ABSTRACT Considering the importance of backyard broiler production in Zambia, this study aimed to characterize this practice in the Serenje district (Zambia). A structured questionnaire was administered to 55 households. Results revealed a male predominance (56.36%) in broiler ownership, with most (69.09%) falling within the 30 to 50 years age group. Most (72.73%) had received at least secondary education. Notably, broiler producers primarily depended on farming (41.82%) and formal employment (32.73%) for income. Marketing channels predominantly involved direct sales to consumers (78.18%), minimizing intermediary involvement. The study highlighted the seasonal demand for broilers. Broiler consumption was common (90.91%) among producers, with most (85.45%) consuming broiler meat up to twice a week. Biosecurity practices varied, and mortality management predominantly involved burning or burial (67.27%). While most (96.36%) farmers practiced vaccinations, disease outbreaks persisted (92.73%), with limited consultation of veterinarians (67.27%). Access to information on broiler production primarily relied on agricultural agencies and organizations (49.09%). Common challenges included feed costs (94.55%), diseases (92.73%), and price fluctuations (87.27%). This study provides valuable insights into the dynamics of backyard broiler production in an urban setting, shedding light on its potential impacts on public health and the overall poultry industry. Zambia Zambia. . (Zambia) 5 households 56.36% 5636 56 36 (56.36% ownership 69.09% 6909 69 09 (69.09% 3 group 72.73% 7273 72 73 (72.73% education Notably 41.82% 4182 41 82 (41.82% 32.73% 3273 32 (32.73% income 78.18%, 7818 78.18% , 78 18 (78.18%) involvement broilers 90.91% 9091 90 91 (90.91% 85.45% 8545 85 45 (85.45% week varied 67.27%. 6727 67.27% 67 27 (67.27%) 96.36% 9636 96 (96.36% vaccinations 92.73%, 9273 92.73% 92 (92.73%) 49.09%. 4909 49.09% 49 (49.09%) 94.55%, 9455 94.55% 94 (94.55%) 87.27%. 8727 87.27% 87 (87.27%) setting industry (Zambia 56.36 563 (56.36 69.09 690 6 0 (69.09 72.73 727 7 (72.73 41.82 418 4 8 (41.82 32.73 327 (32.73 781 78.18 1 (78.18% 90.91 909 9 (90.91 85.45 854 (85.45 672 67.27 2 (67.27% 96.36 963 (96.36 927 92.73 (92.73% 490 49.09 (49.09% 945 94.55 (94.55% 872 87.27 (87.27% 56.3 (56.3 69.0 (69.0 72.7 (72.7 41.8 (41.8 32.7 (32.7 78.1 (78.18 90.9 (90.9 85.4 (85.4 67.2 (67.27 96.3 (96.3 92.7 (92.73 49.0 (49.09 94.5 (94.55 87.2 (87.27 56. (56. 69. (69. 72. (72. 41. (41. 32. (32. 78. (78.1 90. (90. 85. (85. 67. (67.2 96. (96. 92. (92.7 49. (49.0 94. (94.5 87. (87.2 (56 (69 (72 (41 (32 (78. (90 (85 (67. (96 (92. (49. (94. (87. (5 (6 (7 (4 (3 (78 (9 (8 (67 (92 (49 (94 (87 (

ABSTRACT The use of enzymes is a concrete fact in broiler feeding. The global economic situation has been undergoing major changes, especially in the cost of agricultural commodities such as corn and soybean meal, the main ingredients in broiler diets in many parts of the world. This study aimed to assess the effect of increasing doses of phytase by assigning an optimized non-linear increasing nutritional matrix to the diet of broilers from 1 to 42 days of age, using economic production indicators as response variables. 900 one-day-old chicks were distributed in a randomized block design with six treatments and ten replications. Different nutritional matrices were studied: a positive control diet without phytase; diets with increasing levels of this enzyme (350, 500, 1,000, 1,500 FTU); and a negative control diet (-100 kcal/kg EMA) without phytase supplementation. Performance from 1 to 42 days of age and economic viability were assessed. It was observed that the negative control and the overdose (1,500 FTU) of phytase showed worse feed conversion than the positive control diet. In the economic analysis, there