ABSTRACT The combine harvester is a widely used piece of agricultural equipment in modern agriculture, and the seed loss rate is one of the important indexes used to measure its operational performance, so the monitoring of the seed loss rate is crucial for adjusting the operational parameters of combine harvesters and improving the quality of grain harvesting. Aiming at the problems of the slow response speed and low monitoring accuracy of the existing domestic seed loss rate monitoring models, this paper proposed a rice seed loss rate monitoring method based on the whale optimization algorithm-back propagation neural network (WOA-BP). The loss rate monitoring device consisted of a piezoelectric ceramic sensor module, charge amplification circuit, band-pass filter circuit, analog-to-digital (AD) converter, main control unit, etc. The WOA-BP algorithm, which has a high accuracy and fast response speed, was used to classify and count the signals to realise seed loss rate monitoring. The indoor test results showed that the relative errors of the monitoring results are less than 8.5% under the condition of a conveying speed of 1.3-2.1m/s, and the relative errors showed an increasing trend as the proportion of straw increased.

ABSTRACT At present, there are serious problems in sorghum harvesting, such as lodging entanglement and the loss of broken stems due to the lack of an external dividing device for the cutting table and holding device. Based on the physical and mechanical characteristics of sorghum plants, an integrated outer divider was developed. The main structural parameters and working parameters of the outer divider were determined. A comparative test of the working quality of the outer divider was carried out. The results show that the working quality of the cutting table with the outer divider is obviously better than that without the outer divider and that the harvest loss of the cutting table is effectively reduced. The Box–Behnken experimental design method was used to investigate the effects of the forward speed, rotation speed of the grain lifter and dividing angle of the outer divider on the lodging and broken stem loss rates during sorghum harvesting. The regression mathematical model and response surface of the lodging and broken stem loss rates and the analysis factors were established, and the optimal working parameters of the outer divider were determined as follows: the dividing angle of the outer divider was 20°, the forward speed was 0.8 m/s, and the rotating speed of the grain lifter was 330 rpm. Under these parameters, the loss rate of the fall was 1.08%, and the loss rate of broken stems was 1.05%, which met the requirements of sorghum cutting tables

ABSTRACT The anti-clogging device of a no-till seeder is an important component that affects the seeding quality. In one year two crop area of China, a no-tillage seeder for corn generally includes a passive anti-clogging device, and there are often problems with straw winding around working parts due to the low straw cleaning rate. To solve these problems, a support cutting anti-clogging device with vibration for a no-till seeder was designed in this study to efficiently cut wheat stalks and remove them to the sides of the seedbed. Through theoretical calculations and kinematic analysis, the main structural parameters of the device were limited to small ranges of values: the mounting angle of the vibrating knife was in the range θ1 = 70–82°, the amplification was in the range l1 = 14–24 mm, and the frequency was in the range ωm = 240–340 rad/min. To analyse the effects of the main parameters on the average straw cutting rate, soil bin experiments were carried out using an orthogonal multinomial regressive experimental design with three factors and three levels. The optimal structural parameters derived in this way were as follows: mounting angle for the vibrating knife θ1 = 70.7°, amplification l1 = 19 mm, and frequency ωm = 330.2 rad/min. The results of adaptability and comparison tests showed that the average straw cutting rate was 93.30% when the proposed anti-clogging device with vibration was used. Compared to traditional devices, the cutting rate for the device was increased by 12.82%, and the metrics were superior to those of a traditional anti-clogging device. This research can serve as a reference for designing anti-clogging devices for no-till seeders.

ABSTRACT The contribution of photovoltaic energy has steadily increased within the energy matrix worldwide. Within this renewable energy system, optimization is there is continually pursued, which can be achieved through various approaches, including advancements in photovoltaic cell technology, impedance adjustments, inverter efficiency, collected energy storage (either on- or off-grid), cell cooling, module cleaning, and solar position tracking, which was the focus of this study. In remote areas without electrical grid access, motorized systems may not be feasible. A tracking prototype was developed whose structure is classified as chronological due to its fixed rotation, manual as it requires daily adjustment, single-axis azimuthal, and "analog" as it lacks motors, sensors, or algorithms. The results showed that the developed tracking prototype achieved a 9.69% energy production increase during the research period, with peaks of 35.51% on sunny days, and a significant efficiency improvement during the early morning and late afternoon. Statistical analysis results revealed a significant energy production difference between panels. In terms of economy, the prototype proved unviable when compared to the cost of grid electricity.

