Abstract Numerous mangrove forests in Indonesia have suffered significant losses. To develop rehabilitation programs, it is essential to conduct a spatial study to map the damaged mangroves. However, few research efforts have focused on mapping damaged mangroves using a canopy cover spatial model that refers to MoEF regulation criteria. An estimation of canopy cover using vegetation indices based on the regulation was assessed across the Coastal Area of Bekasi Regency, where most of the mangroves have been largely converted into ponds and agricultural land. The modeling results suggest that the NDMI is more effective in detecting damage to mangroves in the intertidal zone. The study’s findings suggest directions for planting in mangrove rehabilitation efforts. The results of this study could be promising for monitoring damaged mangroves and implementing comprehensive rehabilitation programs in the Bekasi Regency and similar areas. losses However criteria land zone studys s areas

Abstract The Brazilian Atlantic Forest has suffered from historical degradation and this work assessed the vegetation structure and soil quality by examining 45 plots divided in three sites in reference ecosystems from Conselheiro Pena-MG, Brazil. We recorded 28 species from 14 families in the tree stratum and 26 species from 13 families in the sapling stratum. We found a clear edaphic-floristic gradient suggesting a strong association between some particular taxa to contrasting edaphic conditions. The tree Astronium urundeuva behaved as a monodominant species, with the highest importance value (IV) in both strata (62.0% in tree, and 31.5% in the sapling strata). In the tree stratum, this species was present in 97.8% of the plots (44 out of 45). This scenario is worrying because this species occurs in a monodominant form in the middle section of the Rio Doce watershed behaving as an invasive species, preventing the colonization of other native species. 4 PenaMG, PenaMG Pena MG, MG Pena-MG Brazil 2 1 edaphicfloristic floristic conditions IV (IV 62.0% 620 62 0 (62.0 315 31 5 31.5 strata. . strata) 978 97 8 97.8 44 (4 45. 45) 62.0 6 (62. 3 31. 9 97. ( 62. (62 (6

Abstract Accurate biomass models are important tools for estimating biomass and carbon sequestration in forest plantations. Thirty Acacia mangium trees, aged 13 years, were destructively sampled to determine the distribution of aboveground biomass (AGB) in the main tree components. Six allometric models using diameter at breast height (DBH), total height (H) and crown diameter (CD) as independent variables were fitted using weighted nonlinear regression and evaluated through Monte Carlo cross-validation. Acacia mangium trees primarily accumulate biomass in the stem (51.2 - 58.0 %) and branches (24.6 - 31.5 %), and these proportions tend to remain stable across tree sizes. All tree-level variables showed positive correlations with AGB; however, the strongest correlations were observed with DBH and CD. The developed models displayed slightly better predictive accuracy compared to existing ones. These models will contribute to improving the carbon quantification of Acacia mangium forest plantations in the eastern plains of Colombia. 1 years AGB (AGB components DBH, , (DBH) H (H CD (CD crossvalidation. crossvalidation cross validation. validation cross-validation 51.2 512 51 2 (51. 580 58 0 58. % 24.6 246 24 6 (24. 315 31 5 31. %, sizes treelevel level however ones Colombia (DBH 51. (51 24. (24 3 (5 (2 (

Abstract Knowledge of the characteristics and durability of every wood species is essential so it can be better directed for the correct harnessing. In a wood rot field test, this work aimed to determine the natural durability of timber species from the Brazilian dry forest, Mimosa tenuiflora and Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia . The slats were buried in the ground up to half their length and distributed in the field according to a completely randomized experimental design. Annual assessments were performed to determine the deterioration rate. Furthermore, mass loss and condensed tannin content were quantified. The condensed tannin content found for the species was 4.40% for M. caesalpiniaefolia and 3.99% for M. tenuiflora . The results of 3 years of evaluation of the test make it possible to understand that both species presented durable wood, where M. caesalpiniaefolia presented a deterioration rate of 77.27%, while M. tenuiflora presented 66.27%, making them of high natural durability. harnessing forest design Furthermore quantified 440 4 40 4.40 M 399 99 3.99 7727 77 27 77.27% 6627 66 66.27% 44 4.4 39 9 3.9 772 7 2 77.27 662 6 66.27 4. 3. 77.2 66.2 77. 66.