was a reduction in feed costs with increasing doses of the enzyme, as well as lower production costs per carcass kilo. The data found in this study shows that performance indicators do not always reflect economic efficiency responses. Specifically, the production cost was lower in broiler diets (1 to 42 d) formulated with increasing doses of phytase (up to 1,500 FTU kg-1). feeding changes meal world nonlinear non linear 4 variables 90 onedayold one day old replications studied 350, 350 (350 500 1000 000 1,000 1500 1,50 100 (-10 kcalkg kcal kg EMA supplementation assessed (1,50 analysis kilo responses Specifically ( d up kg1. kg1 . kg-1) 9 35 (35 50 00 1,00 150 1,5 10 (-1 (1,5 kg-1 3 (3 5 0 1,0 15 1, (- (1, kg-

ABSTRACT Managing fertile eggs and minimizing seasonal impacts is crucial in poultry farming. This study evaluated the effects of the storage time of fertile eggs, broiler breeder strain, and age on hatchability and first-week broiler performance. Twelve treatments were carried out in a factorial arrangement with two broiler breeder strains (Cobb MV and Ross 308AP), two breeder age intervals (between 30-40 weeks and between 50-60 weeks), and three egg storage times (4, 7 and 9 days). The Ross 308AP strain showed the highest hatchability (91.74%) at 30-40 weeks, while Cobb MV had the greatest weight gain (162.75g) from days 1 to 7 at 50-60 weeks. Longer egg storage affected weight gain at 7 days for Cobb MV. Nine-day storage reduced chick weight (45.46g) from breeders aged 50-60 weeks. Lower first-stage embryonic mortality was observed in Ross 308 AP (3.83%) in breeders aged 30-40 weeks (4.13%), and in eggs stored for 4 days (4.01%). The Ross 308AP had the greatest percentage of infertile eggs (10.25%), and breeders aged 50-60 weeks showed greater percentages of infertility (10.14%). The Cobb MV had lower second-stage embryonic mortality but higher percentages of discarded chicks. Hatchability and first-week broiler performance depend on storage time, breeder age and strain. farming firstweek first week 308AP, , 308AP) 3040 30 40 30-4 5060 50 60 50-6 weeks) 4, (4 days. . days) 91.74% 9174 91 74 (91.74% 162.75g 16275g g 162 75g (162.75g Nineday Nine day 45.46g 4546g 45 46g (45.46g firststage stage 3.83% 383 3 83 (3.83% 4.13%, 413 4.13% 13 (4.13%) 4.01%. 401 4.01% 01 (4.01%) 10.25%, 1025 10.25% 10 25 (10.25%) 10.14%. 1014 10.14% 14 (10.14%) secondstage second chicks 304 30- 506 5 6 50- ( 91.74 917 (91.74 16 3.83 38 8 (3.83 41 4.13 (4.13% 4.01 0 (4.01% 102 10.25 2 (10.25% 101 10.14 (10.14% 91.7 (91.7 3.8 (3.8 4.1 (4.13 4.0 (4.01 10.2 (10.25 10.1 (10.14 91. (91. 3. (3. 4. (4.1 (4.0 10. (10.2 (10.1 (91 (3 (4. (10. (9 (10 (1

ABSTRACT The goal of the current study was to determine how selenium-supplemented diets affected the growth performance, carcass traits, and blood biochemistry of Rhode Island Red (RIR) chickens. Organic and inorganic selenium (SE) was fed to the birds at 0.30ppm, whereas the control diet was not supplemented with selenium in either organic or inorganic form. A total of 225 day-old RIR chicks were indiscriminately distributed in three groups according to the experimental diets, in a completely randomized design. Each treatment group was repeated 5 times (replicates), and each replicate had 15 birds. Parameters of growth performance, carcass characteristics, and blood biochemistry were assessed. Birds fed an inorganic selenium-supplemented diet had higher feed intake than those fed an organic selenium-supplemented diet or the control diet, whereas birds fed an organic selenium-supplemented diet had higher body weight gains and better feed conversion ratios. Birds fed organic SE in the diet showed higher breast and thigh weight than those receiving inorganic Se, whereas dressing percentage, drumstick yield, and