ABSTRACT The mobilization of reserves determines the formation of seedlings during germination, being influenced by seed vigor and adverse stress conditions. Seeds with higher vigor have greater potential for mobilization of reserves, and it can favor performance under conditions of salt stress. The objective of this study was to identify how the mobilization of reserves stored in common bean seeds contributes to the overcoming of salt stress, seeking to identify the difference in hydrolysis and mobilization of reserves among seeds with superior vigor. Seeds from two genotypes contrasting in vigor (BAF44 and BAF55) were used. Salt stress was simulated using sodium chloride, and evaluations were performed at one, three, five and seven days of germination. The variables analyzed in seedling was length, dry mass, and metabolic expenditure, while biochemical analyses of total starch, total protein, total soluble sugars, total soluble proteins, and alpha-amylase activity were evaluated in the embryonic axis and/or cotyledons. The salt stress condition negatively affected the performance of the seedlings, resulting in a decrease in length, mass accumulation, and reduced use of seed reserves, associated with a lower hydrolysis of starch and proteins. Seeds with higher vigor showed higher dry mass and seedling length even when subjected to salt stress conditions, because of greater hydrolysis capacity and use of soluble proteins and soluble sugars, which result in seedlings with better performance under control and salt stress conditions. germination BAF44 BAF (BAF4 BAF55 used chloride one three expenditure protein sugars alphaamylase alpha amylase andor or cotyledons accumulation BAF4 (BAF BAF5

ABSTRACT Mapping resistant populations makes it possible to identify the evolution and dispersal of resistance cases, providing important information for control-related decision making. This study aimed to identify and map herbicide-resistant sourgrass (Digitaria insularis) populations in Brazilian regions. The results showed no glufosinate resistance, with 485 samples (96.6%) classified as putative resistant to glyphosate, while nine (1.8%) and five (1%) were considered putative resistant to haloxyfop and clethodim, respectively. Two samples were deemed putative resistant to three herbicides (glyphosate, haloxyfop, and clethodim). One of the samples characterized as a control failure for all three herbicides was used on the dose-response curve. This biotype was identified as glyphosate-resistant, with low-level resistance to clethodim and haloxyfop. Based on C50, resistance factors of 10.96, 3.26, and 3.15 were identified for glyphosate, clethodim, and haloxyfop, respectively. Mapping sourgrass resistance is vital to understand and ensure the early identification and quantification of the frequency of these plants. cases controlrelated related making herbicideresistant herbicide Digitaria insularis regions 48 96.6% 966 96 6 (96.6% glyphosate 1.8% 18 1 8 (1.8% 1% (1% respectively (glyphosate clethodim. . clethodim) doseresponse dose response curve glyphosateresistant, glyphosateresistant resistant, glyphosate-resistant lowlevel low level C50 C 1096 10 10.96 326 3 26 3.26 315 15 3.1 plants 4 96.6 9 (96.6 1.8 (1.8 (1 C5 109 10.9 32 2 3.2 31 3. 96. (96. 1. (1. ( 10. (96 (9

ABSTRACT When implementing path analysis between technological and nutritional traits in common bean without considering the degree of multicollinearity, it is important to assess whether there will be errors in indirect selection. This study proposed: to assess path analysis under different degrees of multicollinearity for technological and nutritional traits in common bean; and to recognize the degree of multicollinearity that allows an accurate interpretation of direct and indirect effects of these traits for the indirect selection of fast-cooking. Then, 10 technological traits and seven nutritional traits were measured in 25 common bean cultivars obtained across four experiments. Path analysis was carried out using different degrees of multicollinearity: severe (including all traits), moderate to strong (excluding three traits), and weak (excluding four traits). The magnitude and algebraic sign of direct and indirect effects between technological and nutritional traits varied when path analysis was performed using different degrees of multicollinearity. With severe multicollinearity (condition number = 6,798.28), regression coefficient values were excessively high and in an unfavorable direction for selection. Under weak multicollinearity (condition number = 66.21), the value and sign of the generated correlation coefficients were more in line with the biological phenomenon studied, allowing for an accurate interpretation of the direct and indirect effects of technological and nutritional traits on cooking time. Indirect selection based on the lowest values of mass of 100 grains and calcium concentration is recommended in this study for the selection of fast-cooking common bean cultivars. proposed fastcooking. fastcooking fast cooking. Then 1 2 experiments including traits, , traits) excluding traits. . condition 6,798.28, 679828 6,798.28 6 798 28 6,798.28) 66.21, 6621 66.21 66 21 66.21) studied time 67982 6,798.2 79 662 66.2 6798 6,798. 7 66. 679 6,798 67 6,79 6,7 6,