Abstract Given escalating environmental concerns and stricter regulations, there’s a pressing need for sustainable materials. Eco-composites, which blend natural fibers with polymer matrices for reinforcement, are gaining traction. This study stands out by employing Australian royal palm stem fibers within a polystyrene matrix for eco-composites. The research involved assessing thermal stability, quantifying lignin/carbohydrate content, and measuring moisture levels. Scanning electron microscopy was utilized to examine fiber structure. Results from evaluations of thermal and mechanical properties underscore the high-performance reinforcement potential of Australian royal palm fibers, suggesting their suitability for various eco-composite applications. Beyond meeting the demand for sustainable materials, this project introduces an innovative use of these fibers, broadening their potential applications and advocating for greener, socially responsible industry practices. regulations theres there s materials Ecocomposites, Ecocomposites Eco composites, composites Eco-composites traction ecocomposites. ecocomposites eco composites. eco-composites stability lignincarbohydrate lignin carbohydrate content levels structure highperformance high performance ecocomposite composite greener practices

Abstract The work proposes the use of multi-walled carbon nanotubes in various concentrations treated in nitric acid (f-MWCNT) as a filler for urea-formaldehyde resin to produce birch plywood with improved physical-mechanical, water-resistant and thermal properties. The MWCNTs were characterized using transmission electron microscopy, IR and Raman spectroscopy, and the zeta potential was determined. The thermal stability of plywood on the UFR/f-MWCNT adhesive composition was assessed and a higher thermal stability of plywood was revealed when a nanofiller was added to the resin. The modulus of rupture increased by 62.7% and the modulus of elasticity by 113% with the addition of 1.5% f-MWCNT. A decrease in water absorption was established by 43%. A steady decrease in the emission of free formaldehyde from plywood was determined. The possibility of intermolecular interaction between the functional groups of f-MWCNT and urea-formaldehyde resins has been established. multiwalled multi walled fMWCNT f MWCNT (f-MWCNT ureaformaldehyde urea physicalmechanical, physicalmechanical physical mechanical, mechanical physical-mechanical waterresistant resistant properties microscopy spectroscopy determined UFR/fMWCNT UFRfMWCNT UFR/f UFR 627 62 7 62.7 113 15 1 5 1.5 fMWCNT. MWCNT. 43 43% UFRf 6 62. 11 1. 4

Abstract The objective of this study is to evaluate changes in vegetation cover in the Ilhéus-Itabuna geographic intermediate region from 1984 to 2019 using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), and Soil-Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI). Data was processed through the Google Earth Engine programming interface, using image collections from the TM/Landsat 5 and OLI/Landsat 8 sensors. After creating the indices, areas with different uses were selected, and the NDVI time series graphs were created. It was found that the vegetation density in the region decreased from 1984 to 1999 and increased from that year. The NDVI and EVI showed similar behavior, unlike the SAVI, which lower averages. Average NDVI values were higher in (June-August), due to the association of these conditions with higher soil moisture. In the pasture area, peaks of heat (January-March) drove vegetative activity due to the favorable climate and availability of water and sunlight. IlhéusItabuna Ilhéus Itabuna 198 201 NDVI, , (NDVI) EVI, (EVI) SoilAdjusted Soil Adjusted SAVI. SAVI . (SAVI) interface TMLandsat TM Landsat OLILandsat OLI sensors indices selected created 199 year behavior averages JuneAugust, JuneAugust June August (June-August) moisture area JanuaryMarch January March (January-March sunlight 19 20 (NDVI (EVI (SAVI (June-August 1 2