weights of liver, gizzard, heart, and wing were not significantly different across treatments. The organic Se group showed higher values for total protein and globulin in the blood relative to those fed inorganic Se and the control diet. Similarly, organic Se fed birds showed higher blood Se concentration than the other two groups. However, no significant differences in albumin, glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, and uric acid were observed among the diets. These results lead to the conclusion that organic Se may be utilized in diets to improve the poor performance of RIR chicken. seleniumsupplemented traits (RIR chickens (SE 030ppm ppm 0 30ppm 0.30ppm form 22 dayold day old design replicates, replicates , (replicates) 1 characteristics assessed ratios percentage yield liver gizzard heart treatments Similarly However albumin glucose cholesterol triglycerides chicken 2 (replicates

ABSTRACT To determine the digestible valine (dVal) requirement and dVal to digestible lysine ratio (dVal: dLys) for laying hens, this experiment was performed on three hundred sixty Hy-Line W36 hens during the peak egg production phase (28 to 40 weeks of age), based on a completely randomized design with six treatments and five replicates of 12 birds each. The six dietary treatments were graded levels of dVal: dLys ratios: 0.82 (basal diet), 0.86, 0.90, 0.94, 0.98, and 1.02. The dVal: dLys ratio of 0.82 led to the lowest performance, indicating that valine is the first limiting amino acid in this ratio. The graded increase in the dietary dVal: dLys ratio improved egg weight (EW, p<0.01), egg mass (EM, p<0.05), and feed conversion ratio (FCR, p<0.01). The highest performance was observed at the dVal: dLys ratio of 0.94. Serum albumin, uric acid, and triglycerides were significantly (p<0.01) affected by the dVal: dLys ratio; the highest level of albumin, and the lowest levels of triglycerides and uric acid were observed at the ratios of 0.98, 0.98, and 0.94, respectively. The graded increase in dVal: dLys ratio improved (p<0.05) the egg quality traits (albumen and yolk height, Haugh unit, albumen ratio, and yolk color). Based on regression analysis, the response curves for EW and EM showed the best fit with the linear broken line (LBL) model, while the quadratic polynomial (QP) model was the best fit for FCR. In conclusion, the optimum dVal: dLys ratio was estimated at 0.93, which equals 695 mg dVal/ hen/ day. (dVal HyLine Hy Line W W3 28 (2 4 age, age , age) 1 each 082 0 82 0.8 basal diet, diet diet) 086 86 0.86 090 90 0.90 094 94 0.94 098 98 0.98 102 02 1.02 EW, (EW p<0.01, p001 p p<0.01 01 p<0.01) EM, (EM p<0.05, p005 p<0.05 05 p<0.05) FCR, FCR (FCR p<0.01. . albumin (p<0.01 respectively (p<0.05 height unit color. color color) analysis LBL (LBL QP (QP conclusion 093 93 0.93 69 hen day 2 ( 08 8 0. 09 9 0.9 10 1.0 p00 p<0.0 (p<0.0 6 1. p0 p<0. (p<0. p<0 (p<0 p< (p< (p

ABSTRACT Methionine (Met) and cysteine (Cys) are nutrients in broiler diets, responsible for strengthening protein synthesis, immunity, and metabolic regulation. To estimate the ideal digestible Met + Cys:digestible Lysine (Lys) ratio for broilers under a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) inflammatory challenge, 384 male broilers were distributed in a completely randomized 4×2 factorial design, with four ratios of dig. Met + Cys:dig. Lys (0.69, 0.73, 0.77, and 0.81) and two conditions (with or without challenge). Each treatment had eight replicates, with six birds per experimental unit (EU). The evaluated parameters included broilers’ weight gain (WG), feed intake (FI), and feed conversion ratio (FCR); jejunum mRNA transcript levels of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-Κb), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione synthetase (GSS), and methionine adenosyltransferase 2 (MAT2); relative weights of liver and spleen, and fat mass (%) and lean mass (%). A linear regression model would estimate the ideal ratio if an effect had occurred. No interaction (p>0.05) was observed between the factors for all the data, nor did the different ratios had any effect (p>0.05) either. LPS-administered exhibited reduced performance, heavier liver and spleen, and lower GSS expression. Hence, the lowest dig Met + Cys:dig Lys ratio (0.69) was sufficient to maintain the performance parameters, the relative weight of lymphoid organs, fat and lean mass, and NF-Kb, GPX, SOD, GSS, MAT2, and CBS mRNA transcript levels in the jejunum. (Met Cys (Cys diets synthesis immunity regulation Cysdigestible (Lys LPS (LPS challenge 38 42 4 4× design Cysdig. Cysdig 0.69, 069 0 69 (0.69 073 73 0.73 077 77 0.77 0.81 081 81 challenge. . challenge) replicates EU. EU (EU) WG, WG , (WG) FI, FI (FI) FCR (FCR) kappaB kappa B NFΚb, NFΚb NF Κb (NF-Κb) GPX (GPX) SOD (SOD) (GSS) MAT2 MAT (MAT2) spleen % (% %. occurred p>0.05 p005 p 05 (p>0.05 data either LPSadministered administered expression Hence 0.69 organs NFKb, NFKb Kb, Kb NF-Kb 3 06 6 (0.6 07 7 0.7 0.8 08 8 (EU (WG (FI (FCR (NF-Κb (GPX (SOD (GSS (MAT2 ( p>0.0 p00 (p>0.0 0.6 (0. 0. (MAT p>0. p0 (p>0. (0 p>0 (p>0 p> (p> (p

ABSTRACT In this study, the performance characteristics and egg quality of brown (Hy-Line Brown (HB)) and white (Isa Tinted (IT)) laying hens housed in three different cage densities were investigated. Low (5 hens/cage LCD), medium (7 hens/cage MCD) and high (10 hens/cage HCD) cage densities were used in the research. A total of 396 laying hens were used in the experiment by placing 198 HB and 198 IT layers in cages. The performance characteristics, egg production (EP), feed consumption (FC) and livability (L) were recorded at the same time every day. Egg weight (EW) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were measured weekly, while body weight (BW) was evaluated monthly. Monthly analyzes were performed to determine egg internal and external quality characteristics. According to the results of the research, as the cage density increased, the EP, EW, FC, FCR, BW and L of both hybrids decreased. However, the ratio of broken-cracked eggs was less in HCD. It has been determined that the performance characteristics of HB laying hens are better than ITs. The effect of cage density on egg internal and external quality parameters was insignificant (except for shape index). The shape index was found to be similar at MCD and HCD, both showing higher values than LCD. The effect of hybrid (HB, IT) on egg external quality parameters was found to be significant only on EW (HB: 63.60 g; IT: 62.50 g); while among the internal quality parameters, only the effect on egg yolk was found to be significant (IT>HB). study HyLine Hy Line (HB) Isa (IT) investigated 5 ( henscage LCD, LCD , LCD) 7 10 (1 HCD research 39 19 cages EP (EP) FC (FC (L day (EW FCR (FCR weekly (BW monthly increased decreased However brokencracked broken cracked ITs except index. . index) HB, (HB 6360 63 60 63.6 g 6250 62 50 62.5 g) IT>HB. ITHB IT>HB (IT>HB) (IT 1 3 (EP 636 6 63. 625 62. (IT>HB

ABSTRACT This study’s main objective was to determine the novel impact of supplementing Brachiaria decumbens leaf meal on the growth performance, blood biochemistry, and stress biomarkers of commercial broilers raised in hot and humid environments. A total of 300 male Ross 308 day-old broilers were divided into six different treatment groups at random. In Treatment 1, commercial diets without any additional additives were given to the broilers. In Treatment 2, broilers were fed commercial diets containing 100 mg/kg of the antibiotic oxytetracycline. Similar commercial diets supplemented