ABSTRACT The plastic film materials are a widely used agricultural means of production. Recently, two types of new agricultural film mulches are developed and are used popularly. They are ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyolefin (PO) film mulches. The transmittances of film mulches are related to thermal reservation and plant photosynthesis. We experimentally measure transmittances of several EVA and PO film mulches under different wavelengths. We also find that the transmittances of mulches vary with light intensity change at one wavelength. The variable transmittances for these mulches are also measured in experiments. These data measured can provides help for agricultural production and accurate numerical simulation for the establishment microclimate of plastic greenhouse, even the degradation of plastic films.

ABSTRACT The seed deterioration process during storage is inevitable, but it can be slowed down using packaging that reduces the influence of the external environment on stored corn seeds. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the physiological quality of corn seeds stored in different packages and subjected to storage conditions in the central region of Brazil. Thirty-seven corn genotypes were analyzed in three storage environments: multiwall paper, 10 °C temperature, and 40% relative air humidity; multiwall paper under uncontrolled conditions; and hermetic packaging under uncontrolled conditions. The results of germination, water content, electrical conductivity, accelerated aging, soilless cold test, and field emergence test were used. Physiological quality assessments indicated that storage under conditions of 10 °C temperature and 40% relative air humidity is more efficient in preserving corn seeds' physiological quality than packaging in an uncontrolled environment.

ABSTRACT Vegetation indices are a quick and practical alternative for monitoring crops due to the availability of satellite images on various platforms for free, allowing a quick analysis of the vegetative state of the crop and interventions in the field in case of signs of diseases and pests. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the vegetative state of the coffee crop using vegetation indices (NDVI, SAVI, ARVI, EVI, and VDVI) in an agricultural year. The study was carried out on a commercial farm using satellite images from the Planet platform, during an agricultural coffee growing season (2021/2022). The indices selected for the study were the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Soil-Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI), Atmospherically Resistant Vegetation Index (ARVI), Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), and Visible Difference Vegetation Index (VDVI). The index data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, classification/interpretation proposal, and the Kappa index. NDVI and SAVI are efficient in monitoring coffee cultivation in an agricultural year, as the Kappa index was higher than 90%. ARVI and EVI had Kappa index values close to 90% and can be used to monitor the crop. VDVI was inefficient, with a low Kappa index value when compared to the others. The proposed classification for vegetation indices based on NDVI classes and values consisted of an important tool for classifying and interpreting the values of these indices, assisting monitoring and management of coffee cultivation. free pests context NDVI, (NDVI year platform 2021/2022. 20212022 2021/2022 . 2021 2022 (2021/2022) , (NDVI) SoilAdjusted Soil Adjusted (SAVI) (ARVI) (EVI) VDVI. (VDVI) statistics correlation classificationinterpretation interpretation proposal 90 inefficient others 2021202 2021/202 202 (2021/2022 (SAVI (ARVI (EVI (VDVI 9 202120 2021/20 20 (2021/202 20212 2021/2 2 (2021/20 2021/ (2021/2 (2021/ (2021 (202 (20 (2 (

ABSTRACT Fatigue vibration is a primary cause of fruit damage during transportation. Drawing on the Palmgren–Miner fatigue accumulation damage theory and the correlation between fruit vibration damage characteristics and external vibration excitation, this paper proposes a fruit vibration fatigue accumulation damage model and its method for parameter determination. Using pears as the research objects, we conducted fatigue damage vibration and critical fatigue damage vibration tests under various conditions to determine the vibration fatigue constant of the pears. By utilizing the critical value of the damage area specified in the pear grading standard for premium grade, we derived the threshold acceleration value for pear damage. These findings serve as a technical foundation for advancing our understanding of fruit vibration fatigue damage mechanisms and guiding the development of cushioning packaging to protect fruit from vibrations. transportation PalmgrenMiner Palmgren Miner excitation determination objects grade vibrations

