a non-destructive method, it correlated the wood’s physical properties with its electrical resistivity, uncovering an inverse exponential relationship between resistivity and EMC, with resistivity values ranging from 0.0244 x 109 Ωm to 26.0104 x 109 Ωm across different cutting directions (longitudinal, tangential, and radial). These findings allowed for the classification of the woods into five groups based on their moisture balance and electrical resistivity, from very high to very low. This classification aids in identifying the appropriate and sustainable use of these timber species in various applications, highlighting the study’s contribution to sustainable forest management. 10 wood s EMC. EMC . (EMC) nondestructive non destructive method 00244 0 0244 0.024 260104 26 0104 26.010 longitudinal, longitudinal (longitudinal tangential radial. radial radial) low applications studys management 1 (EMC 0024 024 0.02 26010 2 010 26.01 002 02 0.0 2601 01 26.0 00 0. 260 26.

Abstract Threats must be eliminated from the tropical mountain forest habitat of Dolok Sipirok Natural Reserve, which is home to the Tapanuli Orangutan (Pongo tapanuliensis). The threat arises from human-orangutan conflict resulting from the occupation of agricultural land and the opening of accessibility. The aim of this research is to identify areas and patterns of conflict between orangutans and humans in the vicinity of the Dolok Sipirok Nature Reserve. Data was gathered through community interviews and direct observation of the Tapanuli orangutan. The magnitude of community losses was determined by analyzing economic losses and crop destruction. The majority of conflicts were discovered in community fields that were about to be harvested. The main attraction for orangutans is fruit plants in those areas. These fruit trees are located in a roaming area and animal corridor. A buffer zone must be managed effectively to provide for the orangutan’s sustenance and nesting requirements. Reserve Pongo tapanuliensis. tapanuliensis . tapanuliensis) humanorangutan human orangutan accessibility destruction harvested corridor s requirements

Abstract LAI measurement using a direct method is time-consuming, while other instruments like Ceptometer, Hemispherical Photography, and LI-COR require high investment. This study aims to develop allometric equations for estimating the LAI of community forest tree species. Destructive sampling was conducted on 45 trees from three different species, i.e., Tectona grandis, Swietenia macrophylla, and Falcataria moluccana . The allometric equations were developed using regression analysis with two predictor variables, namely diameter at breast height ( D ) and tree height ( H ). LAI varied among species, wherein the highest average of LAI was recorded in S. macrophylla (1.03±0.03), followed by T. grandis (0.28±0.07) and F. moluccana (0.23±0.03). Our study found that the equation LAI = 0.01 D 1.15 was reliable as a generalized allometric equation to estimate the LAI of three species with an RMSE of 0.39. We concluded that the allometric equation could facilitate LAI estimation in community forests. timeconsuming, timeconsuming time consuming, consuming time-consuming Ceptometer Photography LICOR LI COR investment 4 ie i e i.e. variables S 1.03±0.03, 103003 1.03±0.03 , 1 03 0 (1.03±0.03) T 0.28±0.07 028007 28 07 (0.28±0.07 F 0.23±0.03. 023003 0.23±0.03 23 (0.23±0.03) 001 01 0.0 115 15 1.1 039 39 0.39 forests i.e 10300 1.03±0.0 (1.03±0.03 0.28±0.0 02800 2 (0.28±0.0 02300 0.23±0.0 (0.23±0.03 00 0. 11 1. 3 0.3 1030 1.03±0. (1.03±0.0 0.28±0. 0280 (0.28±0. 0230 0.23±0. (0.23±0.0 103 1.03±0 (1.03±0. 0.28±0 028 (0.28±0 023 0.23±0 (0.23±0. 10 1.03± (1.03±0 0.28± 02 (0.28± 0.23± (0.23±0 1.03 (1.03± 0.28 (0.28 0.23 (0.23± 1.0 (1.03 0.2 (0.2 (0.23 (1.0 (0. (1. (0 (1