ABSTRACT The bacterial canker, caused by Xanthomonas citri pv. viticola, is the most important bacterial disease of grapevines cultivated in tropical areas. The objectives of this study were to select grape hybrids resistant to bacterial canker based on genotypic values and to evaluate the response of seedless grape hybrids to artificial infection with bacterial canker. Two experiments were conducted. The field experiment (Experiment I) was conducted with 569 hybrids, evaluated for symptoms of bacterial canker, in the absence of an experimental design, using a single individual of each genotype. Experiment II was conducted in a greenhouse, where ten seedless grape hybrids were evaluated in terms of incubation period, incidence, severity, and area under the progress curve of bacterial canker disease incidence, in a completely randomized design. The use of the residual maximum likelihood/best unbiased linear prediction methodology allowed the selection of 40 grape hybrids with lower genotypic values for resistance to bacterial canker. The CPATSA 49.25 and CPATSA 49.86 hybrids showed greater resistance to bacterial canker in all epidemiological parameters evaluated under greenhouse conditions. pv viticola areas I 56 design genotype period incidence severity likelihoodbest likelihood best 4 4925 49 25 49.2 4986 86 49.8 conditions 5 492 2 49. 498 8

ABSTRACT The search for bioherbicides has been encouraged, and plants used in food or with bioactivity have been studied. Therefore, this article aimed to investigate the bioherbicidal potential of essential oils from Psidium cauliflorum and P. acidum through a plant toxicity bioassay using Lactuca sativa and Sorghum bicolor. The seeds were treated with essential oils of both species, along with control groups treated with distilled water, dichloromethane, and glyphosate. Germination percentage (GP), germination speed index (GSI), root growth (RG), shoot length (SL), mitotic index (MI), chromosomal alterations (CA), and nuclear alterations (NA) were evaluated. The major compound of the essential oil of P. cauliflorum was α-pinene, and of P. acidum were trans-caryophyllene, β-elemene, germacrene A, and α-copaene. The essential oils from both species exhibited phytotoxic effects. P. acidum oil inhibited sorghum RG and lettuce SL, while P. cauliflorum oil reduced GP, GSI, RG, and SL in both plants, indicating higher phytotoxicity than P. acidum and non-selective behavior. Cytotoxic investigations showed that both oils inhibited the MI. CA analysis revealed that P. cauliflorum oil exhibited aneugenic and clastogenic action mechanisms. The results demonstrate the bioherbicidal potential of P. cauliflorum essential oil, in addition to being non-selective and displaying a similar inhibition rate to glyphosate. encouraged studied Therefore P bicolor water dichloromethane glyphosate GP , (GP) GSI (GSI) (RG) (SL) MI, MI (MI) CA, (CA) NA (NA evaluated αpinene, Îpinene α pinene, Î pinene α-pinene transcaryophyllene, transcaryophyllene trans caryophyllene, caryophyllene trans-caryophyllene βelemene, βelemene Îelemene β elemene, elemene β-elemene A αcopaene. Îcopaene copaene. copaene α-copaene effects nonselective non selective behavior mechanisms (GP (GSI (RG (SL (MI (CA αpinene αcopaene

ABSTRACT This study aimed to model nutrient losses in an Oxisol under varied soil properties and vegetation cover. The experimental area was located at the Paraná Rural Development Institute, in Santa Tereza do Oeste, Paraná, Brazil. The treatments consisted of six cover crops in summer, six cover crops in winter, and management systems no-tillage (NT) traditional (control), NT with gypsum, and NT with scarification. Nutrient data were collected at each natural rainfall through sample collection from collection troughs. The design was completely randomized, and the data were adjusted using an exponential function of two variables, as a function of soil density, macroporosity, straw dry mass, green cover, and rainfall. Greater losses of Mg and Ca was related to higher soil density and lower macroporosity. Lower losses of Mg, Ca, K, and P were associated with lower straw dry mass and higher green cover. K and P losses were stable for all soil density values, but they decreased with an increase in macroporosity. Institute Oeste Brazil summer winter notillage no tillage (NT control, control , (control) gypsum scarification troughs randomized variables macroporosity values (control