with 25, 50, 75, and 100 mg/kg of B. decumbens leaf meal were respectively given to Treatments 3, 4, 5, and 6 without the use of antibiotics. Growth performance, serum lipid profiles, acute phase proteins, hormones, and heat shock proteins all differed significantly (p<0.05) among the treatments. The greatest final body weight, body weight gain, and lowest feed conversion ratio were generally seen in T3, for broilers supplemented with 25 mg/kg of B. decumbens leaf meal. Moreover, T3 broilers supplemented with 25 mg/kg of B. decumbens leaf meal showed the lowest AGP, corticosterone, and HSP 70 concentrations, while T6 broilers treated with 100 mg/kg of B. decumbens leaf meal had the lowest LDL and highest HDL values. The results of this study clearly demonstrate that supplementing broilers with B. decumbens leaf meal only requires a small amount to improve growth and reduce the effects of stress, but that a higher concentration is necessary to improve lipid profiles. studys s performance biochemistry environments 30 dayold day old random 1 2 10 mgkg mg kg oxytetracycline 50 75 B 3 4 5 antibiotics profiles hormones p<0.05 p005 p 0 05 (p<0.05 treatments gain T Moreover AGP corticosterone 7 concentrations values p<0.0 p00 (p<0.0 p<0. p0 (p<0. p<0 (p<0 p< (p< (p

ABSTRACT We evaluated the effect of alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol (1α-OH-D3) and phytase supplementation on the performance, carcass characteristics, blood factors, and the expression of vitamin D receptors (VDR) and Calbindin 28k (CaBP-D28k) genes in broiler chickens. In the current experiment, 400 one-day-old male chicks of the Cobb 500 strain were allocated into a completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 5 replicates (20 chicks per replicate). Experimental treatments were: 1- Control (no additional supplements), 2- Addition of 14 mg/kg DM 1α-OH-D3 to the diet, 3- Addition of 5 mg/kg phytase, and 4- Addition of 14 mg/kg 1α- OH-D3 + 5 mg/k phytase. Compared to the control diet, adding 1α-OH-D3 and phytase could significantly improve the feed conversion ratio and weight gain (p≤0.05). The combination also decreased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity relative to the control (p≤0.05) The relative expression of VDR and CaBP-D28k genes in the treatments that used 1α-OH-D3 and 1α-OH-D3 along with the phytase enzyme had a significant elevation compared to the control group (p<0.05). Overall, using 1α-OH-D3 along with the phytase enzyme can lead to a higher growth performance than using each one of them separately. The use of 1α-OH-D3 together with phytase led to a greater improvement of the growth performance and expression of the VDR and CaBP-D28k genes when compared to their separate use in broiler chickens’ diets. alphahydroxycholecalciferol alpha hydroxycholecalciferol 1αOHD3 αOHD 1α OH D3 α (1α-OH-D3 characteristics factors (VDR k CaBPD28k CaBPDk CaBP D28k (CaBP-D28k chickens experiment 40 onedayold day old 50 20 (2 replicate. replicate . replicate) 1 no supplements, supplements , supplements) 2 mgkg mg kg 1α-OH-D diet 3 OHD3 OHD OH-D mgk p≤0.05. p005 p p≤0.05 0 05 ALP (ALP (p≤0.05 p<0.05. p<0.05 (p<0.05) Overall separately diets 1αOHD (1α-OH-D CaBPD Dk ( p00 p≤0.0 (p≤0.0 p<0.0 (p<0.05 p0 p≤0. (p≤0. p<0. (p<0.0 p≤0 (p≤0 p<0 (p<0. p≤ (p≤ p< (p<0 (p (p<