Abstract LAI measurement using a direct method is time-consuming, while other instruments like Ceptometer, Hemispherical Photography, and LI-COR require high investment. This study aims to develop allometric equations for estimating the LAI of community forest tree species. Destructive sampling was conducted on 45 trees from three different species, i.e., Tectona grandis, Swietenia macrophylla, and Falcataria moluccana . The allometric equations were developed using regression analysis with two predictor variables, namely diameter at breast height ( D ) and tree height ( H ). LAI varied among species, wherein the highest average of LAI was recorded in S. macrophylla (1.03±0.03), followed by T. grandis (0.28±0.07) and F. moluccana (0.23±0.03). Our study found that the equation LAI = 0.01 D 1.15 was reliable as a generalized allometric equation to estimate the LAI of three species with an RMSE of 0.39. We concluded that the allometric equation could facilitate LAI estimation in community forests. timeconsuming, timeconsuming time consuming, consuming time-consuming Ceptometer Photography LICOR LI COR investment 4 ie i e i.e. variables S 1.03±0.03, 103003 1.03±0.03 , 1 03 0 (1.03±0.03) T 0.28±0.07 028007 28 07 (0.28±0.07 F 0.23±0.03. 023003 0.23±0.03 23 (0.23±0.03) 001 01 0.0 115 15 1.1 039 39 0.39 forests i.e 10300 1.03±0.0 (1.03±0.03 0.28±0.0 02800 2 (0.28±0.0 02300 0.23±0.0 (0.23±0.03 00 0. 11 1. 3 0.3 1030 1.03±0. (1.03±0.0 0.28±0. 0280 (0.28±0. 0230 0.23±0. (0.23±0.0 103 1.03±0 (1.03±0. 0.28±0 028 (0.28±0 023 0.23±0 (0.23±0. 10 1.03± (1.03±0 0.28± 02 (0.28± 0.23± (0.23±0 1.03 (1.03± 0.28 (0.28 0.23 (0.23± 1.0 (1.03 0.2 (0.2 (0.23 (1.0 (0. (1. (0 (1

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the classification of productive capacity in eucalyptus stands using regression kriging. The study was carried out in 62 stands with clonal plantations of Eucalyptus sp. Data were collected at 24, 36, 48, 60, 72 and 84 months in 170 sampling units of 400 m². The variables diameter at 1.30 m above the ground (DBH), total height (Ht) were measured and, subsequently, the average height of the dominant trees (Hd) was obtained. The classification of productive capacity was carried out using the algebraic difference method, with the models: Schumacher, Chapman and Richards and Bailey and Clutter. The site index was interpolated by applying ordinary kriging and regression kriging. The results indicated that the site index showed spatial dependence in all adjustments. It is concluded that regression models for estimating the site index can be used in combination with regression kriging techniques. 6 sp 24 36 48 60 7 8 17 40 m² 130 1 30 1.3 DBH, DBH , (DBH) Ht (Ht subsequently Hd (Hd obtained method Schumacher Clutter adjustments techniques 2 3 4 13 1. (DBH

Abstract This study aimed to assess the precision, accuracy, and compatibility of dendrometric estimates both individually and per hectare using the fixed area and Bitterlich methods. This study was performed in a Pinus taeda stand in Pinhão, Paraná, Brazil. A census was carried out in the area (8 ha) in addition to the fixed area and Bitterlich methods with basal area factors 1, 2 and 4 (B1, B2, and B4, respectively). The individual variables (diameter at breast height, total height, basal area and volume) did not differ significantly among the sampling methods. For the variables per hectare (number of trees and basal area), minor sampling errors were found for the fixed area method and B2 and B4 showed similar values to the parametric means. For total volume and by wood assortment, B2 and B4 were close to the real value (Census), however, they showed higher sampling errors comparatively to the others. precision accuracy Pinhão Paraná Brazil 8 ( ha 1 B1, B1 B (B1 respectively. respectively . respectively) diameter height number area, , area) means assortment Census, Census (Census) however others (B (Census