ABSTRACT Tomato is an important economic crop due to its consumption and production worldwide. However, like other crops, it is susceptible to pathogens, being necessary agrochemicals to prevent diseases and improve the production of fruits. Among the sustainable alternatives to crop production, microbial inoculants are used as biofungicide and biostimulants for plant development. Thus, this work aimed to evaluate the biocontrol potential of seven Trichoderma spp. isolates (T1, T2, T3, T4, T15, T17, and T19) against tomato pathogens in vitro experiments, and their potential to improve tomato growth. The Trichoderma spp. antagonism was investigated against Alternaria sp. 003/09, Botrytis sp. 006/13, Fusarium sp. 007/09, and Stemphylium sp. A73. Dual culture, volatile, and diffusible compounds activity tests showed that all new Trichoderma spp. tested could reduce the mycelial growth of all tested pathogens, highlighting T15 and T17 isolates. Seed and soil inoculation revealed very contrasting results: Trichoderma sp. T17 showed a beneficial effect when inoculated in soil, reducing the percentage of yellowish leaves, and increasing dry weight and stem diameter. Inoculation of Trichoderma sp. T17 in the seed increases hypocotyl and radicle lengths, and the seed vigor index. Finally, the strains studied present the potential to be used to develop biocontrol products. worldwide However crops fruits development Thus spp T1, T1 T (T1 T2 T3 T4 T19 experiments sp 00309 003 09 003/09 00613 006 13 006/13 00709 007 007/09 A73 A culture volatile results leaves diameter lengths index Finally products (T 0030 00 0 003/0 0061 1 006/1 0070 007/0 A7 003/ 006/ 007/

ABSTRACT The replacement of traditional table grape cultivars with seedless genotypes has become common in Brazilian viticulture, especially in non-conventional regions under subtropical conditions. In the context of viticulture, it is crucial to highlight the pivotal role played by rootstocks, which exert a direct influence on phenological cycle, productivity, and grape quality. This study aimed to assess the duration of phenological stages, thermal demand, and maturation of the grape cultivar ‘BRS Isis’ grafted onto different rootstocks in a subtropical climate during three harvest seasons. The results indicated that the duration of phenological stages varied across harvest seasons, notably extending in the third harvest season due to adverse prevailing climatic conditions. Although no significant differences were observed in the rootstocks during the initial phases of the phenological cycle, they influenced the overall duration from pruning to harvest. Particularly noteworthy were the rootstocks ‘IAC 572’ and ‘1103P,’ that had earlier maturation in one of the assessed seasons. Consequently, a variation in thermal requirement was higher in the third harvest season. The analysis leads to the conclusion that climatic conditions have impacted the duration of phenological stages, thermal requirements, and the maturation of ‘BRS Isis’ grape bunches in subtropical regions. viticulture nonconventional non conventional cycle productivity quality demand BRS Isis seasons IAC 572 ‘1103P, 1103P P Consequently requirements 57 ‘1103P 5

ABSTRACT Irrigated areas have expanded globally to support the increasing population and mitigate the impacts of climate change and variability. The crop water balance accounting in the root zone estimates soil water deficits by considering water inputs and outputs that impact crop yield. In this study, we developed the CropWaterBalance R-package to assist users in irrigation scheduling. The package offers functionalities for estimating the reference evapotranspiration through various methods and comparing their performances. By incorporating user-provided management-allowed depletions, the package calculates several agrometeorological parameters including crop evapotranspiration rates, soil water deficit in the root zone, and water stress coefficient. The package also provides recommendations for irrigation timing and net irrigation depth. variability yield study Rpackage R scheduling performances userprovided user provided managementallowed management allowed depletions rates coefficient depth