ABSTRACT In the satisfactory development of soybeans an ally is quality seeding and soil preparation. The aim was to evaluate the quality of soybean seeding under different speeds and cover crops. The experiment was conducted in a commercial soybean crop, using a high-performance pneumatic seeder. The design experimental was randomized blocks, in 2x2 strip arrangement and nine repetitions. The factors consisted of two seeding speeds (7.0 km h-1 and 8.5 km h-1) and two cover crops (Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu and Urochloa ruziziensis). The operational quality was analyzed by statistical quality control, statistical process control and boxplot. It was found that U. ruziziensis provided more uniformity of coverage and soil humidity than U. brizantha cv. Marandu, but with lower straw produced. It is recommended speeds of 7.0 and 8.5 km h-1 for no-till soybean in U. ruziziensis straw, and 7.0 km h-1 in U. brizantha cv. Marandu straw. preparation crop highperformance high performance seeder blocks x 2x repetitions 70 7 0 (7. h1 h 1 h- 85 8 5 8. cv ruziziensis. . ruziziensis) boxplot U produced 7. notill no till (7 (

ABSTRACT Chickpea has recently gained prominence in agriculture, being an excellent option for crop rotation in areas cultivated with soybean or corn. Seeds must have good physiological quality, mainly during storage, to ensure crop success. Seeds undergo metabolic reactions that impair their performance when stored improperly. In this context, a study was carried out to evaluate the physiological variables of the chickpea cultivar BRS Aleppo in different types of packaging and storage environments. The analyses were performed with seeds evaluating water content, germination, first count, and accelerated aging, according to established standards. Therefore, the physiological quality of chickpea seeds can be preserved through controlled storage in hermetic packaging, thus ensuring their viability and vigor over time. agriculture corn success improperly context environments content germination count aging standards Therefore time

ABSTRACT Under the conservation tillage model, corn stubble with a complex structure has become the main obstacle for the operation of tillage tools. To better design relevant tillage tools as a reference, this study established a discrete element model of corn stubble. The intrinsic parameters and partial contact parameters of corn single root (CSR) were obtained through physical experiments, and the maximum shear force (Fmax) of CSR was tested. Fmax was used as the response value, Plackett-Burman test, steepest climbing test, and Box-Behnken test were used to determine the optimal parameters of the discrete element model. The results showed that the coefficient of friction of CSR-CSR, the coefficient of friction of CSR-steel, and the bonded disk radius all had significant effects on Fmax (P<0.01). The optimal solution is when they are 0.81, 0.76, and 0.93 mm respectively. Under this condition, the relative error of Fmax between the simulation and the fitting equation was 2.85%. In addition, shear validation tests were conducted on CSR with different diameters. Finally, based on the actual size of the corn stubble, a discrete element model of the entire corn stubble was established, which can provide a reference for studying the crushing of corn stubble. (CSR experiments (Fmax tested value PlackettBurman Plackett Burman BoxBehnken Box Behnken CSRCSR, CSRCSR CSR, CSR-CSR CSRsteel, CSRsteel steel, steel CSR-steel P<0.01. P001 P P<0.01 . 0 01 (P<0.01) 081 81 0.81 076 76 0.76 093 93 0.9 respectively condition 285 2 85 2.85% addition diameters Finally P00 P<0.0 (P<0.01 08 8 0.8 07 7 0.7 09 9 0. 28 2.85 P0 P<0. (P<0.0 2.8 P<0 (P<0. 2. P< (P<0 (P< (P

ABSTRACT As weeds cannot be eradicated in corn fields, a crab claw toe was used as the research object and combined with the agronomic requirements of corn fields to design a bionic weed claw suitable for corn fields. The contour curve of the crab claw toe was extracted and fitted through the Matlab image processing technology and fitting tool to establish a bionic claw finger 3D model using Solid works. According to the mechanical soil dynamics theory of dynamics analysis, the root–soil aggregates are easily broken, loosened, and drained under the action of the bionic claw fingers. Based on single image inverse reconstruction technology, the weed root system–soil aggregates discrete meta-model was established. Recur Dyn was used in the bionic weed claw kinematics simulation to verify the reliability of the movement of the mechanism and to realise the expected action of the weeding operation. We analysed the movement speed, displacement, and trajectory of soil particles in different depth layers through the joint simulation and comparison test. Using the mechanism of weeding and resistance reduction of the bionic weeding claw, under the same working conditions, the average resistance reduction rate of the bionic claw finger compared with the flat claw finger in the grasping process was 16.4%. The resistance of grass roots was reduced 23.3%, making it easier to pull out the more intact grass roots. D works analysis rootsoil broken loosened fingers systemsoil system metamodel meta established operation speed displacement test conditions 164 16 4 16.4% 233 23 3 23.3% 1 16.4 2 23.3 16. 23.