Abstract This work aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of forest restoration consortium or not with eucalyptus in the recovery of edaphic attributes. Three of them were managed with the following forest restorations: natural regeneration after clear cutting of eucalyptus planting (RP), planting of native species after clear cutting of eucalyptus planting (RA) and planting of native species after cutting 50% of eucalyptus planting (RAE), and of a secondary forest (FR). Sixteen (16) soil samples were collected in each area for the analysis of the physical and chemical attributes. The restoration with RA promoted a less acidic pH, lower Al 3+ content, higher P content and higher V%, similar to FR. The RAE and RP restorations favor an increase in SB, CTC, N and in the organic carbon content. attributes RP, , (RP) (RA 50 RAE, (RAE) FR . (FR) 16 (16 pH 3 V V% SB CTC (RP 5 (RAE (FR 1 (1 (

Abstract This research aimed to evaluate the production of charcoal and wood vinegar in a mini-rectangular kiln equipped with a condenser and vertical smoke burner. The kiln had a chimney, a condenser and a vertical smoke burner. The logs were 0.90 m long and had characterized. Ten carbonization runs were conducted to evaluate the kiln’s performance, determining the gravimetric yields in charcoal, wood vinegar, and gases. The carbonization process took three days to conclude and four days to cool the charcoal. The results showed that the average yields for charcoal, wood vinegar, and gases were 34.0, 31.2, and 34.8%, respectively. The charcoal produced, despite the use of moderate-density wood, demonstrated favorable characteristics. The moisture content, ash content, volatile materials, and higher calorific values all fell within the ideal ranges. This, coupled with a good yield, confirms the technical viability of the system as an alternative for small producers. minirectangular mini rectangular burner chimney 090 0 90 0.9 characterized kilns s performance 340 34 34.0 312 31 2 31.2 348 8 34.8% respectively produced moderatedensity moderate density characteristics content materials ranges yield producers 09 9 0. 3 34. 31. 34.8

Abstract The objective was to evaluate the spatial distribution of chemical and textural soil variables in a multistrata agroforestry system. A total of 73 georeferenced soil samples were collected at depths of 10-20 cm and 20-40 cm. The studied parameters were: pH H2O , potential acidity (H+Al), calcium (Ca 2+ ), magnesium (Mg 2+ ), aluminum (Al 3+ ), sodium (Na + ), potassium (K + ), phosphorus (P), organic carbon (C org ), cation exchange capacity (T-value), base saturation (V-value), total clay, total sand, and silt. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed in R software using the FactoMineR and Factoextra packages. For variables with spatial dependence, ordinary kriging was performed using the best-fitted model. For variables without spatial dependence, inverse distance weighted (IDW) interpolation was applied (power = 2). The spherical model was the best fit for chemical attributes. IDW interpolation accurately mapped the textural attributes. It was concluded that geostatistics enabled a detailed analysis of chemical and textural attributes. system 7 1020 10 20 10-2 2040 40 20-4 HO H O H+Al, HAl H+Al Al (H+Al) Ca 2 ) Mg 3 Na K P, P (P) C Tvalue, Tvalue T value (T-value) Vvalue, Vvalue V (V-value) clay sand silt PCA (PCA packages dependence bestfitted fitted (IDW power 2. . 2) attributes 102 1 10- 204 4 20- (H+Al (P (T-value (V-value

Abstract The objective of this study is to evaluate changes in vegetation cover in the Ilhéus-Itabuna geographic intermediate region from 1984 to 2019 using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), and Soil-Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI). Data was processed through the Google Earth Engine programming interface, using image collections from the TM/Landsat 5 and OLI/Landsat 8 sensors. After creating the indices, areas with different uses were selected, and the NDVI time series graphs were created. It was found that the vegetation density in the region decreased from 1984 to 1999 and increased from that year. The NDVI and EVI showed similar behavior, unlike the SAVI, which lower averages. Average NDVI values were higher in (June-August), due to the association of these conditions with higher soil moisture. In the pasture area, peaks of heat (January-March) drove vegetative activity due to the favorable climate and availability of water and sunlight. IlhéusItabuna Ilhéus Itabuna 198 201 NDVI, , (NDVI) EVI, (EVI) SoilAdjusted Soil Adjusted SAVI. SAVI . (SAVI) interface TMLandsat TM Landsat OLILandsat OLI sensors indices selected created 199 year behavior averages JuneAugust, JuneAugust June August (June-August) moisture area JanuaryMarch January March (January-March sunlight 19 20 (NDVI (EVI (SAVI (June-August 1 2