ABSTRACT The use of Stizolobium aterrimum (velvet bean) as green manure has been encouraged in agriculture as a source of nitrogen-rich phytomass for incorporation into the soil to enhance subsequent crop yield. The nitrogen-fixing capacity of this legume can be optimized through symbiosis with selected strains of rhizobia. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of new strains of Bradyrhizobium in promoting the growth of velvet bean plants, both in potted soil and in the field. The study involved three experiments (two in pots and one in the field) with four replications of each in an Oxisol. An additional experiment was carried out to estimate the native rhizobial community in the experimental soil. The efficiency of the strains was estimated by compared plant growth with them to plant growth in two non-inoculated controls (one without mineral N and the other with mineral N) and plant growth with the strain BR2811, which is approved as an inoculant for velvet bean plants. Evaluations of velvet bean were performed at 60 and 100 days after emergence in non-sterile soil pots, and at 170 days after sowing (at flowering) in the field. Native rhizobia are efficient in symbiosis with velvet bean, as they were similar to BR2811 and to the control with mineral N, but they had lower biological nitrogen fixation efficiency than the new strains tested–UFLA05-18 and UFLA05-20. The new strains increased velvet bean yield and accumulation of N in velvet bean phytomass and, therefore, have potential for being used as inoculants for this species. nitrogenrich rich nitrogenfixing fixing plants field Oxisol noninoculated non inoculated BR 6 10 nonsterile sterile 17 flowering BR281 tested–UFLA0518 testedUFLA0518 testedUFLA tested–UFLA05 18 tested UFLA05 UFLA tested–UFLA05-1 UFLA0520. UFLA0520 20. 20 UFLA05-20 therefore species 1 BR28 UFLA0518 tested–UFLA051 testedUFLA051 testedUFLA05 tested–UFLA0 UFLA0 tested–UFLA05- UFLA052 2 UFLA05-2 BR2 UFLA051 testedUFLA0 tested–UFLA UFLA05-

ABSTRACT The utilization of microencapsulated soil conditioner (MSC) with a water-soluble core and natural polymer shell offers a potential solution to address the issues of over-fertilization and low efficiency in soil. Fulvic acid (FA), a refined form of humic acid, possesses desirable characteristics such as water solubility, fertilizer retention, and convenient monitoring. Urea, a neutral fertilizer, is beneficial for plant growth, easy to store and apply, and causes minimal harm to the soil. Sodium alginate, as a type of natural polymer, has great potential for use in the agricultural sector due to its biocompatibility, environmental safety, and water-holding abilities. The preparation of MSC incorporating FA and urea involved the employment of double emulsion and ion crosslinking mechanism utilizing the sharp-hole coagulation bath method. Structural analysis confirmed the presence of core materials within the MSC. The analysis of the structure indicated that the MSC possessed a particle size about 200 µm, displaying a uniform spherical shape. Subsequent sustained release and biodegradation tests demonstrated the MSC’s ability to significantly enhance both fertilizer retention and water retention capacities. In addition, a planting experiment involving cabbages was conducted employing these microcapsules. The growth status of the cabbages, their physiological activities, nitrogen balance index value, and photosynthesis rate were thoroughly examined. The statistical analysis findings indicated that the MSC possessed the capability to enhance cabbage yield, rendering it a highly promising sustained-release fertilizer. (MSC watersoluble soluble overfertilization over fertilization FA, , (FA) solubility monitoring Urea apply alginate biocompatibility safety waterholding holding abilities sharphole sharp hole method 20 µm shape MSCs s capacities addition microcapsules activities value examined yield sustainedrelease (FA 2

ABSTRACT Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), a globally significant species, faces substantial economic losses due to pest insects. However, exploiting dwarf germplasm for pest resistance, particularly the UFU MC TOM1 lineage, remains underexplored. The objectives of this study were to select backcross populations from dwarf tomato plants through direct and indirect selection and to elucidate whether there are consequences in resistance level as backcross generations progress aiming at a genetic background of interest. Backcross populations 1, 2, and 3 of dwarf tomato plants were obtained. In the conducted experiment, featuring 20 treatments and four repetitions in a randomized block design, we assessed foliar injuries and herbivory through image analysis. Additionally, we quantified the content of acylsugars, conducted chromatographic analysis, and analyzed the metabolomic profile in the leaflets. Promisingly, the UFU 13_1 dwarf plant population showed potential for enhancing genetic improvement programs targeting pest insect resistance. Moreover, the progression of backcross generations yielded varied resistance levels, likely influenced by inheritance patterns and acylsugar content. The UFU MC TOM1 line, distinguished by its high acylsugar content, exhibited robust resistance against both the tomato leafminer (Tuta absoluta Meyrick 1917) and the leafminer (Liriomyza huidobrensis Blanchard). Furthermore, our analysis revealed the expression of metabolites in the UFU MC TOM1 lineage, potentially linked to various biotic and abiotic stress responses. These findings offer promising prospects for leveraging the dwarf tomato variety, UFU MC TOM1, in genetic improvement programs aimed at combating pest insects in tomatoes. Solanum L., L L. , L.) species However TOM lineage underexplored interest 1 2 obtained experiment design Additionally acylsugars leaflets Promisingly 131 13 13_ Moreover levels line Tuta 1917 Liriomyza Blanchard. Blanchard . Blanchard) Furthermore responses variety tomatoes 191 19