ABSTRACT Improving natural ventilation during animal transportation is a promising approach for promoting animal well-being and reducing losses. The objective of this study was to evaluate in silico the efficiency of devices (airfoils and deflectors) used for cooling trailers during the transportation of pigs. Device performance was assessed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations and 3D modeling of the enthalpy profile of a trailer, and adaptive mesh generation was employed to construct a computational mesh. Turbulence treatments were performed using RANS model and k-ω SST models. The results revealed that compared with the conditions observed in commercial transportation, the use of an airfoil increased the airflow and reduced the enthalpy within the assessed trailer (-5.4%). Likewise, the use of deflectors resulted in a reduction in enthalpy (-3.04%), although their use led to a translocation of the thermal core to the front region of the upper floor of the trailer. Nevertheless, the use deflectors has been proven to be more efficient when combined with an airfoil. In conclusion, the results obtained from our CFD simulations provide evidence to indicate that it is possible to optimize ventilation within transport containers using aerodynamic devices. wellbeing well being losses airfoils pigs (CFD D kω k ω models 5.4%. 54 5.4% . 5 4 (-5.4%) Likewise 3.04%, 304 3.04% , 3 04 (-3.04%) Nevertheless conclusion 5.4 (-5.4% 30 3.04 0 (-3.04% 5. (-5.4 3.0 (-3.04 (-5. 3. (-3.0 (-5 (-3. (- (-3 (

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the duplicity and synergism of slow drying and storage processes at low temperatures, using a refrigerated room under suitable conditions for coffee fruit just after harvest. A cold room was prepared to receive and store coffee fruit in bulk directly from the field, perform slow drying, and maintain water content at approximately 12% during three months of storage. The room operated at temperatures between 7 and 14 ºC and relative humidity between 37 and 41%. The coffee variety used was the Conilon Yellow 62. The initial water content reduction period from 54% (wb) to 12% (wb) was two months. For comparison, coffee harvested from the same batch was dried on a covered suspended bed. Results showed that the coffee dried and stored in the cold room received a sensory score of 86.41, while that dried on a suspended bed obtained a sensory score of 84.16. Moreover, the coffee dried and stored in the cold room had a higher energy content. Colorimetric analysis showed that the dried grains stored in the cold room had a reduction in the "a" coordinate, indicating an approximation to the green color. The cold room also allowed for extended storage of the coffee grains. harvest field 12 1 3 41 41% 62 54 wb (wb comparison 8641 86 86.41 8416 84 16 84.16 Moreover "a coordinate color 4 6 5 864 8 86.4 841 84.1 86. 84.

ABSTRACT The MATOPIBA, encompassing parts of the states of Maranhão, Piauí, and Bahia, as well as the entire state of Tocantins, is an expanding agricultural region characterized by water resource management challenges. The availability of water in the hydrographic basins of this region plays a fundamental role in sustaining agricultural activities and preserving local ecosystems. Remote sensing information was used to estimate the flow in 32 hydrographic basins sited in the MATOPIBA region. For this purpose, precipitation and evapotranspiration variables obtained from TerraClimate using the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform, were considered to calculate monthly, annual, and long-term simplified water balances. To verify the performance of the remotely sensed flow data, the results were compared with those of the Agência Nacional de Águas e Saneamento Básico (ANA), using statistical performance parameters. The results showed that the estimates of long-term and annual mean flows were better than monthly ones. These findings reveal that the simplified water balance done long-term using remote sensing satisfactorily determines mean streamflow in the hydrographic basins of the study area. Maranhão Piauí Bahia Tocantins challenges ecosystems 3 purpose GEE (GEE platform longterm long term balances data ANA, ANA , (ANA) parameters ones area (ANA