ABSTRACT This study aimed to determine the effect of three distinct cage densities (750 cm2/hen, 535 cm2/hen, and 375 cm2/hen) on the keel bone damage of brown (Hyline Brown, HB) and white (Isa Tinted, IT) laying hens by x-ray method. Moreover, osteocalcin (OC), calcitonin (CT), and parathormone (PTH) hormones were examined by taking blood from a total of 162 laying hens (54 laying hens from each period) at the 35th, 51st and 60th weeks. The research took place from laying hen ages of 20 to 60 weeks. A total of 396 laying hens (198 HB, 198 IT) were used in the research. Scoring was done at the end of the experiment, using the x-ray images of the chest area of the laying hens at the 35th, 51st, and 60th weeks (162 laying hens). A ‘0’ score was attributed to images with deviation and fracture; while those without them were attributed a score of ‘1’. The hormones examined were not affected by cage density. Only PTH hormone differed according to age (p<0.05) and genotype (IT > HB) (p<0.001). It was determined that keel bone damage (deviation, p=0.009) was greater at low cage density, and age had no effect on damage occurrence. The study showed that the cage density applied in conventional cage systems may affect keel bone damage. 750 (75 cm2hen cmhen cm2 cm cm2/hen 53 37 Hyline Brown HB Isa Tinted IT xray x ray method Moreover OC, OC , (OC) CT, CT (CT) (PTH 16 54 (5 period 35th th st 2 6 39 (19 19 experiment (16 hens. . hens) ‘0 0 fracture ‘1. 1 ‘1 ‘1’ p<0.05 p005 p 05 (p<0.05 p<0.001. p0001 p<0.001 001 (p<0.001) deviation, (deviation p=0.009 p0009 009 occurrence 75 (7 5 3 (OC (CT ( (1 ‘ p<0.0 p00 (p<0.0 p000 p<0.00 00 (p<0.001 p=0.00 7 p<0. p0 (p<0. (p<0.00 p=0.0 p<0 (p<0 p=0. p< (p< p=0 (p p=

ABSTRACT This study aimed to compare the egg quality between the bluish-shelled (BSh) and whitish-shelled (WSh) eggs of Taiwanese Tsaiya ducks. Experiments were conducted to determine eggshell thickness and strength, heat absorption capability, and egg yolk lipid peroxidation. Our results showed that the eggshell thickness and strength of BSh eggs were higher than that of WSh eggs during both the autumn and winter seasons (p<0.05). The egg surface temperature in either indoors and outdoors conditions was higher in the BSh group than in the WSh group. The extent of lipid peroxidation was determined to analyze the anti-oxidative ability of egg yolk. When eggs were stored at room temperature in autumn for 0 day and 7 days, the levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in BSh eggs (1.21±1.04 and 1.49±0.69, respectively) were lower than those of WSh eggs (3.42±1.32 and 3.74±1.86, respectively) (p<0.05). Moreover, TBARs in the BSh group stored at 4°C for 14 days were also lower than those of the WSh group, indicating that despite the heat absorption capability of BSh eggs being higher, the anti-oxidative ability remained sound. Then, we determined serum red blood cells, which are the original source of the anti-oxidant component biliverdin in the egg shell. The results showed that the levels of red blood cells and packed cell volume in the BSh group were higher than those of the WSh group (p<0.05). All in all, we suggest that BSh eggs with higher eggshell thickness and strength and antioxidant capacity may possess greater quality and shelf life. bluishshelled bluish shelled (BSh whitishshelled whitish (WSh ducks p<0.05. p005 p p<0.05 . 05 (p<0.05) antioxidative anti oxidative TBARS (TBARS 1.21±1.04 121104 1 21 04 (1.21±1.0 149069 49 69 1.49±0.69 respectively 3.42±1.32 342132 3 42 32 (3.42±1.3 374186 74 86 3.74±1.86 Moreover 4C C 4 sound Then oxidant shell all life p00 p<0.0 (p<0.05 1.21±1.0 12110 2 (1.21±1. 14906 6 1.49±0.6 3.42±1.3 34213 (3.42±1. 37418 8 3.74±1.8 p0 p<0. (p<0.0 1.21±1. 1211 (1.21±1 1490 1.49±0. 3.42±1. 3421 (3.42±1 3741 3.74±1. p<0 (p<0. 1.21±1 121 (1.21± 149 1.49±0 3.42±1 342 (3.42± 374 3.74±1 p< (p<0 1.21± 12 (1.21 1.49± 3.42± 34 (3.42 37 3.74± (p< 1.21 (1.2 1.49 3.42 (3.4 3.74 (p 1.2 (1. 1.4 3.4 (3. 3.7 1. (1 3. (3 (