ABSTRACT Returning agricultural waste/by-products to the field is an effective management measure to improve soil fertility and maintain crop productivity in agroecosystems. However, we still have limited understanding of the complex response of sisal (Agave sisalana Perrine) growth, soil nutrients and microbial communities to the long-term sisal residue return to the ecological system. This study aimed to investigate the comprehensive effects of returning sisal residue to the field on sisal yield, soil nutrient, and microbial community. Based on a four-year field experiment, the results showed that returning sisal residue to the field increased the annual yield of sisal by 30.77–33.36%. Compared with control group, sisal residue inputs significantly improved soil total nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium by 46.59, 3.02, and 1.21%, respectively. Under sisal residue input condition, the activities of soil catalase, urease, acid phosphatase, and sucrase also significantly increased by 2.01, 17.20, 17.40 and 16.60%, respectively. A higher ratio of bacteria/fungi was observed in the soil amended with sisal residue. The microbial diversity analysis showed that the α-diversity of the bacterial community increased, while the α-diversity of the fungal community decreased with the sisal residue treatment. However, sisal residue return had a higher impact on the α-diversity of fungi. This study provides evidence that returning sisal residue to the field affects sisal productivity by regulating nutrient cycling and soil microbial community. Moreover, the study suggests that microbial α-diversity has significant influence on sisal yield. waste/byproducts wastebyproducts waste/by products waste agroecosystems However Agave Perrine growth longterm long term system fouryear four year experiment 30773336 30 77 33 36 30.77–33.36% group nitrogen phosphorus 4659 46 59 46.59 302 3 02 3.02 121 1 21 1.21% respectively condition catalase urease phosphatase 201 2 01 2.01 1720 17 20 17.20 1740 40 17.4 1660 16 60 16.60% bacteriafungi bacteria fungi αdiversity α treatment Moreover byproducts wasteby 3077333 7 30.77–33.36 465 4 5 46.5 0 3.0 12 1.21 2.0 172 17.2 174 17. 166 6 16.60 307733 30.77–33.3 46. 3. 1.2 2. 16.6 30773 30.77–33. 1. 16. 3077 30.77–33 307 30.77–3 30.77– 30.77 30.7 30.

ABSTRACT Under stressful conditions, the use of high-vigor seeds is a relevant alternative to reduce losses, as they can germinate in a wide range of environmental conditions. However, it is necessary to understand the biochemical strategies adopted by high-vigor seeds to achieve better performance during periods of stress. Thus, the objectives of this research were to evaluate the tolerance of maize seeds of contrasting vigor subjected to different levels of stress due to accelerated aging and to verify whether differences in antioxidant metabolism and starch reduction explain the differences between vigor levels. The experiment was conducted with a high-vigor seed lot and a low-vigor seed lot, in a completely randomized design. The lots were subjected to 0, 24, 48, 60 and 72 hours of accelerated aging (45°C and 100% relative humidity), and after that the tests were carried out. The variables analyzed were the percentage of normal (first and second count) and abnormal seedlings, dead seeds, vigor index, electrical conductivity, total soluble sugars in the leachate, alpha-amylase activity, soluble sugar content, catalase activity, peroxide hydrogen, lipid peroxidation, proline, and carotenoid content. High-vigor seeds better tolerate stress conditions caused by high temperature and humidity. The higher content of total soluble sugars and alpha-amylase activity may explain the better performance of high-vigor seeds. highvigor losses However Thus lowvigor low design 0 24 48 6 7 45°C 45C C 45 100 humidity, humidity , humidity) out first count seedlings index conductivity leachate alphaamylase alpha amylase hydrogen peroxidation proline Highvigor High 2 4 10 1