Abstract The impact of forestry practices was evaluated on Eucalyptus’s growth variables and mortality dynamics. An experiment was conducted in Uruguay over sixteen years, sixteen spacing and thinning treatments were compared depending on the genetic material and productive objective. Tree height and diameter at breast height were assessed annually. All variables were analyzed using linear mixed models. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and the Log Rank test were used to compare tree survival. 460 trees ha-1 from seed material resulted in the highest individual basal area (0.023 m2), while treatments with 2000 trees ha-1, without thinning, generated a greater yield per hectare (1014 m3 ha-1). Variations in mortality were detected in higher-density treatments (above 800 trees ha-1). This study underscores the critical importance of managing spacing, genetic material, and thinning practices to optimize Eucalyptus growth. Eucalyptuss s dynamics years objective annually models KaplanMeier Kaplan Meier 46 ha1 ha 1 ha- 0.023 0023 0 023 (0.02 m2, m2 m , m2) 200 ha1, 1, 1014 (101 ha1. . ha-1) higherdensity higher density above 80 4 0.02 002 02 (0.0 20 101 (10 8 0.0 00 (0. 2 10 (1 0. (0 (

Abstract This work aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of forest restoration consortium or not with eucalyptus in the recovery of edaphic attributes. Three of them were managed with the following forest restorations: natural regeneration after clear cutting of eucalyptus planting (RP), planting of native species after clear cutting of eucalyptus planting (RA) and planting of native species after cutting 50% of eucalyptus planting (RAE), and of a secondary forest (FR). Sixteen (16) soil samples were collected in each area for the analysis of the physical and chemical attributes. The restoration with RA promoted a less acidic pH, lower Al 3+ content, higher P content and higher V%, similar to FR. The RAE and RP restorations favor an increase in SB, CTC, N and in the organic carbon content. attributes RP, , (RP) (RA 50 RAE, (RAE) FR . (FR) 16 (16 pH 3 V V% SB CTC (RP 5 (RAE (FR 1 (1 (

Abstract This research aimed to evaluate the production of charcoal and wood vinegar in a mini-rectangular kiln equipped with a condenser and vertical smoke burner. The kiln had a chimney, a condenser and a vertical smoke burner. The logs were 0.90 m long and had characterized. Ten carbonization runs were conducted to evaluate the kiln’s performance, determining the gravimetric yields in charcoal, wood vinegar, and gases. The carbonization process took three days to conclude and four days to cool the charcoal. The results showed that the average yields for charcoal, wood vinegar, and gases were 34.0, 31.2, and 34.8%, respectively. The charcoal produced, despite the use of moderate-density wood, demonstrated favorable characteristics. The moisture content, ash content, volatile materials, and higher calorific values all fell within the ideal ranges. This, coupled with a good yield, confirms the technical viability of the system as an alternative for small producers. minirectangular mini rectangular burner chimney 090 0 90 0.9 characterized kilns s performance 340 34 34.0 312 31 2 31.2 348 8 34.8% respectively produced moderatedensity moderate density characteristics content materials ranges yield producers 09 9 0. 3 34. 31. 34.8

Abstract The objective was to evaluate the spatial distribution of chemical and textural soil variables in a multistrata agroforestry system. A total of 73 georeferenced soil samples were collected at depths of 10-20 cm and 20-40 cm. The studied parameters were: pH H2O , potential acidity (H+Al), calcium (Ca 2+ ), magnesium (Mg 2+ ), aluminum (Al 3+ ), sodium (Na + ), potassium (K + ), phosphorus (P), organic carbon (C org ), cation exchange capacity (T-value), base saturation (V-value), total clay, total sand, and silt. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed in R software using the FactoMineR and Factoextra packages. For variables with spatial dependence, ordinary kriging was performed using the best-fitted model. For variables without spatial dependence, inverse distance weighted (IDW) interpolation was applied (power = 2). The spherical model was the best fit for chemical attributes. IDW interpolation accurately mapped the textural attributes. It was concluded that geostatistics enabled a detailed analysis of chemical and textural attributes. system 7 1020 10 20 10-2 2040 40 20-4 HO H O H+Al, HAl H+Al Al (H+Al) Ca 2 ) Mg 3 Na K P, P (P) C Tvalue, Tvalue T value (T-value) Vvalue, Vvalue V (V-value) clay sand silt PCA (PCA packages dependence bestfitted fitted (IDW power 2. . 2) attributes 102 1 10- 204 4 20- (H+Al (P (T-value (V-value