ABSTRACT Viral inactivated vaccines play a fundamental role in animal heath, both for individual protection and for the induction of antibodies that will be passively transmitted to the progeny. Depending on the field challenges, it is eventually necessary to combine more than one etiology. Inactivated polyvalent vaccines with appropriate combinations to ensure adequate and balanced responses may induce a satisfactory and long-lasting immune response. This study aimed to evaluate the antibody responses of a new oil-based inactivated pentavalent viral vaccine for intramuscular administration containing a newly developed immunomodulator, and compare it with conventional vaccines through antibody responses to the same antigens by ELISA in successive weeks after administration. Mortality rate, weight gain, egg production and hatching were also determined to evaluate safety. The results obtained revealed significant differences (p<0.05) between the group that received the new vaccine and the control group, presenting persistent and long-lasting IgG (IgY) antibodies in specific pathogen free (SPF) chickens for 146 days. In addition, there was a statistically significant (p<0.05) difference in the serological response of the new pentavalent vaccine in commercial poultry in relation to the monovalent commercial vaccines for infectious bronchitis, avian metapneumovirus, Newcastle disease, Gumboro, and reovirus fractions. There was no change in the productive parameters evaluated when compared to the conventional vaccine or the control. heath progeny challenges etiology longlasting long lasting oilbased oil based immunomodulator rate gain safety p<0.05 p005 p 0 05 (p<0.05 IgY (IgY SPF (SPF 14 days addition bronchitis metapneumovirus disease Gumboro fractions p<0.0 p00 (p<0.0 1 p<0. p0 (p<0. p<0 (p<0 p< (p< (p

ABSTRACT The study aimed to investigate the effect of methionine deficiency on conventional nutrient composition, NO and NOS activity in the liver and kidney, and expression of genes related to the NF-κB signal pathway. One hundred 1-day-old broilers were divided into control and methionine deficiency group, and provided with a standard diet. The methionine-deficient group was fed with a methionine-deficient diet for 42 days. Moisture content, protein content, and crude lipid content were determined by freeze drying, the Kjeldahl method, and the ether extraction method. The concentration of NO was measured using the nitrate reductase method, and the activity of NOS was measured using colorimetry. mRNA expression of related genes in the NF-κB signal pathway was detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The results showed the contents of crude protein and crude lipid in the liver and kidney of the methionine-deficient group were significantly higher than those in the control group (p<0.05 or p<0.01). There was no significant change in dry matter (p>0.05). Methionine deficiency resulted in significantly increased NO concentration and total nitric oxide synthase (TNOS) activities in the liver and kidney (p<0.01). In contrast, cNOS and inducible iNOS activities significantly decreased (p<0.01). The expression of NF-κB, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1, and IL-6 mRNA, which are related to the NF-κB signal pathway of the methionine-deficient group, were significantly higher than those in the control group (p<0.05 or p<0.01). It is concluded that long-term feeding diets lacking methionine will lead to changes in nutrient composition and inflammatory injury of the liver and kidney. NFκB NF κB 1dayold dayold 1 day old methioninedeficient deficient 4 days drying method colorimetry transcriptionpolymerase transcription polymerase RTPCR. RTPCR RT PCR . (RT-PCR) p<0.05 p005 p 0 05 (p<0.0 p<0.01. p001 p<0.01 01 p<0.01) p>0.05. p>0.05 (p>0.05) TNOS (TNOS (p<0.01) contrast NFκB, κB, TNFα, TNFα TNF α, α TNF-α IFNγ, IFNγ IFN γ, γ IFN-γ IL1, IL1 IL 1, IL-1 IL6 6 IL- longterm long term (RT-PCR p<0.0 p00 (p<0. p>0.0 (p>0.05 (p<0.01 p<0. p0 (p<0 p>0. (p>0.0 p<0 (p< p>0 (p>0. p< (p p> (p>0 (p>