Abstract Given escalating environmental concerns and stricter regulations, there’s a pressing need for sustainable materials. Eco-composites, which blend natural fibers with polymer matrices for reinforcement, are gaining traction. This study stands out by employing Australian royal palm stem fibers within a polystyrene matrix for eco-composites. The research involved assessing thermal stability, quantifying lignin/carbohydrate content, and measuring moisture levels. Scanning electron microscopy was utilized to examine fiber structure. Results from evaluations of thermal and mechanical properties underscore the high-performance reinforcement potential of Australian royal palm fibers, suggesting their suitability for various eco-composite applications. Beyond meeting the demand for sustainable materials, this project introduces an innovative use of these fibers, broadening their potential applications and advocating for greener, socially responsible industry practices. regulations theres there s materials Ecocomposites, Ecocomposites Eco composites, composites Eco-composites traction ecocomposites. ecocomposites eco composites. eco-composites stability lignincarbohydrate lignin carbohydrate content levels structure highperformance high performance ecocomposite composite greener practices

Abstract Knowledge of the characteristics and durability of every wood species is essential so it can be better directed for the correct harnessing. In a wood rot field test, this work aimed to determine the natural durability of timber species from the Brazilian dry forest, Mimosa tenuiflora and Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia . The slats were buried in the ground up to half their length and distributed in the field according to a completely randomized experimental design. Annual assessments were performed to determine the deterioration rate. Furthermore, mass loss and condensed tannin content were quantified. The condensed tannin content found for the species was 4.40% for M. caesalpiniaefolia and 3.99% for M. tenuiflora . The results of 3 years of evaluation of the test make it possible to understand that both species presented durable wood, where M. caesalpiniaefolia presented a deterioration rate of 77.27%, while M. tenuiflora presented 66.27%, making them of high natural durability. harnessing forest design Furthermore quantified 440 4 40 4.40 M 399 99 3.99 7727 77 27 77.27% 6627 66 66.27% 44 4.4 39 9 3.9 772 7 2 77.27 662 6 66.27 4. 3. 77.2 66.2 77. 66.

Abstract The work proposes the use of multi-walled carbon nanotubes in various concentrations treated in nitric acid (f-MWCNT) as a filler for urea-formaldehyde resin to produce birch plywood with improved physical-mechanical, water-resistant and thermal properties. The MWCNTs were characterized using transmission electron microscopy, IR and Raman spectroscopy, and the zeta potential was determined. The thermal stability of plywood on the UFR/f-MWCNT adhesive composition was assessed and a higher thermal stability of plywood was revealed when a nanofiller was added to the resin. The modulus of rupture increased by 62.7% and the modulus of elasticity by 113% with the addition of 1.5% f-MWCNT. A decrease in water absorption was established by 43%. A steady decrease in the emission of free formaldehyde from plywood was determined. The possibility of intermolecular interaction between the functional groups of f-MWCNT and urea-formaldehyde resins has been established. multiwalled multi walled fMWCNT f MWCNT (f-MWCNT ureaformaldehyde urea physicalmechanical, physicalmechanical physical mechanical, mechanical physical-mechanical waterresistant resistant properties microscopy spectroscopy determined UFR/fMWCNT UFRfMWCNT UFR/f UFR 627 62 7 62.7 113 15 1 5 1.5 fMWCNT. MWCNT. 43 43% UFRf 6 62. 11 1. 4